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Education Level (education + level)
Kinds of Education Level Selected AbstractsEthnic migration between area groups in England and WalesAREA, Issue 4 2009James Raymer Minority ethnic populations in England and Wales have been increasing steadily as a share of the total population since the 1991 Census. In this paper, we are interested in how internal migration has changed as a possible consequence. Our analysis focuses on the movements between 12 area groups, as defined by the Office for National Statistics, and addresses the following three research questions: (1) how has internal migration in England and Wales evolved from 1991 to 2004; (2) what are the main differences in the movements between the White (majority) population and the ethnic minority population; and (3) how do migration patterns differ when ethnicity, education and employment statuses are considered together? The data come from the 1991 to 2004 National Health Service Central Registers, the 1999,2004 patient registers and the 2001 Census. We find strong stability in the migration patterns of the total population over time. However, large differences appear when the flows are disaggregated by ethnicity and further by education and employment. Education level is an important factor influencing the migration patterns for the White population, whereas employment status is a much more important factor for the ethnic minority population. [source] Introduction to the special issue on the role of nonfarm income in poverty reduction: evidence from Asia and East AfricaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2006Keijiro Otsuka Abstract In this special issue, we present seven studies that collectively attempt to investigate the role of non-farm income in long-term and short-term poverty reduction in Asia and Africa. The first four studies out of the seven use long-term panel data over two decades in the Philippines, Thailand, Bangladesh, and India. These studies show drastic increases in non-farm income shares and corresponding declines in poverty levels over time, especially in the Philippines and Thailand. Education levels of household members and returns to education also increased significantly in these countries. The remaining three studies use cross-sectional and short-term panel data from Ethiopia, Kenya, and Uganda. These African studies show high proportions of poor households and low shares of non-farm income that are somewhat comparable to the situation in the 1980s described in the Asian studies. Without the Green Revolution that provided stable farm income and potential financial resources to invest in children' education in Asia, it is not clear if African farm households can follow the Asian examples. [source] TITLE IX AND THE EVOLUTION OF HIGH SCHOOL SPORTSCONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 4 2007BETSEY STEVENSON The passage of Title IX, the 1972 Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act, expanded high school athletic opportunities to include girls, revolutionizing mass sports participation in the United States. This paper analyzes high school athletic participation in the United States and how sports offerings for boys and girls changed subsequent to the passage of this legislation. Girls' sports participation rose dramatically both following the enactment of Title IX and subsequent to enhancements to its enforcement. Approximately half of all girls currently participate in sports during high school; however, there remains a substantial gap between girls and boys participation in many states. States' average education level and social attitudes regarding Title IX and women's rights are correlated with this remaining gender gap. Examining individual high school students, sports participation is seen more frequently among those with a privileged background: white students with married, wealthy, educated parents are more likely to play sports. This finding points to an overlooked fact,while Title IX benefited girls by increasing the opportunity to play sports, these benefits were disproportionately reaped by those at the top of the income distribution. (JEL J16, J18, J24, I2) [source] Individual preparedness and mitigation actions for a predicted earthquake in IstanbulDISASTERS, Issue 4 2010ka Tekeli-Ye This study investigated the process of taking action to mitigate damage and prepare for an earthquake at the individual level. Its specific aim was to identify the factors that promote or inhibit individuals in this process. The study was conducted in Istanbul, Turkey,where an earthquake is expected soon,in May and June 2006 using qualitative methods. Within our conceptual framework, three different patterns emerged among the study subjects. Outcome expectancy, helplessness, a low socioeconomic level, a culture of negligence, a lack of trust, onset time/poor predictability, and normalisation bias inhibit individuals in this process, while location, direct personal experience, a higher education level, and social interaction promote them. Drawing on these findings, the paper details key points for better disaster communication, including whom to mobilise to reach target populations, such as individuals with direct earthquake experience and women. [source] Associations of cohort and socio-demographic correlates with transitions from alcohol use to disorders and remission in metropolitan ChinaADDICTION, Issue 8 2009Sing Lee ABSTRACT Aims To examine socio-demographic associations of transitions from alcohol use to disorders and of remission from disorders in metropolitan China. Design and setting Face-to-face interviewing by trained lay-interviewers on a multi-staged, clustered sample from the general population of Beijing and Shanghai, China. Participants A total of 5201 adults aged 18,70 years and with household registration. Measurements World Mental Health version of Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Findings