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Edge
Kinds of Edge Terms modified by Edge Selected AbstractsAPPLYING NORTH'S LAWS OF MOTION TO THE EDGE OF THE WESTECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 2 2009Saad Azmat This paper uses Douglass North's theories of institutional economics to explain progress in Muslim Spain. It argues that it was efficient economic institutions in the guise of a free-market economy where the property rights of different strata of society were well protected, which ensured lasting prosperity. This paper postulates that while a population explosion could have been responsible for the initial growth in Spain, it was an efficient formal,informal institutional matrix that ensured a high level of long-term growth. [source] DULLING THE CUTTING EDGEGLOBAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2001Jeremy T. Kerr [source] Turbulent Dynamics of Beryllium Seeded Plasmas at the Edge of TokamaksCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 3-5 2010R.V. Shurygin Abstract Numerical simulation of turbulent MHD dynamics of beryllium seeded plasmas at the edge of tokamaks is performed. The model is based on the 4-fluid {,, n, pe, pi } reduced nonlinear Braginsky's MHD equations. Neutral hydrogen flow from the wall is described with a diffusion model. Beryllium line radiation is taken into consideration. The Be ion distribution over ionization states is calculated using the reduced model. Electron impact ionization, three body, photo- and dielectronic recombination and charge-exchange with neutral hydrogen are taken into account. Coronal equilibrium is not supposed. Simulations are performed for T-10 parameters. Radial distributions of averaged temperatures and their fluctuation levels, species flows, impurity radiation power, and impurity ions concentrations are obtained as functions of the Be concentration at the wall. The impurity radiation is shown to act on the turbulent oscillation level significantly if the total Be concentration at the wall exceeds 3 · 1011cm,3. The impurity turbulent transversal flow is directed inward and exceeds neoclassical flow significantly. The parallel conductivity and, as a consequence, turbulent transport are increased significantly by impurity radiation. The radiation loss dependence on the neutral Hydrogen concentration at the wall is also examined. The hydrogen concentration increasing the plasma density also rises. The relative beryllium concentration decreases. In total, these two effects are compensated, and the level of radiation losses is changed insignificantly (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Stabilization of Radiation-Condensation Instability by Light Impurity InjectionCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 3-5 2010A. A. Pshenov Abstract As it has been shown in [1,2], Radiation-Condensation Instability (RCI) may initiate Microfaceted Asymmetric Radiation from the Edge (MARFE) in tokamaks (see also review papers [3-5]). Nevertheless, experiments demonstrate the stable regimes with strongly radiated edge plasmas after Ne injection [6-8] or in siliconized discharges. Two effects destabilize radiative plasmas, the decrease of radiation losses Q with the electron temperature Te increase, and the increase of Q with electron and impurity densities rise. The finite relaxation time of impurity distribution over ionization states [6] as well as the thermal force acting on the growth rate doesn't shift the instability margin. Hence, one can examine the stability margin using the approximation of the coronal equilibrium. Radiation losses of intrinsic impurities like beryllium, carbon and nitrogen usually decrease with the temperature increase at the temperature range typical for the edge (see Fig. 1, curve 1). The situation may be significantly different for impurity mixtures. Radiation losses L , Q /(nenI)normalized by electron and impurity densities ne and nI for the mixture of carbon and neon are shown in Fig. 1, curves 2-5. One can see that ,Q/,T > 0 for practically any temperature at the edge if the concentration ratio nNe/nC , 5. Hence, one can expect the stabilization of RCI by injection of additional impurity and achievement of stable regime with the strongly radiated edge plasmas. The stability of plasmas with few impurity mixtures is examined in the present paper numerically (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Solid-State Lasers: (Materials for a Reliable Solid-State Dye Laser at the Red Spectral Edge) Adv.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Funct. New photosensitive materials based on dye-doped polymeric matrices as active media in solid-state dye lasers allow highly efficient, stable, laser action, with fine tuning of the emitting wavelength from visible to NIR spectral region (575,750 nm) possible. These particular characteristics impelled the building of a prototype SSDL, which was compact, hazardless, versatile, and easy to handle. [source] Materials for a Reliable Solid-State Dye Laser at the Red Spectral EdgeADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 16 2009Inmaculada Garcia-Moreno Abstract In the search to extend the tuning range of solid-state dye lasers (SSDLs) to the red-edge spectral region, new photosensitive materials have been designed and synthesized based on six commercial dyes (sulforhodamine B, perylene red, rhodamine 640, LDS698, LDS722, and LDS730) incorporated into different linear, crosslinked, fluorinated, and sililated polymeric matrices. Under transversal pumping at 532,nm, these materials exhibit highly efficient, stable, as well as wavelength-tunable