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Advanced Materials (advanced + material)
Selected AbstractsThe Coming of Advanced Materials: A Personal View of the Contributions by Cambridge Scientists,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 38-39 2009John Meurig Thomas Abstract The highly significant contributions both directly and indirectly made to the study of condensed matter in general and to advanced materials in particular by a succession of Cambridge scientists over the early years of the past half century are adumbrated in the light of the conjunction of the 21st anniversary of the founding of this journal and the 800th anniversary of the University of Cambridge. So also are the reasons for the burgeoning growth in the last few decades of the preparation, characterization, and use of various kinds of advanced materials. A summary is also given of the author's own work in solid-state and materials science, including a brief appraisal of recent strategies for the design of advanced catalysts for the production (under environmentally benign conditions) of a number of industrially important chemicals ranging from vitamins to commodities, such as adipic acid and terephthalic acid, and building blocks, such as styrene oxide, that are utilized in the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumes. [source] The Use of Terahertz Spectroscopy as a Sensitive Probe in Discriminating the Electronic Properties of Structurally Similar Multi-Walled Carbon NanotubesADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 38-39 2009Edward P. J. Parrott Terahertz spectroscopy is used to definitively distinguish between two multiwalled carbon nanotubes (see figure), which have commercial applications in a number of advanced materials. Other techniques do not provide a sensitive discrimination of the measured properties. This observation is rationalized by considering the dielectric nature of the materials and the relationship of this to their structural differences. [source] Advanced Material Strategies for Tissue Engineering ScaffoldsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 32-33 2009Lisa E. Freed Abstract Tissue engineering seeks to restore the function of diseased or damaged tissues through the use of cells and biomaterial scaffolds. It is now apparent that the next generation of functional tissue replacements will require advanced material strategies to achieve many of the important requirements for long-term success. Here, we provide representative examples of engineered skeletal and myocardial tissue constructs in which scaffolds were explicitly designed to match native tissue mechanical properties as well as to promote cell alignment. We discuss recent progress in microfluidic devices that can potentially serve as tissue engineering scaffolds, since mass transport via microvascular-like structures will be essential in the development of tissue engineered constructs on the length scale of native tissues. Given the rapid evolution of the field of tissue engineering, it is important to consider the use of advanced materials in light of the emerging role of genetics, growth factors, bioreactors, and other technologies. [source] Diatomaceous Lessons in Nanotechnology and Advanced MaterialsADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 29 2009Dusan Losic Abstract Silicon, in its various forms, finds widespread use in electronic, optical, and structural materials. Research on uses of silicon and silica has been intense for decades, raising the question of how much diversity is left for innovation with this element. Shape variation is particularly well examined. Here, we review the principles revealed by diatom frustules, the porous silica shells of diatoms, microscopic, unicellular algae. The frustules have nanometer-scale detail, and the almost 100,000 species with unique frustule morphologies suggest nuanced structural and optical functions well beyond the current ranges used in advanced materials. The unique frustule morphologies have arisen through tens of millions of years of evolutionary selection, and so are likely to reflect optimized design and function. Performing the structural and optical equivalent of data mining, and understanding and adopting these designs, affords a new paradigm in materials science, an alternative to combinatorial materials synthesis approaches in spurring the development of new material and more nuanced materials. [source] Functionalization of Porous Carbon Materials with Designed Pore Architecture,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 3 2009Andreas Stein Abstract Recent progress in syntheses of porous carbons with designed pore architecture has rejuvenated the field of carbon chemistry and promises to provide new advanced materials. In order to reap the full benefit of designer carbons, it is necessary to develop chemistries for functionalizing the porous carbon surfaces. This Review examines methods of functionalizing porous carbon through direct incorporation of heteroatoms in the carbon synthesis, surface oxidation and activation, halogenation, sulfonation, grafting, attachment