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Dry
Kinds of Dry Terms modified by Dry Selected AbstractsAlanine screening of the intracellular loops of the human bradykinin B2 receptor , effects on receptor maintenance, G protein activation and internalizationFEBS JOURNAL, Issue 13 2009Alexander Faussner The bradykinin B2 receptor is coupled to G protein Gq/11 and becomes sequestered into intracellular compartments after activation. To more closely define the receptor sequences involved in these processes and their functions, we systematically mutated all three intracellular loops (ICLs), either as point mutations or in groups of three to five amino acids to Ala, obtaining a total of 14 mutants. All constructs were stably expressed in HEK 293 cells and, with the exception of triple mutant DRY , AAA, retained the ability to specifically bind [3H]bradykinin. The binding affinities at 4 or 37 °C of several mutants differed considerably from those determined for the wild-type receptor, indicating an allosteric connection between the conformation of the binding site and that of the ICLs. Mutations in ICL-1 strongly reduced surface expression without affecting G protein signaling or [3H]bradykinin internalization. Two cluster mutants in the middle of ICL-2 containing basic residues displayed considerably reduced potencies, whereas two mutations in ICL-3 resulted in receptor conformations that were considered to be semi-active, based on the observation that they responded with phosphoinositide hydrolysis to compounds normally considered to be antagonists. This, and the fact that a cluster mutant at the C-terminal end of ICL-3 was signaling incompetent, hint at the involvement of ICL-2 and ICL-3 in Gq/11 activation, albeit with different functions. None of the mutants displayed reduced ligand-induced receptor internalization, indicating that the loops are not essential for this process. No conclusion could be drawn, however, with regard to the role of the DRY sequence, as the corresponding triplet mutation lacked binding capability. [source] EFFECTS OF PRESTORAGE DRY AND HUMID HOT AIR TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY, TRIGLYCERIDES AND TOCOPHEROL CONTENTS IN ,HASS' AVOCADO FRUITJOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY, Issue 2 2004J. DE JESUS ORNELAS P. ABSTRACT ,Hass' avocado fruit were heated with dry (50% RH) or moist (95% RH) forced air at 38Cfor 6 h and then stored at 5C and 85% RHfor up to 8 weeks. Fruit were evaluated weekly for quality and for the content of three triglycerides and three tocopherols. Heated fruit had higher weight loss. The nonheated fruit and those heated with dry air displayed the best external quality. Fruit heated with dry air exhibited the best internal quality and the lowest chilling injury incidence. The respiration rate was more intense in fruit heated with moist air. Fruit firmness immediately after harvest was 51N, but decreased to less than 20 N at the end of the storage period in the three treatments. The analysis of triglycerides and tocopherols showed that the 1,2-Dilinoleil-3-Oleil-Glycerol and ,-tocopherol were the most abundant compounds. Therefore, postharvest treatment with dry forced hot air before storage or transport reduces the incidence of chilling injury, and decreases quality deterioration in ,Hass' avocado fruit. [source] STANDARD SCALES FOR CRISPNESS, CRACKLINESS AND CRUNCHINESS IN DRY AND WET FOODS: RELATIONSHIP WITH ACOUSTICAL DETERMINATIONSJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 4 2008MAITE A. CHAUVIN ABSTRACT A trained panel developed rating scales for crispness, crunchiness and crackliness for dry and wet foods based on the auditory perception of selected foods. The newly developed scales were then evaluated by 40 untrained panelists and the sound perception of standard foods was assessed through the analysis of the root mean square (RMS) of the 5-s audio waveforms and multidimensional scaling (MDS). The RMS was highly correlated to auditory sensory perception of crispness (r = 0.83 and 0.96), crunchiness (r = 0.99 and 0.99) and crackliness (r = 0.88 and 0.96) for dry and wet foods, respectively. MDS technique applied for the 40 untrained panelists was instructive in assessing auditory textural differences of naïve panelists and a useful statistical instrument to graphically validate selected scales. Auditory perception of the selected foods were rated similarly using standard auditory texture scales for crispness, crunchiness and crackliness developed by the trained panel (oral evaluation) and MDS results from the untrained panel (recordings). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Crispness, crunchiness and crackliness are not only important and useful descriptors of food texture, but are also desirable textural qualities in many foods. The lack of consistency in the procedures used for the evaluation of crunchy, crispy and crackly in sensory studies often results in confusion when training expert panels. Research will benefit textural studies through an improvement of consistent textural definitions and development of standard scales and evaluation techniques. The crispness, crunchiness and crackliness scales developed and applied in the current study represent a new potential standard frame of reference that may be used for training panelists in texture parameters related to food auditory perception. The scales may be considered illustrations demonstrating full and practical ranges for each texture attribute with regard to analyzing auditory parameters of foods and effective objective tools for assessing panelists in descriptive analysis. [source] CHARACTERISTIC DRYING CURVE and MATHEMATICAL MODELING of THIN-LAYER SOLAR DRYING of PRICKLY PEAR CLADODE (OPUNTIA FICUS INDICA)JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2004S. LAHSASNI ABSTRACT Thin-layer solar drying experiments were conducted for the prickly pear cladode grown in Marrakech, Morocco. the experimental drying curves obtained show only a falling rate period. the results verified, with good reproducibility, that the drying air temperature is the main factor in controlling the drying rate. the expression of the drying rate equation was determined empirically from the characteristic drying curve. Eight different drying models were compared according to their correlation coefficient (r2) to estimate solar drying curves. the Page model could satisfactorily describe the solar drying curves of cladode with an r2 of 0.9995. the coefficient of this model could be explained by the effect of drying air temperature with an r2 of 1.0000. [source] Summer drought: a driver for crown condition and mortality of Norway spruce in NorwayFOREST PATHOLOGY, Issue 2 2004S. Solberg Summary Summer drought, i.e. unusually dry and warm weather, has been a significant stress factor for Norway spruce in southeast Norway during the 14 years of forest monitoring. Dry and warm summers were followed by increases in defoliation, discolouration of foliage, cone formation and mortality. The causal mechanisms are discussed. Most likely, the defoliation resulted from increased needle-fall in the autumn after dry summers. During the monitoring period 1988,2001, southeast Norway was repeatedly affected by summer drought, in particular, in the early 1990s. The dataset comprised 455 ,Forest officers' plots' with annual data on crown condition and mortality. Linear mixed models were used for estimation and hypothesis testing, including a variance,covariance structure for the handling of random effects and temporal autocorrelation. Résumé La sécheresse estivale, c'est à dire un temps exceptionnellement sec et chaud, a été un facteur significatif de stress pour l'Epicéa commun dans le sud-est de la Norvège au cours de 14 années de surveillance. Les étés secs et chauds ont été suivis d'une augmentation de la défoliation, des colorations anormales du feuillage, de la formation de cônes et de la mortalité. Les mécanismes causaux sont discutés. La défoliation peut probablement s'expliquer par une chute automnale des aiguilles après les étés secs. Pendant la période de suivi de 1988 à 2001, le sud-est de la Norvège a été affecté de façon répétée par des sécheresses estivales, en particulier au début des années 1990. La base de données comprend 455 ,parcelles d'agents forestiers' avec des données annuelles sur l'état des houppiers et la mortalité. Des modèles linéaires mixtes ont été utilisés pour tester les hypothèses et faire les estimations, en incluant une structure de variance-covariance pour prendre en compte les effets aléatoires et les auto-corrélations temporelles. Zusammenfassung Sommertrockenheit, d.h. ungewöhnlich trockenes und warmes Wetter, war ein wesentlicher Stressfaktor für die Fichte (Picea abies) in Südwestnorwegen während der 14 Jahre, in denen der Waldzustand bisher erfasst wurde. Nach trockenen und warmen Sommern nahmen der Nadelverlust, die Nadelverfärbung, die Zapfenbildung und die Mortalität zu. Die ursächlichen Mechanismen hierfür werden diskutiert. Am wahrscheinlichsten ist der Blattverlust das Ergebnis eines erhöhten Nadelfalles im Herbst nach einem trockenen Sommer. Während der Beobachtungsperiode von 1988 bis 2001 traten in Südwestnorwegen wiederholt trockene Sommer auf, insbesondere zu Beginn der 90er Jahre. Das