Lifetime prevalence estimates for alcohol use, regular use (at least 12 drinks in a year), DSM-IV abuse and dependence with abuse were 65.4%, 39.5% (60.4% of ever-drinkers), 4.6% (11.6% of regular users) and 0.9% (20.4% of lifetime alcohol abusers), respectively. These estimates were higher among respondents from the recent cohort; 64.3% and 36.9% respondents with a history of lifetime abuse and dependence respectively had remitted. The number of socio-demographic associations for the onset of each transitional stage decreased from alcohol use to alcohol dependence. Onset of ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, 18,50 years of age, with middle education level and never married, but less common among the previously married and students. First onset of regular use among those with ever-use was more common in respondents who were male, less than 50 years of age and never married, but less common in students. Being male and less than 50 years of age was associated with more alcohol abusers among regular users. Conclusion This study was the first to reveal in a Chinese population that qualitatively different risk factors might operate during the different stages of progression from alcohol use to disorders. Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms underlying these differences in order to guide prevention programmes. [source] Cross-cultural differences in the macronutrient intakes of women with anorexia nervosa in Australia and SingaporeEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 6 2008Nerissa Li-Wey Soh Abstract Aim To compare the macronutrient intakes of women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) across cultures. Method Participants were women with AN (n,=,39) and without AN (n,=,89) of North European and East Asian backgrounds recruited in Australia and Singapore. Energy and the percentage energy contributed by protein (%protein), fat (%fat) and carbohydrate (%CHO) were assessed from participant's diet histories and analysed in terms of cultural group, acculturation, socio-economic status (SES) and education level. Results AN status was associated with lower energy and higher %CHO. Greater %protein was associated with greater acculturation to Western culture and lower SES, but not AN. Greater %fat was associated with lower SES and lower acculturation in women with AN, but with higher acculturation in controls. Greater %CHO was also associated with higher SES. Conclusion The findings may represent Western diets' higher protein and fat contents, ,Western' knowledge of weight-loss diets, and affordability of low fat foods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Chronic cognitive sequelae after traumatic brain injury are not related to growth hormone deficiency in adultsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 5 2010D. Pavlovic Objective:, The objective of the study was to asses the possible influence of hypothalamo,pituitary deficiencies, and growth hormone (GH) deficiency in particular, on cognition in adult patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is a recently identified risk factor for cognitive deficits and hypopituitarism. Even the patients with favorable outcome after TBI may present with persistent bodily, psychosocial, and cognitive impairments, resembling patients with untreated partial or complete pituitary insufficiency. Design:, We performed retrospective and cross-sectional study of endocrine and cognitive function in TBI in 61 patients (aged 37.7 ± 1.7 years) of both sexes (44 m,17 f), at least 1 year after TBI (3.9 ± 0.6 years). Serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), thyroxin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (in men), prolactin, and cortisol were measured, and GH secretion was assessed by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) + growth hormone releasing peptide-6 (GHRP-6) test. Cognitive function was assessed by using a standard neuropsychological battery. Results:, GH deficiency (GHD) and GH insufficiency (GHI) were found in 20 patients (32.8%). After adjustment for confounders [age, body mass index (BMI), education level, time elapsed from TBI], there were no significant differences in results of neuropsychological tests between patients with TBI with GHD, GHI, and normal GH secretion. There were no correlations of neuropsychological variables with stimulated peak GH secretion or IGF-I level. Conclusions:, GHD persists long after the TBI, independently of trauma severity and age at traumatic event. GH secretion is more sensitive to TBI than other pituitary hormones. No evidence is found for an association of cognitive function impairment and somatotropic axis impairment in adult patients tested more than 1 year after the TBI. [source] Effect of gender on acute pain prediction and memory in periodontal surgeryEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 2 2000Ilana Eli Pain is a complex experience that is affected by factors such as gender, stress, anxiety and cognitions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the inter-relationship between gender and acute pain prediction and memory under periodontal surgery treatment. The study was conducted on 15 male and 22 female dental patients (mean age 34 yr, mean education level 14.7 yr), who were scheduled for periodontal surgery. Patients were evaluated during four consecutive appointments: at initial check-up, immediately pre-operatively, 1 wk post-operatively, and at 4 wk post-operative follow-up. Patients were requested to complete questionnaires concerning their anxiety at each appointment and to indicate their subjective evaluations concerning pain (on a visual analogue scale). Evaluations concerning expectation to experience pain during the planned surgery (pain prediction) were made at the first two appointments and evaluations of the experienced pain as remembered from the surgery (pain memory) were made at the last two appointments. Gender