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Effective Dosage (effective + dosage)
Selected AbstractsESTABLISHMENT OF MINIMAL AND MAXIMAL TRANSCRIPT LEVELS FOR NITRATE TRANSPORTER GENES FOR DETECTING NITROGEN DEFICIENCY IN THE MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE) AND THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Lee-Kuo Kang Nitrate transporter genes (Nrt2) encode high-affinity nitrate transporters in marine phytoplankton, and their transcript levels are potential markers of nitrogen deficiency in eukaryotic phytoplankton. For the proper interpretation of measured Nrt2 transcript abundances, a relative expression assay was proposed and tested in Isochrysis galbana Parke (Prymnesiophyceae) and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle et Heimdal (Bacillariophyceae). The minimal transcript levels of Nrt2 genes were achieved by the addition of 100 ,M ammonium, which led to a rapid decline in Nrt2 transcripts in 10,30 min. Experiments using a concentration series revealed that the effective dosage of ammonium to create a minimal transcript level of ,1 ,mol · mol,1 18S rRNA was ,25 ,M in both species. On the other hand, the addition of l -methionine sulfoximine (MSX), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase, enhanced the Nrt2 transcript level in I. galbana but did not affect that in T. pseudonana. Nitrogen deprivation was used as an alternative means to create maximal Nrt2 transcript levels. By transferring cells into N-free medium for 24 h, Nrt2 transcript levels increased to ,90 ,mol · mol,1 18S rRNA in I. galbana, and to ,800 ,mol · mol,1 18S rRNA in T. pseudonana. The degree of nitrogen deficiency thus can be determined by comparing original Nrt2 transcript levels with the minimal and maximal levels. [source] (231) Use of Transmucosal Fentanyl in Non-Malignant, Chronic PainPAIN MEDICINE, Issue 3 2001Forest Tennant Transmucosal fentanyl (TF) has recently become available for treatment of breakthrough pain in cancer patients who are already tolerant to opioids. In addition to cancer patients, there is a growing number of chronic pain patients who regularly use and are tolerant to opioids and require a breakthrough opioid for adequate pain control. This pilot study was done to determine if TF is effective and acceptable to non-malignant, chronic pain patients who are opioid tolerant and require a breakthrough opioid(s) for pain control. Sixty patients with chronic, non-malignant pain who were maintained on a long-acting opioid and who required breakthrough pain control were given TF in an initial dose of 400 or 600 mcg per single, transmuscosal administration. Among the study group 35 (58.3%) experienced chronic pain due to injuries to the spine and 25 (41.7%) were due to medical conditions other than cancer. After at least three months of usage, patients were asked if they desired to continue TF and the reason(s) why they believed it to be effective. Fifty-eight (96.7%) of these subjects perceived that TF was an effective breakthrough opioid and desired to continue it. The single, effective dosage ranged from 800 to 1600 mcg per administration, and the number of separate monthly dosages ranged from 2 to 360. The majority of patients used TF only for emergency, pain purposes but others preferred TF as their major breakthrough opioid and ceased use of other short-acting opioids including injectable meperidine. Reported reasons for widespread patient acceptance included TF's fast action, fewer bed-bound days, increased energy, decreased use of other opioids, less depression, and fewer emergency room visits. This pilot study indicates that TF is effective and desired as a preferential opioid for breakthrough pain by a high percentage of chronic, non-malignant pain patients. [source] Reduction of plasma urate levels following treatment with multiple doses of pegloticase (polyethylene glycol,conjugated uricase) in patients with treatment-failure gout: Results of a phase II randomized study,ARTHRITIS & RHEUMATISM, Issue 9 2008John S. Sundy Objective To assess the efficacy of pegloticase in achieving and maintaining plasma urate levels of <6 mg/dl in gout patients in whom other treatments have failed, and to assess the pharmacokinetics and safety of pegloticase. Methods Forty-one patients were randomized to undergo 12,14 weeks of treatment with pegloticase at 1 of 4 dosage levels: 4 mg every 2 weeks, 8 mg every 2 weeks, 8 mg every 4 weeks, or 12 mg every 4 weeks. Plasma uricase activity, plasma urate, and antipegloticase antibodies were measured, pharmacokinetic parameters were assessed, and adverse events were recorded. Results The mean plasma urate level was reduced to ,6 mg/dl within 6 hours in all dosage groups, and this was sustained throughout the treatment period in the 8 mg and 12 mg dosage groups. The most effective dosage was 8 mg every 2 weeks. Twenty-six patients received all protocol doses. The percentage of the patients in whom the primary efficacy end point (plasma urate <6 mg/dl for 80% of the study period) was achieved ranged from 50% to 88%. Gout flares occurred in 88% of the patients. The majority of adverse events (excluding gout flare) were unrelated to treatment and were mild or moderate in severity. Infusion-day adverse events were the most common reason for study withdrawal (12 of 15 withdrawals). There were no anaphylactic reactions. Antipegloticase antibody, present in 31 of 41 patients, was associated with reduced circulating half-life of pegloticase in some patients. Conclusion Pegloticase, administered in multiple doses, was effective in rapidly reducing and maintaining plasma urate levels at ,6 mg/dl in most patients in whom conventional therapy had been unsuccessful due to lack of response, intolerability, or contraindication. [source] Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on treatment