Datenset umfasste 455 Stichprobeflächen mit jährlichen Angaben zum Kronenzustand und zur Mortalität. Für die statistische Analyse wurden lineare Modelle mit gemischten Effekten verwendet, einschliesslich einer Varianz-Kovarianzstruktur für die zeitreihenbedingten Autokorrelationen. [source] Above- and below-ground responses of C3,C4 species mixtures to elevated CO2 and soil water availabilityGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2003JUSTIN D. DERNER Abstract We evaluated the influences of CO2[Control, , 370 µmol mol,1; 200 µmol mol,1 above ambient applied by free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)] and soil water (Wet, Dry) on above- and below-ground responses of C3 (cotton, Gossypium hirsutum) and C4 (sorghum, Sorghum bicolor) plants in monocultures and two density mixtures. In monocultures, CO2 enrichment increased height, leaf area, above-ground biomass and reproductive output of cotton, but not sorghum, and was independent of soil water treatment. In mixtures, cotton, but not sorghum, above-ground biomass and height were generally reduced compared to monocultures, across both CO2 and soil water treatments. Density did not affect individual plant responses of either cotton or sorghum across the other treatments. Total (cotton + sorghum) leaf area and above-ground biomass in low-density mixtures were similar between CO2 treatments, but increased by 17,21% with FACE in high-density mixtures, due to a 121% enhancement of cotton leaf area and a 276% increase in biomass under the FACE treatment. Total root biomass in the upper 1.2 m of the soil was not influenced by CO2 or by soil water in monoculture or mixtures; however, under dry conditions we observed significantly more roots at lower soil depths (> 45 cm). Sorghum roots comprised 81,85% of the total roots in the low-density mixture and 58,73% in the high-density mixture. CO2 -enrichment partly offset negative effects of interspecific competition on cotton in both low- and high-density mixtures by increasing above-ground biomass, with a greater relative increase in the high-density mixture. As a consequence, CO2 -enrichment increased total above-ground yield of the mixture at high density. Individual plant responses to CO2 enrichment in global change models that evaluate mixed plant communities should be adjusted to incorporate feedbacks for interspecific competition. Future field studies in natural ecosystems should address the role that a CO2 -mediated increase in C3 growth may have on subsequent vegetation change. [source] Hexagonal Surface Micropattern for Dry and Wet FrictionADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Michael Varenberg Hexagonal micropattern mimicking the attachment pads of bush crickets is reported to control dry and wet elastomer friction. This micropattern eliminates completely the stick,slip disturbances when in dry conditions, and prevents hydroplaning when in wet conditions, rendering the surface behavior stable and predictable. [source] Dry-Aging Effects on Palatability of Beef Longissimus MuscleJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 2 2001R.E. Campbell ABSTRACT: Beef strip loins and short loins were vacuum aged for 7 or 14 d, then these cuts were dry aged for 7, 14, or 21 d. At 2, 9, and 16 d of post-dry-aging vacuum storage, strip steaks were analyzed for sensory, physical, and microbial differences. Controls were vacuum aged for 14 d. Dry aging for 14 and 21 d produced steaks with greater (P < 0.05) dry-aged flavor, tenderness, and juiciness than controls or steaks dry aged for 7 d. Shear forces were lower (P < 0.05) for steaks dry aged for 21 d. Time of vacuum storage before and after dry aging had minimal effects on development of dry-aged flavor attributes. [source] Solid-state 13C and 129Xe NMR study of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(vinyl alcohol)/lactosilated chitosan gelsJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 20 2003Simona Lai Abstract Dry and hydrated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) gels with 55% (a-PVA) and 61% (s-PVA) syndiotacticity and related PVA/lactyl chitosan (LC) blends have been investigated with 129Xe and cross-polarization/magic-angle-spinning 13C NMR techniques. Although the dry gels exhibit two broad 129Xe resonances in the slow-to-intermediate exchange limit, both hydrated gels show three resonances. The corresponding dry blends exhibit two signals, the chemical shifts and line widths of which change with respect to those of pure PVA, whereas one (a-PVA/LC) or two (s-PVA/LC) signals appear in the spectra of the hydrated blends. A comparative analysis of the data demonstrates that LC rearranges the domains of the polymeric matrix in both the dry and hydrated blends according to the syndiotacticity of the PVA chains. Information on the molecular motions of the amorphous and swollen polymeric domains in the kilohertz range has been obtained from an analysis of the spin-lattice relaxation times. These data indicate that the dynamics and arrangement of the PVA chains in the gels are strongly affected by their tacticity and the addition of the copolymer LC. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 3123,3131, 2003 [source] Long-term acclimatization of hydraulic properties, xylem conduit size, wall strength and cavitation resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris in response to different environmental effectsPLANT CELL & ENVIRONMENT, Issue 5 2006ELLEN K. HOLSTE ABSTRACT Phaseolus vulgaris grown under various environmental conditions was used to assess long-term acclimatization of xylem structural characteristics and hydraulic properties. Conduit diameter tended to be reduced and ,wood' density (of ,woody' stems) increased under low moisture (,dry'), increased soil porosity (,porous soil') and low phosphorus (,low P') treatments. Dry and low P had the largest percentage of small vessels. Dry, low light (,shade') and porous soil treatments decreased P50 (50% loss in conductivity) by 0.15,0.25 MPa (greater cavitation resistance) compared with ,controls'. By contrast, low P increased P50 by 0.30 MPa (less cavitation resistance) compared with porous soil (the control for low P). Changes in cavitation resistance were independent of conduit diameter. By contrast, changes in cavitation resistance were correlated with wood density for the control, dry and porous soil treatments, but did not appear to be a function of wood density for the shade and low P treatments. In a separate experiment comparing control and porous soil plants, stem hydraulic conductivity (kh), specific conductivity (ks), leaf specific conductivity (LSC), total pot water loss, plant biomass and leaf area were all greater for control plants compared to porous soil plants. Porous soil plants, however, demonstrated higher midday stomatal conductance to water vapour (gs), apparently because they experienced proportionally less midday xylem cavitation. [source] Microabrasion of Coatings Investigated by the Inclined Impact Test at Various Loads under Dry and Lubricated ConditionsPLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS, Issue S1 2007Konstantinos-Dionysios Bouzakis Abstract The impact test has clearly emerged as an important technology for the prediction of cohesive, adhesive, and fatigue failure of coatings, further enabling the establishment of Smith and Woehler diagrams of PVD films. In the present paper, the abrasive wear of a well-adherent (Ti46Al54)N coating was investigated by the inclined impact test, at impact loads higher, equal to or lower than the fatigue critical impact load of the applied film. These investigations were conducted for few thousands up to several millions of impacts both under dry and lubricated conditions. The obtained results suggest that the inclined impact test is a very efficient method for detecting coating resistance against impact microabrasion, with or without lubrication and according to the test conditions for the synchronous contribution of fatigue phenomena to the film wear. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Compound of (NH4)2SnP4O13 with High Proton Conductivity in Both Dry and Humid Atmospheres as Electrolyte for Intermediate Temperature Fuel Cells.CHEMINFORM, Issue 1 2010Haibo Wang Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Viability of fibroblasts in a novel probiotic storage mediaDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010E Çaglar The aim of the present in vitro study was to evaluate the number of viable PDL cells of avulsed teeth treated by Hank's Balanced Salt Solutions (HBSS), saline, a novel probiotic solution and milk. Thirty-six freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth with closed apices were divided into one of the four experimental groups and two control groups (N = 6 each). The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 min and an 8-h dry time respectively. Following extraction, the coronal 3 mm of PDL tissue was scraped with a #15 scalpel to remove cells that might have been damaged. The experimental teeth were dried for 30 min followed by a 45 min immersion in one of the four experimental media. Each experimental tooth, after drying and soaking, was incubated for 30 min with a 2.5 ml solution of 0.2 mg ml,1 of collagenase CLS II and a 2.4 mg ml,1 solution of dispase grade II in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). The cells were then labelled with 0.4% Trypan blue for determination of viability. The teeth stored in positive control demonstrated the highest number of viable PDL cells followed in rank order by HBSS, saline, Lactobacillus reuteri solution and milk. There was no significant difference in the number of viable PDL cells between HBSS, milk, L. reuteri solution and saline. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that probiotic may be able to maintain PDL cell viability as HBSS, milk, or saline. [source] Evaluation of tooth-fragment reattachment: a clinical and laboratory studyDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2010Yucel Yilmaz Materials and Methods:, The clinical study was conducted on 43 fractured incisors: 22 uncomplicated crown fractures (Group A) and 21 complicated crown fractures (Group B). The 43 incisal fragments: 23 were kept dry for 47 h and 20 were kept wet for 24 h by the patients before they were reattached. The fragments were kept in 0.9% saline solution for 30 min before reattachment. The fragments in Group A were reattached using a dentin bonding agent, a flowable and a hybrid resin composite, whereas the fragments in Group B were reattached to the tooth remnant after a pulpotomy was performed. The laboratory study was conducted on 56 extracted incisors. Teeth were divided equally into four groups: Group I , Uncomplicated crown fracture + wet medium; Group II , Uncomplicated crown fracture + dry medium; Group III , Complicated crown fracture + wet medium, and Group IV , Complicated crown fracture + dry medium. The fragments were then reattached in a manner that was similar to that used in the clinical study. The restored teeth were then re-fractured. All data were analyzed statistically. Results: In the clinical study, the restored teeth were followed up for 2 years. Neither the type of trauma nor the storage medium had any significant effect on the survival, color, and bond strength of the restored teeth when assessed in the clinical and laboratory study. The color disharmony that was encountered initially in restored teeth resolved significantly on its own accord within 12 months after reattachment of the fragment. Conclusion: Fragment reattachment can be used to treat fractured teeth successfully in children and adolescents. [source] Mechanical removal of necrotic periodontal ligament by either Robinson bristle brush with pumice or scalpel blade.DENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Histomorphometric analysis, scanning electron microscopy Abstract,,, One of the important factors accounting for successful delayed replantation of avulsed teeth is seemingly the type of root surface treatment. Removal of necrotic cemental periodontal ligament remnants may prevent the occurrence of external root resorption, which is the major cause of loss of teeth replanted in such conditions. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of two mechanical techniques for removal of root-adhered periodontal ligament. Preservation or removal of the cementum layer concomitantly with these procedures was also assessed. Forty-five roots of healthy premolars extracted for orthodontic purposes were selected. After extraction, the teeth were kept dry at room temperature for 1 h and then immersed in saline for rehydration for an additional 10 min. Thereafter, the roots were assigned to three groups, as follows: group 1 (control) - the cemental periodontal ligament was preserved; group 2 - removal of the periodontal ligament by scraping root surface with a scalpel blade (SBS); group 3 - periodontal ligament remnants were removed using a Robinson bristle brush at low-speed with pumice/water slurry (RBP). The specimens were analysed histomorphometrically and examined by scanning electron microscopy. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of the results showed that the RBP technique was significantly more effective than the SBS technique for removal of the periodontal ligament remnants adhered to root surface. Both techniques preserved the cementum layer. [source] Pulp revascularization of replanted immature dog teeth after treatment with minocycline and doxycycline assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry, radiography, and histologyDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Alessandra Luisa de Souza Ritter Abstract,,, This study investigated the effect of topical antibiotic treatment on pulp revascularization in replanted teeth. Thirty-four immature teeth were selected from three young dogs. Baseline radiographs