laser action from the visible-to-NIR spectral region (575,750,nm). The lasing performance of the materials doped with perylene and xanthene dyes is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest achieved to date for these chromophores when incorporated into organic, inorganic, or hybrid matrices. Regarding the LDS derivatives, this is the first time that laser action from these dyes in solid-state media is reported. These particular characteristics have impelled the building of the first prototype SSDL that is compact, versatile, and easy to handle. [source] Russia's Northern Regions on the Edge: Communities, Industries and Populations from Murmansk to Magadan , Edited by Vesa Rautio and Markku TykkylainenGEOGRAPHICAL RESEARCH, Issue 3 2010John Holmes No abstract is available for this article. [source] THE CURSE OF THE LABRADOR DUCK: My Obsessive Quest to the Edge of Extinction.GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 2 2010By Glen Chilton. No abstract is available for this article. [source] World Vision case study of Sigma, an analysis tool based on the Alterian database engineINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NONPROFIT & VOLUNTARY SECTOR MARKETING, Issue 4 2001Scott Logie One of the major issues charities have been concerned with for many years is the inability to access donor records for marketing analysis purposes,donor information has literally been locked up. Charity database tools such as Raiser's Edge and Alms have been built to provide donor details on a record-by-record basis rather than to provide summary information across the entire base. These tools carry out this function very well and have the added benefit of providing data to call centre staff as they make or receive calls from donors. As each charity has to compete more intensely for their share of donor value, however, more detailed behavioural analysis of donor bases is required. To do this, access to the entire donor data is essential, not one record at a time, but structured in a way that allows ad hoc querying. This paper discusses the various technologies that can be used to access donor data for analytical purposes and explains the merits of a new database engine developed by Alterian that allows easy and fast access to many records across multiple data tables. It also shows how one organisation has used the engine to develop a bespoke analysis tool for the charity sector and how a leading relief and development agency, World Vision, is using this tool. Copyright © 2001 Henry Stewart Publications [source] Effect of Twin-Plane Reentrant Edge on the Coarsening Behavior of Barium Titanate GrainsJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 4 2002Ho-Yong Lee When BaTiO3 ceramics were sintered at relatively low temperatures (,1250°C), the grains with reentrant edges caused by a (111) double twin grew exclusively. As a result, a microstructure with a bimodal grain-size distribution composed of platelike large grains and fine matrix grains was obtained. In contrast, at the usual sintering temperature between 1250° and 1350°C, grains containing a (111) double twin did not exhibit any growth advantage. In this case, a coarse and uniform microstructure was obtained. When this coarse-grained specimen was further heat-treated at 1365°C, the grains possessing a double twin were observed to grow exclusively again. The results were explained in terms of a coarsening process controlled by two-dimensional nucleation. [source] On the Edge of the Law: Women's Property Rights and Dispute Resolution in Kisii, KenyaLAW & SOCIETY REVIEW, Issue 1 2009Elin Henrysson Scholars have argued that economic efficiency requires a clear definition of the rights of ownership, contract, and transfer of land. Ambiguity in the definition or enforcement of any of these rights leads to an increase in transaction costs in the exchange and transfer of land as well as a residual uncertainty after any land contract. In Kenya, government efforts at establishing clearly defined property rights and adjudication mechanisms have been plagued by the existence of alternative processes for the adjudication of disputes. Customary dispute resolution has been praised as an inexpensive alternative to official judicial processes in a legally pluralistic environment. However, our research demonstrates that customary processes may also carry a monetary cost that puts them beyond the means of many citizens. This article compares the costs and processes of the formal and informal methods of property rights adjudication for women in the Kisii region of Kenya. The research results suggest that women have weak property rights overall, they have limited access to formal dispute resolution systems because of costs involved, and even the informal systems of conflict resolution are beyond the means of many citizens. [source] Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual, and Nation in the Northern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935.AMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 4 2000Gavin Smith Modernity at the Edge of Empire: State, Individual, and Nation in the Northern Peruvian Andes, 1885-1935. David Nugent. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997. 