had a significant effect on pain prediction and pain memory. Men expected to experience more pain pre-operatively than women but remembered less pain post-operatively. It was concluded that cognitive pain perception in clinical situations differs between genders. [source] Value priorities of human resource development professionalsHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2005Reid Bates This descriptive exploratory study sought to assess the values priorities of individuals and groups across various HRD occupational specialties. Findings showed that, in general, respondents felt the most important guides to the practice of HRD should be those emphasizing performance-related outcomes. However, results also showed meaningful variation in top-priority values across individuals and significant differences in the comparative importance of six values across education level, degree of involvement in organizational practice, nationality, and occupational and stakeholder groups. Findings suggested that HRD professionals operate from a structured set of values and that the relative importance of those values may vary according to the settings and challenges faced in practice. [source] Determining the relationship between drivers' level of education, training, working conditions, and job performance in KenyaHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT QUARTERLY, Issue 3 2003Fredrick Muyia Nafukho One major issue in human resource development (HRD) is to determine factors that predict the performance of employees. The primary purpose of this study was to determine how level of education, training, and the working conditions of matatu (public service vehicle) drivers determined their job performance in terms of reduced road traffic accidents. Proportionate and simple random sampling techniques were employed to select 143 drivers who completed and returned the questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses stated. The findings indicate that the variables of driver experience and hours worked had a significant relationship with the dependent variable rates of traffic accidents per driver as hypothesized. The variables of education level, training, salary earned, and average speed traveled did not have a significant relationship with the dependent variable. [source] Maternal speech style with prelinguistic twin infantsINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2003Sue Butler Abstract The mother,infant communicative speech of a group of mothers of 4-month-old first-born twin infants was compared to the speech of a group of mothers of first-born singleton infants. Maternal groups were matched on age, education level, mother,infant attachment status and infant gender, and maternal depression was assessed as a control variable. Maternal speech was coded for focus, content, complexity and syntax of mothers' utterances. The findings of earlier studies with toddler age twins, that maternal speech style was more directive and less infant-focused, were replicated in this prelinguistic period of infancy. Compared to mothers of singletons, mothers of twins used less infant-focused speech, were less responsive to their infants' cues, and attributed less agency to their infants. Mothers of twins also used fewer questions and requests but did not differ from mothers of singletons in their use of negatives and imperatives. These early differences in the language learning environments of twin and singleton infants may be due to the reduced opportunities that mothers of twins have to establish dyadic communicative routines with their infants and to familiarize themselves with their infants as interactive partners, and may have implications for the early language development of twins. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Internet use by patients in an inflammatory bowel disease specialty clinicINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 10 2007Robert R. Cima MD Abstract Background: Patient education is known to improve satisfaction in and participation with treatment. A careful assessment of internet use by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients to gather information has not been reported. Our aim was to evaluate internet use to gather general health- and disease-specific information in patients presenting to an IBD clinic. Methods: A cross-sectional anonymous survey using a convenience sample of patients (N = 175) at a tertiary-care institution's IBD clinic was performed. Results: In all, 169 surveys (97%) were returned for analysis. The median age was 46 (17,84), 83 men and 81 women (5 missing). In known IBD patients (87%), 85 (50%) had Crohn's disease and 62 (37%) ulcerative colitis; 81% of patients had home internet access. The most common information sources were: gastroenterologists (59%), internet (54%), and primary-care physicians (54%). Ninety-two patients (54%) used the internet to gather IBD-specific information. Age-specific use (<40, 40,65, >65) was 73%, 48%, 37.5%, respectively. There was a significant positive association between level of education and internet use (P < 0.0001), but not with income. Internet sites most commonly visited were organization- or institution-specific. Factors that most influenced a user's choice of an internet site were noncommercial status (59%) and ease of use (53%). The majority of patients (57%) rated internet information "trustworthy" to "very trustworthy." Conclusions: Over half of patients in an IBD clinic used the internet to gather IBD-specific information. Use was inversely associated with age and positively correlated with education level. There was no income association. These findings suggest web-based IBD information may become increasingly important in the future. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007) [source] Depression, cognitive reserve and memory performance in older adultsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 7 2010Mike Murphy Abstract Objectives The purpose of this research study was to examine the relationship between education and leisure, as markers of cognitive reserve, depressive symptoms and memory performance in a sample of cognitively normal Irish older adults. Methods A cross-sectional survey style design was employed to gather data. A sample of 121 older adults in the Cork area was recruited through publicly advertising for volunteers. Only those volunteers who obtained a score of greater than 23 on the MMSE, and were not taking antidepressant or anxiolytic medications, were included. Data from 99 participants were included in the analysis. Results Controlling for age and gender, depressive symptoms were found to be associated with poorer immediate recall performance, while greater than 12 years of education was positively associated with delayed recall and savings. Leisure did not emerge as being associated with any of the dimensions of memory assessed. Conclusions Depressive symptoms emerged as associated with immediate recall, even though few of the participants met the cut-off for caseness. This may indicate a need for intervention in cases of subclinical depression with associated memory complaints. The association between education level and both delayed recall and savings provides support for the cognitive reserve hypothesis, and may suggest useful non-pharmacological approaches to memory deficits in later life. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Depression status as a reliable predictor of functional decline among Japanese community-dwelling older adults: a 12-year population-based prospective cohort studyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GERIATRIC PSYCHIATRY, Issue 11 2009Hajime Iwasa Abstract Objective This study aimed to examine a longitudinal relationship between depression status and functional decline among Japanese community-dwelling older adults, using a 12-year population-based, prospective cohort study design. Method A total of 710 men and women, aged 65 years and over, participated in the study. Katz's Index and the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence were used to measure the functional capacities of basic activities of daily living (BADL) and higher-level competence, respectively. For the purpose of analysis, a decline in each subscale of functional capacity during the follow-up period were used as outcome variables; depression status assessed by the Japanese version of the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), with a cut-off of 11, was used as an independent variable; and age, gender, education level, history of chronic disease, hospitalization, smoking, physical activity, living alone, hearing problems, physical pain, dietary habits, and usual walking speed at baseline were used as covariates. Results Use of the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for potential confounders showed that depression status was significantly and independently associated with BADL decline (risk ratio (RR),=,1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13,1.89) and with higher-level competence decline (RR,=,1.56, 95% CI: 1.18,2.04). Conclusion Our study found an independent relationship between depression status and longitudinal change in functional capacity among community-dwelling older individuals, suggesting that depression status is a reliable predictor of functional decline (both of BADL decline and higher-level competence decline) in older adults. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Depression among mothers of children and adults with an intellectual disability in TurkeyINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NURSING PRACTICE, Issue 3 2010Hatice Yildirim Sari PhD RN Yildirim Sari H, Ba,bakkal Z. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 248,253 Depression among mothers of children and adults with an intellectual disability in Turkey The aim of this study was to determine sociodemographic factors that play a role in depression among mothers of children and adult with an intellectual disability. The research was conducted in 24 special education and rehabilitation centres in Izmir (in Turkey) provincial centre in which intellectually disabled individuals are taught. A total of 355 mothers were reached in the research. Data were collected using face-to-face interviews. Two forms were used for data collection in the research: Family Description Questionnaire Form and Beck Depression Inventory. The mothers included in the study had mean depression scores of 16.7 ± 10.06 (minimum: 0, maximum: 49). There was a significant relation between depression scores of the mothers and education level of the mothers and their spouses and financial status of the families. Mothers with insufficient income and lower education levels were found to be at risk of depression. [source] Non-prescription medicine use by outpatients of a hospital in north-central Trinidad living with hypertension, and the potential clinical risksINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 5 2008Miss Rian Extavour Assistant Lecturer, principal investigator Objective To describe the reported use of non-prescription medicines (NPMs) and the reported frequency of use by outpatients living with hypertension; to identify potential drug-drug and drug-disease interactions between reported NPMs and either antihypertensives prescribed or hypertension. Setting Adult outpatient clinics of the Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex Adult Hospital in Trinidad. Method Outpatients were interviewed about their use of NPMs using a structured instrument. Chi-squared test or Fisher's exact test was used to test for associations between NPM use and selected variables: age group, gender, education level, number of prescribed medicines, use of prescribed medicines and the presence of comorbidities. Combinations of NPMs and antihypertensive drugs or hypertension itself that may lead to undesirable