of nanoparticles and surface coating with polymers. Methods of characterizing the functionalized carbon materials and applications that benefit from functionalized nanoporous carbons with designed architecture are also highlighted. [source] Promising Functional Materials Based on Ladder Polysiloxanes,ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 15 2008Qilong Zhou Abstract Preparation of real ladder polysiloxanes (LPSs), including both oxygen-bridged ladder polysilsesquioxanes (LPSQs) and organo-bridged ladder polysiloxanes (OLPSs), had been a great challenge to polymer chemists from 1960 until the successful synthesis of LPSs via the supramolecular architecture-directed stepwise coupling polymerization (SCP) in the early 1980s. This opened up a new field of LPS-based advanced materials. As key building blocks, LPSs are used to construct a variety of polysiloxanes with special steric configurations and functions, such as mesomorphic LPSs, tubular polysiloxanes (TPs), and pseudo-sieve-plate polysiloxanes (pseudo-SPSs). With excellent temperature and radiation resistance, good solubility, and fine optical and mechanical properties, all these polysiloxanes demonstrate very promising prospects in the advanced materials realm. Here, the synthesis of well-ordered LPSs is presented and features of fishbone-like and rowboat-like liquid crystalline polysiloxanes are discussed. Special emphasis is given to typical applications of LPSs, TPSs, and pseudo-SPSs in the areas of liquid crystal displays, microelectronics packaging, and nonlinear optical materials. [source] New approach to twin interfaces of modulated martensiteJOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2010Zongbin Li In Ni,Mn,Ga ferromagnetic shape memory alloys, the crystallographic nature of martensitic variant interfaces is one of the key factors governing the variant reorientation through field-induced interface motion and hence the shape memory performance. So far, the crystal structure studies of these materials , conducted by means of transmission electron microscopy , have suffered from uncertainties in determining the number of unit cells of modulated superstructure, and consequently improper interpretations of orientation correlations of martensitic variants. In this paper a new approach is presented for comprehensive analysis of crystallographic and morphological information of modulated martensite, using automated electron backscatter diffraction. As a first attempt, it has been applied for the unambiguous determination of the orientation relationships of adjacent martensitic variants and their twin interface characters in an incommensurate 7M modulated Ni,Mn,Ga alloy, from which a clear and full-featured image of the crystallographic nature of constituent twin interfaces is built up. Certainly, this new approach will make it feasible not only to generalize the statistical analysis of martensitic variant distributions for various materials with modulated superstructure, but also to give insight into the crystallographic characteristics of martensitic variant interfaces and the variant reorientation mechanism of new advanced materials for interface engineering. [source] Dendrimers based on [1,3,5]-triazinesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 11 2006Mackay B. Steffensen Abstract A comprehensive and chronological account of dendrimers based on [1,3,5]-triazines is provided. Synthetic strategies to install the triazine through cycloaddition, cyclotrimerization, and nucleophilic aromatic substitution of cyanuric chloride are discussed. Motivations and applications of these architectures are surveyed, including the preparation of supramolecular assemblies in the solution and solid states and their use in medicines, advanced materials, and separations when anchored to solid supports. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3411,3433, 2006 [source] Synthesis and Properties of DNA Complexes Containing 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxy (TEMPO) Moieties as Organic Radical Battery MaterialsCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 11 2008Jinqing Qu Dr. Abstract We report here the first example of organic radical battery with DNA. Though there is a growing interest in DNA/cationic-lipid complexes as promising gene delivery vehicles, few efforts have been focused on the use of such complexes as advanced materials for organic optoelectronic applications. The present article describes how substitution of the sodium counter cation of DNA with cationic amphiphilic lipid(1,4) provided novel DNA,lipid complexes that contain TEMPO radicals, in which the actual mole ratio of phosphate to lipid was 1:0.84 to 1:0.16. All the TEMPO-containing DNA,lipid complexes displayed reversible two-stage charge/discharge processes, the discharge capacities of which were 40.5,60.0,A,h,kg,1. In particular, the capacity of a DNA,lipid(3)-based cell reached 60.0,A,h,kg,1, which corresponds to 192,% relative to its theoretical value for the single-electron one-stage process, indicating a two-electron process. [source] | |||||||||||||