and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) readings were obtained. Specimens were randomly divided into four groups: Thirty-eight teeth were extracted, kept dry for 5 min, and either (Group 1) covered with minocycline mixture (G1, n = 11), (Group 2) soaked in doxycycline (G2, n = 11), or (Group 3) soaked in saline (G3-negative control, n = 6), and replanted. Teeth in Group 4 were not extracted (positive control, n = 6). Postoperative radiographs and LDF readings were obtained for 2 months after replantation. After sacrifice, the jaws were collected and processed for light microscopy. Pre- and postreplantation LDF readings and radiographs, and histologic findings were analyzed to assess revascularization. Pulp revascularization occurred in 91% (G1), 73% (G2), and 33% (G3) of the specimens. In conclusion, minocycline facilitates pulp revascularization in replanted immature teeth after replantation. [source] Assessment of post-traumatic PDL cells viability by a novel collagenase assayDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Roberta Pileggi Abstract,,,Both length of extra-alveolar time and type of storage media are significant factors that can affect the long-term prognosis for replanted teeth. Numerous studies have examined various media in an attempt to determine the ideal material for storage of the avulsed tooth. The purpose of this study was to compare the number of viable periodontium ligament (PDL) cells in different storage media using a collagenase assay. Thirty-three freshly extracted human teeth were divided into four experimental and two control groups. The positive and negative controls corresponded to 0 min and an 8-h dry time, respectively. The experimental teeth were stored dry for 30 min and then immersed in one of four media (Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS), milk, saline, water) for 45 min. The teeth were then treated with dispase grade II and collagenase for 30 min. The number of viable and nonviable PDL cells was counted with a hemocytometer and analyzed. An anova demonstrated no statistically significant differences in the viability of PDL cells among saline, HBSS and milk. Within the parameters of this study, it appears that milk or saline is an equally viable alternative to HBSS for storage of avulsed teeth. [source] Periodontal response to two intracanal medicaments in replanted monkey incisorsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2001Y. L. Thong Abstract , Intracanal medicaments are recommended for use in replanted teeth to inhibit inflammatory root resorption. This study compared the effect of calcium hydroxide (Pulpdent®) and a corticosteroid-antibiotic paste (Ledermix®) on periodontal healing and root resorption following replantation. Incisors of eight Macaca fascicularis monkeys were extracted, stored dry for 15 min and replanted. After 11 days, root canals in two adjacent maxillary incisors were treated with one medicament and contralateral incisors with the other medicament, or left as untreated controls. Animals were sacrificed 8 weeks later and the teeth prepared for histomorphometric evaluation of periodontal ligament inflammation and root resorption. Periodontal ligament inflammation and inflammatory root resorption were markedly inhibited by both calcium hydroxide and corticosteroid-antibiotic relative to untreated controls. Replacement resorption was lowest in the corticosteroid-antibiotic group, and significantly (P<0.05) more normal periodontal ligament was present in this group (79.6%) than in calcium hydroxide and control groups (64.6% and 62.7%, respectively). Treatment with the corticosteroid-antibiotic inhibited inflammatory resorption and was slightly more effective than calcium hydroxide in producing a periodontal healing response. [source] Factors affecting the time of onset of resorption in avulsed and replanted incisor teeth in childrenDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2001M. Donaldson Abstract , Resorption is the main reason for loss of replanted teeth. The outcome examined in this study is the timing of the onset of resorption. The effect of dichotomised dry and wet time intervals as well as the presence of additional crown damage and of contamination were determined. Of 84 replanted teeth, 67.5% developed resorptions. Twenty-eight had detectable additional crown damage with a more rapid onset being seen in these cases (P=0.009). The critical limit for dry time was 15 min (P=0.038) and significant differences persisted for greater limits also. Serial analysis of the association between the time of onset of root resorption and dichotomised wet time variables failed to yield