interactions were identified. Key findings One hundred and fifty-five clients were interviewed (mean age 61 years; 46% men; 56% of East Indian descent). Of these, 82% were living with a cardiac condition and 60% with diabetes mellitus. In addition, 92% reported using NPMs to treat minor illnesses. Analgesic use was reported by 81%. Some 66% reported using paracetamol, 54% reported antitussives, 48% antacids, 47% antihistamines and 39% said they used sympathomimetic drugs. The majority (98%) of NPMs were used only when needed. Sixty per cent had at least one combination a with risk of interaction with NPMs and hypertension or antihypertensive medicines: 16% had risk of interactions between enalapril (or captopril) and antacids, 13% between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 12% between beta-blockers and NSAIDs and 12% between thiazide diuretics and NSAIDs. Thirty-nine per cent had a drug-disease interaction risk due to sympathomimetic drugs and 26% had one due to NSAID use. Conclusion Based on self-reports, outpatients living with hypertension in north-central Trinidad use NPMs when needed to treat minor illnesses, mainly paracetamol for pain. Non-prescription-antihypertensive interactions may arise due to ACE inhibitor/antacid combinations and NPM-hypertension interactions may result from use of sympathomimetics. Interactions may also arise as a result of the use of NPMs containing NSAIDs and sodium. [source] Prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and the impact of life style factors on bone mineral densityINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES, Issue 3 2007Abdulbari BENER Abstract Aim:, The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and predictors of osteoporosis and the impact of life style factors on bone mineral density (BMD) in premenopausal and postmenopausal Qatari women. Methods:, This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 821 healthy Qatari women aged 20,70 years had given consent and participated and the study was conducted from June 2005 to December 2006 at the Rumaillah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha, State of Qatar. All subjects completed a questionnaire on reproductive and life style factors. Height and weight were measured. All subjects underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine factors influencing BMD of the spine and femur. The main outcome measures were menopausal status, socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and BMD measurements. Results:, The prevalence of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women was 12.3%. BMI was significantly higher among postmenopausal women (P < 0.001) when compared to premenopausal women. The subjects who regularly consumed dairy products had better BMD at spine, neck and ward sites (P < 0.05). Those doing regular household work for 3,4 h a week had higher BMD at all sites compared to those who did not do their own household work. Multiple regression analysis showed that education level and body mass index were strong positive predictors showing high significance. Conclusion:, The relation between lifestyle and BMD were explored in Qatari women. The prevalence of osteoporosis in Qatari women is comparable to other countries. BMD values were higher in women who were taking diary products regularly, and were involved with household work. [source] Sources of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants in Europe: A Multi-Level Analysis,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2010Elisa Rustenbach In recent times, many nations are experiencing an increase in anti-immigrant attitudes on the part of natives. Most papers only explore one or two sources of anti-immigrant attitudes at a time, which provides an incomplete picture of the effects at work. This paper tests eight different explanations for anti-immigrant attitudes: cultural marginality theory, human capital theory, political affiliation, societal integration, neighborhood safety, contact theory, foreign investment, and economic competition. Analysis is conducted using combined data from the European Social Survey and Eurostat/OECD and individual-, regional-, and national-level predictors. Results indicate that key predictors of anti-immigrant attitudes are regional and national interpersonal trust, education level, foreign direct investment, and political variables. [source] Factors associated with quality of life of Brazilian older adultsINTERNATIONAL NURSING REVIEW, Issue 1 2009L. Paskulin rn Objective:, The objective of the study was to explore factors associated with quality of life (QoL) of Brazilian community-dwelling older adults. Methods:, This was a descriptive exploratory cross-sectional study. Data were collected through a household survey. A random sample of 288 older adults from Porto Alegre, Brazil participated in the study. A demographic and health data sheet, the OARS activities of daily living (ADL) scale and the WHOQOL-BREF were administered. Results and Discussion:, The mean age of participants was 71.2 years (SD = 7.5) and 67.4% were female. Using multiple linear regression analysis, with overall QoL as the dependent variable, perceived health status, education level, engagement in physical activity, medical conditions, age group and use of primary health care were significant associated factors. With physical QoL as the dependent variable, significant factors included: perceived health status, medical conditions, education, physical activities and dependence in ADL; with social QoL as the dependent variable, only age group and paid work were significant. In relation to environmental QoL, education and perceived health were significant factors. Conclusions:, The results illustrate the complexity of factors influencing QoL. With a better understanding of these factors, it is possible to plan appropriate health interventions. [source] Established ways to keep donor's interest aliveISBT SCIENCE