404 pp., maps, photographs, notes, bibliography, index. [source] Alternatives for Reintroducing a Rare Ecotone Species: Manually Thinned Forest Edge versus Restored Habitat RemnantRESTORATION ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Jennifer Possley Abstract Species native to ecotones are often overlooked in restoration efforts despite the increasing rarity of ecotone habitat. In fragmented, fire-suppressed landscapes, true ecotone may no longer exist. Restoration biologists interested in reintroducing ecotone species must decide whether to plant them in historic ecotones maintained by manual thinning or whether to opt for discrete restoration areas that are easier to maintain. We investigated these two alternatives with Lantana canescens, a rare tropical shrub native to the ecotone between pine and hardwood forests of Miami-Dade County, Florida, U.S.A. Our short-term findings show that after 15 and 18 months, survival of transplants was 69% in a restored site and 65% and 84% in two historic ecotone sites. The restored site had significantly higher photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (75%) than the historic ecotones (25,39%). Correspondingly, 267 seedlings have recruited at the restored site, whereas only 8 have emerged at both historic ecotone sites. Seedling establishment was associated with higher PAR at the restored site. We found that overall population sustainability was higher at the restored site where there is the additional benefit of less maintenance. Our work suggests that, by reducing succession, a discrete restoration area can approach the historic conditions of hardwood/pine forest ecotone more closely than degraded historic ecotones themselves. We present a viable solution for conserving rare ecotone species when their natural habitat and the processes that maintained it no longer exist. [source] Edge of the Sacred: Jung, Psyche, Earth,by Tacey, DavidTHE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 3 2010Dale Mathers No abstract is available for this article. [source] Close to the Edge: The Representational Tactics of EminemTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 3 2010MARCIA ALESAN DAWKINS First page of article [source] Straight Edge: Clean Living Youth, Hardcore Punk, and Social ChangeTHE JOURNAL OF POPULAR CULTURE, Issue 2 2007Colin Michael Helb No abstract is available for this article. [source] Writing from the Edge of the World: the Memoirs of Darién by Gonzalo Fernández de OviedoTHE LATIN AMERICANIST, Issue 2 2008Lesley Wylie No abstract is available for this article. [source] Anthropology at the Edge of Words: Where Poetry and Ethnography MeetANTHROPOLOGY & HUMANISM, Issue 1 2010Kent Maynard SUMMARY Anthropology has seen major challenges regarding methods, epistemologies, and how one writes ethnographically. As practicing ethnographers and poets, we focus on one among many vibrant new styles of anthropological scholarship: ethnographic poetry. As poetry appears more regularly in scholarly venues, anthropologists may wonder how to create ethnographic poetry and toward what end. To address this, we begin with definitions of ethnographic poetry in relation to ethnography and ethnopoetics. We then consider how poetry may help anthropologists to write insightfully about how we and other people live. Drawing on our own poetry, and that of others, we explore how form affects meaning and ethnographic insight. [source] Work on the Edge: Enterprise and Employment between City and CountrysideANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK REVIEW, Issue 3-4 2002Robyn Eversole An interest in the microenterprise finance movement's proposals to increase income and employment in poor local economies led to this study of a Latin American barrio marginal in miniature. The article explores the main income-generating activities of Upper Barrio Japón residents and their adult children, and their use of the plentiful microenterprise finance services on offer in the city of Sucre, Bolivia. The article concludes that microenterprise, often at very small scale, is an important economic strategy for many local residents, but that casual labour and long-distance migration is often more important for young people. Local microenterprises cross urban, suburban and rural markets, but tend to focus on small scale activity: rustic production and retail commerce. Children study, but are entering a very circumscribed range of occupations, with little representation in the professions or skilled trades. Finally, local people use microenterprise finance services, but only sparingly; the ingredients for economic transformation would appear to be elsewhere. [source] Making The Cut: A Surgeon's Stories of Life on the EdgeANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 3 2010B. Sc, Eric Levi MBBS, PGDipSurgAnat No abstract is available for this article. [source] "Sim Wars": A New Edge to Academic Residency CompetitionsACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 2009Yasuharu Okuda Introduction: Simulation training is an educational modality that is increasingly being utilized by emergency medicine programs to train and assess residents in core competencies. During a recent national conference, patient simulators were used in a competition to highlight multitasking, teamwork, and patient care skills. The combination of audience participation and an expert panel provided a creative forum for learning. Methods: the Foundation for Education and Research in Neurological Emergencies (FERNE) and the Emergency Medicine Residents' Association (EMRA) sponsored an innovative competition between emergency medicine residencies during the 2008 Scientific Assembly of the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP). This competition used high-fidelity simulations to create scenarios on neurologic emergencies. Six teams were selected to participate in the three-hour single-elimination competition. The three-member resident teams were then randomly paired against another institution. Three