of experimentally induced methicillin-resi,stant Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis in a rabbit modelCELL BIOCHEMISTRY AND FUNCTION, Issue 6 2007Özlem Y Abstract This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural bee-produced compound, and compared it with corticosteroids in the treatment of experimentally induced methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) endophthalmitis in addition to intravitreal antibiotics. An experimental endophthalmitis model was produced in 24 New Zealand albino rabbits by unilateral intravitreal injection of 0.1,ml of 4.7,×,104 colony-forming units (CFU) methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis. The animals were then divided randomly into three treatment groups and a control group, group 1 (six rabbits), received only intravitreal vancomycin (1.0,mg/0.1,ml); group 2 (six rabbits), received both intravitreal vancomycin (1.0,mg/0.1,ml) and intravitreal dexamethasone (400,µg/0.1,ml) and group 3 (six rabbits), received both intravitreal vancomycin (1.0,mg/0.1,ml) and subtenon CAPE (10,mg/0.3,ml) after 24,h post-infection. No treatment was given to the control group. Treatment efficacy was assessed by clinical examination, vitreous culture and histopathology. There were no statististically significant differences between clinical scores of all groups in examinations at 24 and 48,h post-infection (p,=,0.915 and p,=,0.067 respectively), but in examinations at 72,h post-infection and after 7 days post-infection, although the clinical scores of treatment groups were not significantly different from each other, they were significantly lower than the control group (p,<,0.05). The culture results of all groups were sterile. As a result, CAPE was found to be as effective as dexamethasone in reducing inflammation in the treatment of experimental MRSE endophthalmitis when used with antibiotics. More studies are needed to determine the optimal administration route and effective dosage of this compound. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effect of Dipotassium Clorazepate on Ainygdaloid-Kiiidling and Comparison Between Amygdaloid- and Hippocampal-Kindled Seizures in RatsEPILEPSIA, Issue 2000Kouichiro Amano Purpose: We reportcd previously that dipotassium clorazcpate (potassium 7-chloro-2, 3-dihydro-2-oxo-S-phcnyI- l H- l, 4-bcnzodiazepinc-3-carboxylate potassium hydroxide: DC), an antianxiety drug, suppressed hippocampel kindled scizures in rats i n a dose-dependent manner (Amano et al. Psychiatry Clin Neuroscienccs 1998; 52: 459,462). Its effect on kindling, howcver, has not been evaluated. Moreover, differcnces in the anticonvulsive effccts of conventional anticonvulsants bctween amygdaloid-and hippocampal-kindlcd seizures have becn reportcd (Kamci et al. Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn I98 1; 249: 164,176). To clarify the anticonvulsive propcrties of DC, we examined its effects on amygdaloid kindling and compared it for 7 succcssive days against amygdaloid- and hippocampal-kindled seizures using thc rat kindling model of epilcpsy. Methods: Adult inale Wistar rata weighing 220,330 g werc used. Electrodes were implanted stereotaxically into thc left basoiatcfiil amygdala or the left dorsal hippocampus under pcntobarhital ancsthesia. Expcriment 1: Anticonvulsive effect on amygdaloid-kindled seizurcs. Rats having >5 consecutive stage-5 seimrcs were htimulated at the generalizcd seizure-triggering threshold (GST) intensity 30 minutes after i.p. administration or DC or saline. Experiment 2: Effect on amygdala kindling. In other groups of Tiits, the amygdala was stimulated once daily following 30 minutes i.p. administration or DC at 5 mg/kg or saline until the first stage-5 seizure was attained. Experimcnt 3: Comparison of anticonvulsive effect bctween amygdaloid- and hippocampal-kindled scizures. In other groups of rats having 5 consecutive stage-5 seizures, the GST was determined. Furthermorc, rats having >I0 stage-5 scizures induced at thc GST intensity were testcd once a day for 7 consecutive days. Thc stimulation was delivercd 30 minutes aftcr i.p. administration of DC or saline. Results: Expcriment I: DC suppresscd amygdaloid-kindled scizures in a dose-depcndent manner. Significant reduction of aftcr-discharge duration compared with the control group was observed at dosagcs of 2 mg/kg or more, hut complete suppression of after-discharges was observed in only I of 7 sessions at the highcst dose. Expcriment 2: Thc number of stimulations rcquired for the first stage-5 seiiurc in the 5 mg/kg dosage group was 14.1+1.4 stimulations, which was significantly greater than the 10.2+1.7 stimulations in the control group (P4.01). The contralateral cortical afterdischarge duration i n the DC treated group was signilicantly shortcr than thc afterdischarge duration in the amygdala at the first 7 stimulations, whereas it was significantly shorter only the first 3 stimulations i n the control group. Experiment 3: DC suppressed amygdaloid-kindled seizures at 2 and 5 mg/kg, whcreas I mg/kg or morc suppresscd hippocampal-kindlcd seizures. Conclusions: Thc result of the present study suggcst that thc principal anticonvulsive cffect of DC is likely to be relatcd mainly to attenuation of propagation of scizure activity rather than to an elevatcd seizure threshold, which may support our previously findings that increased stimulus intensity could not complctcly reverse thc anticonvulsive effects of DC. Thus, differences in effective dosages in both amygdaloid- and hippocampal-kindled seizures may suggcst a difference in the neuronal mechanisms that arc cvolved in this kindling. The present study dcmonstratcd that DC has a modest anticonvulsive effect without serious adverse effccts, which indicates thc clinical uscfulness of DC for treatment intractable epilepsy. [source] | |||||||||||||