SERIES: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, Issue n1 2010J. Ringwald Background, The future demographic changes will be associated with an enhancement of the worldwide shortage of blood. The ageing of the population in developed countries is associated with a decrease in young individuals being potentially eligible to donate blood and an increase in older individuals who might be in the need of blood transfusion. Therefore, the retention of active blood donors (BD) is becoming more important. A substantial increase in blood donations could be achieved by a relatively small increase in BD return. It is the task of blood donation services (BDSs) to elaborate specific and adequate measures to increase the BD's likelihood to return. Successful BD retention programmes are viable to ensure a sufficient supply with blood and blood components at present and the upcoming years. Aims, To give recommendations for BD retention strategies based on a survey of potential and established measures how BD's interest could be kept alive. Methods, With focus on the last decade, literature about internal and external influences on BD's intention to regular blood donation and their actual return behaviour was reviewed. Furthermore, a special aspect was drawn on published articles about established or potential measures to increase BD's return-rate. Based on this information, different ways how BD's interest could be kept alive were suggested. Results, Overall, individuals of younger age (< 30,40 years), women, those with a lower education level are less likely to return to blood donation. External influences of friends, family or co-workers are import for starting a BD career. To become a committed BD, however, a high level of intrinsic motivation is needed. To keep BD's interest alive for a long time, BDSs should focus on the following to increase the satisfaction of the BD: Make blood donation a good experience and as convenient as possible, reduce adverse events and anxiety, and train and motivate your staff. This could be further supported by an intensive and active communication with the BDs right from the start, the application of loyalty builders to establish BD identity, and the appropriate use of incentives. Finally, temporarily deferred BDs should ask to return personally and advertisement programmes for repeat BDs should appeal on personal motivation and moral norms. However, BDS should always try to adapt their measures on their target population considering that people are different all around the world. Moreover, some promotion programmes should be even tailored for distinct subgroups of BDs to have a successful outcome. Conclusions, There is quite a number of ways to keep BDs interest alive and to start a career as a regular and committed BD. In this context, the self-identification as a BD is definitely of major importance. BDSs are challenged to support this developmental process. They have to make sure that blood donation is associated with a good experience for the BD, making him or her feeling good and happy. [source] Mood Symptoms and Cognitive Performance in Women Estrogen Users and Nonusers and MenJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 11 2002Karen J. Miller PhD OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have suggested sex differences in mood and cognition and that estrogen effects may partially explain such differences. In this study, we explore sex differences for a range of mood symptoms and for neuropsychological performance in men and postmenopausal women and assess the potential influence of estrogen on these measures. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study of men and women examining mood, neuropsychological test data, and estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) use. SETTING: Outpatient study at an urban teaching hospital with subjects recruited from the community. PARTICIPANTS: All subjects (N = 96) were between the ages of 57 and 75 and included 31 women using ERT, 16 non-ERT users, and 49 men. Subjects did not have major depression and were nondemented. MEASUREMENT: The three groups were compared according to profile of mood states and neuropsychological performance, and statistical analyses were controlled for socioeconomic status, age, and education level. RESULTS: Female ERT users were less depressed and less angry and performed better on measures of verbal fluency and working memory than the other subject groups. CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal estrogen use is associated with better mood and cognitive performance on tasks of fluency and working memory. These results suggest that estrogen should be examined as a potentially critical variable influencing late-life sex differences in mood and cognition. [source] Self-care behaviour and related factors in older people with Type 2 diabetesJOURNAL OF CLINICAL NURSING, Issue 23 2009Yu-Ling Bai Aim., The present study examined the factors related to self-care behaviour in type 2 diabetic patients aged ,65 years. In addition, this study tested the effect of the important explanatory factors on self-care behaviour. Background., Along with the development of an ageing society, diabetes occurs frequently among older people. Diabetes requires continual medical treatment, with patients responsible for self-care. Although the relationships among social support, depression and self-care have been widely studied, little is know about older diabetic patients, especially in Taiwan. Design., A correlational design was adopted. In total, 165 patients recruited using convenience sampling were diabetic outpatients at three hospitals in southern Taiwan from January,March 2005. Methods., The participants were interviewed using the Personal Resource Questionnaire 2000 (PRQ 2000), Diabetes Self-Care Scale and Taiwan Geriatric Depression Scale (TGDS). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. Result., Self-care behaviour scores were significantly influenced by different gender, education level, economic status and religious beliefs of older diabetic patients. Depression and self-care behaviour were negatively correlated. Social support, education and duration of diabetes significantly affected self-care behaviour, accounting for 35·6% of total variance. Conclusions., Social support plays a vital factor in contributing to the facilitation of self-care behaviour. These analytical findings demonstrate the importance of social support, education and duration of diabetes in determining self-care behaviour for diabetic older diabetic patients and serve as references for future studies of self-care behaviour in type 2 older diabetic patients. Relevance to clinical practice., Implication for nurses highlights the significance of providing patients with social support that will enable them to have good support systems during their disease treatment to enhance self-care abilities and improve quality of life. [source] The impact of socioeconomic and demographic factors on the utilization of smoking cessation medications in patients hospitalized with cardiovascular disease in Nova Scotia, CanadaJOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 2 2005A. M. Whelan Pharm D Summary Objective:, To determine whether any demographic or socioeconomic factors affect the use of smoking cessation medications in patients hospitalized with heart disease. Method:, Data were obtained from the Improving Cardiovascular Outcomes in Nova Scotia (ICONS) Canada database, which includes a registry of all hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of ischaemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, or atrial fibrillation since October 1997. Patients agreeing to provide follow-up were sent an enrolment survey to determine demographic and socioeconomic factors including household income, educational background and private drug insurance plans. Results:, Between 15 October 1997 and 31 December 2000, 5442 patients who were current smokers and 270 patients using a smoking cessation medication were admitted to hospital registered in the ICONS database. An enrolment survey was completed by 1071 current smokers and 77 patients using a smoking cessation agent. Conclusion:, Higher education level, presence of private drug insurance plans, and less difficulty paying for basic needs were associated with higher use of smoking cessation medications. [source] Exploring differential attrition rates among system of care evaluation participantsJOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Kelly N. Rogers The purpose of the present study is to investigate differential attrition rates in terms of both demographic characteristics and initial levels of child functioning of participants in North Carolina's system of care evaluation. Participants included 303 families (78 dropped out of the study, a 26% attrition rate). Families dropped out of the evaluation for three main reasons: refusal to participate, moving, or inability to contact the family. The majority of families who dropped out of the study did so after completing only the baseline interview. Differential attrition did not exist in terms of demographic characteristics, but there was some support for possible differential attrition indicated by initial levels of child functioning in some cases. Additionally, higher parental education level predicted longer participation in longitudinal evaluation. Recommendations and implications for applied research are offered. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 32: 167,176, 2004. [source] An analysis of transaction costs of Islamic banks in rural IranAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009S. Safdar Hosseini This study measures transaction costs of obtaining credit from Islamic banks. Data were collected from rural households in Iran. The factors affecting transaction costs and the probability of accessing Islamic financial markets are investigated. Similar to conventional financial institutions found in other developing countries, Iranian banks impose high transaction costs that limit poor rural household access to credit. The results reveal that the transaction costs of gaining credit are on average equivalent to an additional 13.8% annual interest cost. The contractual form, the size of credit, the borrower distance from a financial center, and the experience and education level of the borrower are important determinants of the transactions costs. [EconLit Citations: D230, R510, G210]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Determinants of economic well-being among U.S. farm operator householdsAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 3 2007Hisham S. El-Osta Farm households; Composite measure of economic well-being; ARMS data Abstract Participation in government programs has a mild impact on the economic well-being of U.S. farm households. Major factors that determine farm household prosperity are the primary operator's education level and ethnicity, education level of the spouse, and other characteristics such as forward purchasing of inputs, use of contract shipping of products, having a succession plan, farm ownership, and location in a metro area. This article uses the 2001 Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) as well as relative and an absolute measure to assess U.S. farm households' economic well-being. The relative measure compares the income and wealth position of farm households relative to median income and median wealth of the general population. The absolute measure adds annualized wealth to a farm household's income. [source] Intertemporal analysis of employment decisions on agricultural holdings in SloveniaAGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 2 2005Luka Juvan Employment decisions; Mobility of labor supply; Off-farm employment; Probit model Abstract The article attempts to quantify determinants influencing the dynamics of