separate 10 minute scenarios were created for the initial round, allowing paired teams to compete on the same scenario. An expert panel provided commentary and insight on the management by each team. In addition, the experts provided feedback in the areas of communication and team training. Each round's winners were determined by the audience using an interactive system. Results: Based on the immediate feedback from participants, audience members and the expert panelists, this event was an entertaining and successful learning experience for both residents and faculty. Like the Clinical Pathological Cases (CPC) competitions, "Sim Wars" provides a showcase for residencies to demonstrate practice philosophies while providing a unique emphasis on teamwork and communication skills. The ability to expand this program to include regional competitions that lead to a national contest could be the framework for future exciting and educational events. [source] Evolution's Edge: The Coming Collapse and Transformation of Our WorldAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 1 2010PATRICK T MOSS No abstract is available for this article. [source] Bemessung von Dübeln am Bauteilrand unter Querlast: Ingenieurmäßiger Ansatz zur Berücksichtigung der LastrichtungBETON- UND STAHLBETONBAU, Issue 6 2005Rainer Mallée Dr.-Ing. Es wird ein allgemeingültiger Bemessungsansatz für Dübel unter Querlast am Bauteilrand bei der Versagensart Betonkantenbruch abgeleitet. Die Richtung der Querlast wird bei der Lastverteilung auf die einzelnen Dübel einer Gruppe berücksichtigt. Damit kann das Modell für Anwendungen ohne und mit Lochspiel sowie für Querlasten und für Torsionsmomente angewendet werden. Design of Anchors close to an Edge under Shear Loads Engineering Approach for Consideration of the Load Direction A universally valid proposal is made for the design of anchors close to an edge under shear loads for concrete edge failure. The angle of the shear load is taken into account during determination of the load distribution on each anchor of a group. Thus the model may be used for applications without and with hole clearance and for shear loads as well as for torsion moments. [source] Persisting Hyper-abundance of Leaf-cutting Ants (Atta spp.) at the Edge of an Old Atlantic Forest FragmentBIOTROPICA, Issue 6 2009Sebastian T. Meyer ABSTRACT Leaf-cutting ants (LCAs) profoundly benefit from edge creation in Neotropical forests, where they act as a keystone species and disturbance agent. In view of their poorly explored population dynamics, the question arises whether high densities of LCAs are a transitional or a persisting phenomenon. We studied the temporal variation of LCA colony densities at the edge of the Brazilian Atlantic forest. At physically stable edges of an old forest fragment, densities of Atta cephalotes and Atta sexdens (11 and five times higher in a 50 m edge zone in comparison with the forest interior) persisted over a 4-yr interval (2001,2005) with no significant difference in densities between years. Species-specific per colony growth rates ranged from 12 to ,5 percent/yr, suggesting that populations were approximately at equilibrium. High rates of colony turnover (little less than 50% in 4 yr) indicated an average colony life span of about 7 yr,a life expectancy considerably lower than previous estimates for Atta colonies. Stable, hyper-abundant populations of LCAs accord with the constantly high availability of palatable pioneer vegetation (the preferred food source of LCAs) at forest edges and are expected to persist in time as long as forests are characterized by high edge to interior ratios, with potentially long-lasting consequences for the ecosystem. [source] Late Cenozoic Geology and Paleo-environment Change in the Eastern Edge of Qinghai-Xizang PlateauACTA GEOLOGICA SINICA (ENGLISH EDITION), Issue 5 2008ZHAO Zhizhong Abstract There are late Cenozoic lacustrine deposits and loess and red clay and moraines in eastern edge of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Various genetic sediments recorded rich information on late Cenozoic paleo-environment changes. Xigeda lacustrine formed during 4.2 Ma B.P.-2.6 Ma B.P. There were 9 periodic warm-cold alternations. Eolian deposition in western Sichuan began at 1.15 Ma B.P. The loess-soil sequences recorded successively 14 paleo-monsoon climate cycles. Laterite in Chengdu plain recorded 5 stages of paleoclimatic stages since 1.13 Ma B.P. There was an old glacial period of 4.3 Ma B.P. in eastern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. During Quaternary, there are 5 extreme paleoclimatic events corresponding with 5 glaciations. [source] Brain responses to auditory and visual stimulus offset: Shared representations of temporal edgesHUMAN BRAIN MAPPING, Issue 3 2009Marcus Herdener Abstract Edges are crucial for the formation of coherent objects from sequential sensory inputs within a single modality. Moreover, temporally coincident boundaries of perceptual objects across different sensory modalities facilitate crossmodal integration. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging in order to examine the neural basis of temporal edge detection across modalities. Onsets of sensory inputs are not only related to the detection of an edge but also to the processing of novel sensory inputs. Thus, we used transitions from input to rest (offsets) as convenient stimuli for studying the neural underpinnings of visual and acoustic edge detection per se. We found, besides modality-specific patterns, shared visual and auditory offset-related activity in the superior temporal sulcus and insula of the right hemisphere. Our data suggest that right hemispheric regions known to be involved in multisensory processing are crucial for detection of edges in the temporal domain across both visual and auditory modalities. This operation is likely to facilitate cross-modal object feature binding based on temporal coincidence. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Tunica albuginea urethroplasty for anterior urethral strictures: A urethroscopic analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY, Issue 9 2009Raj K Mathur Objective: To assess the efficacy of tunica albuginea urethroplasty (TAU) for anterior urethral strictures. Methods: We assessed 206 patients with anterior urethral strictures who underwent TAU. The procedure involves mobilization of strictured urethra and laying it open with a dorsal slit. Edges of the slit-open urethra are sutured to edges of the urethral groove with a silicon catheter in situ. Thus in neourethra, the roof is formed by tunica albuginea of the urethral groove. Results were assessed at 6, 12, 24 and 36 months by comparative analysis of patient satisfaction along with retrograde urethrogram, urethrosonogram, uroflowmetry, and were categorized as good, fair and poor. Good and fair results were considered as successful. Thirty patients were taken for postoperative urethroscopic analysis to allow better understanding of both successful and failed cases. Results: Postoperative evaluation at 6 months showed a 96.6% success rate, which decreased to 94.7% at 1 year, 93.2% at 2 years and over 90% at the end of 3 years. The overall failure rate was 9.2%, which required revision surgery. Urethroscopic visualization of the reconstruction site showed wide, patent and distensible neourethra uniformly lined by urothelium over roof formed by tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa in successful cases. Failure cases showed diffuse fibrotic narrowing or circumferential scarring. Conclusion: Tunica albuginea is a locally available distensible tissue, sufficient to maintain the patency of the neourethra, without any graft or flap. TAU is easier and useful when patients have unhealthy oral mucosa due to tobacco chewing. [source] Calculation of XANES/ELNES Spectra of All Edges in Si3N4 and Si2N2OJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 1 2002Wai-Yim Ching Using a recently developed first-principles supercell method that includes the electron and core-hole interaction, the XANES/ELNES spectra of Si- L2,3, Si- K, and N- K edges in ,-Si3N4, ,-Si3N4, spinel c -Si3N4, and Si2N2O were calculated and compared. The difference in total energies between the initial ground state and the final core-hole state provides the transition energy. The calculated spectra are found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements on ,-Si3N4 and c -Si3N4. The differences in the XANES/ELNES spectra for the same element in different crystals are explained in terms of differences in local bonding. The use of orbital-decomposed local density of states to explain the measured spectra is shown to be inadequate. These results reaffirm the importance of including the core-hole effect in any XANES/ELNES spectral calculation. [source] Computation and presentation of graphs displaying closure hierarchies of Jordan and Kronecker structuresNUMERICAL LINEAR ALGEBRA WITH APPLICATIONS, Issue 6-7 2001Erik Elmroth Abstract StratiGraph, a Java-based tool for computation and presentation of closure hierarchies of Jordan and Kronecker structures is presented. The tool is based on recent theoretical results on stratifications of orbits and bundles of matrices and matrix pencils. A stratification reveals the complete hierarchy of nearby structures, information critical for explaining the qualitative behaviour of linear systems under perturbations. StratiGraph facilitates the application of these theories and visualizes the resulting hierarchy as a graph. Nodes in the graph represent orbits or bundles of matrices or matrix pencils. Edges represent covering relations in the closure hierarchy. Given a Jordan or Kronecker structure, a user can obtain the complete information of nearby structures simply by mouse clicks on nodes of interest. This contribution gives an overview of the StratiGraph tool, presents its main functionalities and other features, and illustrates its use by sample applications. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Frayed Edges: Exploring the Boundaries of Conflict ResolutionPEACE & CHANGE, Issue 4 2002Larissa A. Fast This article examines the boundary areas of the field of conflict resolution. It proposes that to advance as a practice and academic discipline, conflict resolution must define more clearly its theoretical and practice boundaries. Based on the assumption that this field requires its theory, practice, and research to complement one another, the article first outlines two boundary areas, that of theory about structural conflict and that of impartiality and neutrality in conflict resolution practice. The author proposes that developing theories about structural conflict will promote better interventions, an area where conflict resolution practice currently is underdeveloped. The debates about impartiality and neutrality in conflict resolution practice lead the author to propose two delimiters for practice,impartiality and inclusiveness,that will differentiate conflict resolution from other related fields. The article concludes with a recommendation about how integrating theory, practice, and research can advance the field as a whole. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||