employment decisions on agricultural holdings in Slovenia and to test specific aspects of labor reallocation during the transition period by the application of an agricultural household model. Through the use of a 1991,2000 longitudinal data set for 22,055 farm households, quantitative analysis of intertemporal employment decisions by farm holders is carried out using probit techniques. The determinants tested relate to the personal characteristics of farm holders (gender, age, education level, and potential off-farm income), household characteristics (size, structure), characteristics of the agricultural holding (economic size, labor intensity), and local labor market conditions. The model results generally confirm existing empirical evidence on asymmetrical and irreversible participation of holders on the labor market. Despite intensive restructuring of agriculture and profound changes in the nonfarm labor market in the analyzed period, labor supply of farm holders remains rigid. The mobility of labor supply is lower than expected, which can be attributed to the importance of structural problems constraining intersectoral mobility. Low labor mobility reduces the efficiency of labor allocation on agricultural holdings in Slovenia. Elements of this problem emerge on both supply (e.g., low level of educational and professional attainment of reference persons) and demand sides of the labor market (e.g., unfavorable local labor market conditions). A marked tendency toward maintaining the same employment status is more distinct in the case of holders employed on-farm only. [source] Can a subjective poverty line be applied to China?JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, Issue 8 2004Assessing poverty among urban residents in 199 For the first time, subjective poverty line methodology is applied to China. The data refer to 12 cities for the year 1999. A major conclusion is that poverty counts, based on the subjective poverty line, is surprisingly close to those obtained when applying the methodology used when providing official estimates on poverty in urban China. However, the opinions of the general public can differ considerably across cities. Applying the poverty line we find substantial variation across cities in the extent of poverty. Poverty status in urban China is very much related to education level of the household, to life cycle, as well as to labour market status. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] A survey of treatment outcomes with removable partial denturesJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 8 2003D. Knezovi, Zlatari summary The patient's satisfaction with removable partial denture (RPD) therapy has become an increasingly important factor in prosthetic treatment. This study examined patients' satisfaction with RPDs in relation to some socio-economic variables, patients' habits of wearing and cleaning RPDs, comfort of wearing RPDs and different RPDs characteristics. A questionnaire was devised for the purpose. Two hundred and five patients were required to assess satisfaction with RPDs. They graded RPDs, depending on the level of satisfaction, on scale ranging from 1 to 5. A dentist determined Kennedy classification, material and denture support, denture base shape, number of missing teeth and evaluated denture construction. Majority of the patients were satisfied with the prosthesis. The patients of a higher education level gave lower grades (P < 0·05) to aesthetics of maxillary RPDs. Almost half of the patients were wearing RPDs during the day. Most of the patients cleaned RPDs three times a day. A significant difference was found between the patients' grades for comfort of wearing mandibular RPDs and number of missing teeth and between hygiene of mandibular RPDs and habits of cleaning them. Majority of the patients treated with RPDs were satisfied with the prosthesis. Dissatisfaction was related to mastication, esthetics, number of missing teeth and maintenance of oral hygiene. [source] Effect of multiple birth on infant mortality in BangladeshJOURNAL OF PAEDIATRICS AND CHILD HEALTH, Issue 10 2006Rathavuth Hong Aim: Levels of infant and child mortality in many developing countries remain unacceptably high, and they are disproportionably higher among high-risk groups such as newborn and infant of multiple births, particularly in countries where advanced medical cares are available only at regional referral levels with limited access by the poor rural women and children. This study examined the relationship between high-risk infant of multiple birth and infant mortality in Bangladesh. Methods: The analysis uses information on 7001 childbirths in 5 years preceding the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey to examine the relationship between multiple birth and infant mortality using multivariate analysis, controlling for child's sex, birth order, prenatal care, delivery assistance; mother's age at child birth, nutritional status, education level; household living conditions and several other risk factors. Results: Results indicate that children born multiple birth were more than six-times as likely to die during infancy as those born singletons (hazard ratio = 6.51; 95% confidence interval: 4.10, 10.36). Controlling for all other risk factors does not change the strength and direction of the relationship (hazard ratio = 6.18; 95% confidence interval: 3.65, 10.46). Receiving prenatal care and access to safe drinking water are associated with lower risk. Conclusion: Multiple births are strongly negatively associated with infant survival in Bangladesh independent of other risk factors. This evidence suggests that improving maternal and child health at the community level, screening for high-risk pregnancies and making referral services for these conditions more accessible to the rural women and children will be key to improving child survival in Bangladesh. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||