any significant associations. There was visible contamination detected in 32 teeth and these exhibited a more rapid onset of resorption than the other cases (P=0.030). Teeth with inflammatory root resorption (12.8%) had a more rapid onset of resorption than those that developed replacement resorption (54.7%) (P<0.001). It is concluded that the risk of early resorption is increased in teeth that have additional damage or have contamination, or are kept in dry conditions for longer than 15 min. [source] Pulp revascularization of replanted immature dog teeth after different treatment methodsDENTAL TRAUMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2000K. Yanpiset Abstract , The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of topical treatment with doxycycline and/or the application of unfilled resin to the anatomical crown on the occurrence of revascularization in reimplanted dog teeth. Ninety-six teeth in 4 young mongrel dogs were used. Eighty one teeth were atraumatically extracted and divided into four groups. Group 1, 17 teeth were kept dry for 5 min and then replanted. Group 2, 21 teeth were soaked with a freshly prepared solution of doxycycline (1 mg/20 mL saline) for 5 min before replantation. Group 3, 23 teeth were soaked with the doxycycline solution for 5 min, and then replanted. The crowns were coated with 2 layers of light cured unfilled resin. Group 4, 20 teeth were kept dry for 5 min, and then replanted. The crowns were treated as with the teeth in Group 3. Three months after surgery, radiographic evaluation revealed that 27 teeth had continued root development and 32 teeth showed arrested root development with periradicular pathosis. The remaining 17 teeth, which had arrested root development but no signs of periradicular pathosis, were all histologically evaluated for final assessment. The occurrence of revascularization according to treatment group was 29.4%, 60%, 60%, 36.8% in Group 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A multiple logistic regression analysis in SAS indicated there was no significant association between vitality and dog (P=0.7564). Soaking for 5 min in doxycycline significantly increased the revascularization rate (P=0.024) while the addition of resin to the crown did not result in an increased incidence of pulp revascularization (P=0.823). [source] The stratum corneum: structure and function in health and diseaseDERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 2004Clive R. Harding ABSTRACT:, Our understanding of the formation, structure, composition, and maturation of the stratum corneum (SC) has progressed enormously over the past 30 years. Today, there is a growing realization that this structure, while faithfully providing a truly magnificent barrier to water loss, is a unique, intricate biosensor that responds to environmental challenges and surface trauma by initiating a series of biologic processes which rapidly seek to repair the damage and restore barrier homeostasis. The detailed ultrastructural, biochemical, and molecular dissection of the classic "bricks and mortar" model of the SC has provided insights into the basis of dry, scaly skin disorders that range from the cosmetic problems of winter xerosis to severe conditions such as psoriasis. With this knowledge comes the promise of increasingly functional topical therapies. [source] Small-scale variability in surface moisture on a fine-grained beach: implications for modeling aeolian transportEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 10 2009Brandon L. Edwards Abstract Small-scale variations in surface moisture content were measured on a fine-grained beach using a Delta-T Theta probe. The resulting data set was used to examine the implications of small-scale variability for estimating aeolian transport potential. Surface moisture measurements were collected on a 40 cm × 40 cm grid at 10 cm intervals, providing a total of 25 measurements for each grid data set. A total of 44 grid data sets were obtained from a representative set of beach sub-environments. Measured moisture contents ranged from about 0% (dry) to 25% (saturated), by weight. The moisture content range within a grid data set was found to vary from less than 1% to almost 15%. The magnitude of within-grid variability varied consistently with the mean moisture content of the grid sets, following an approximately normal distribution. Both very wet and very dry grid data sets exhibited little internal variability in moisture content, while intermediate moisture contents were associated with higher levels of variability. Thus, at intermediate moisture contents it was apparent that some portions of the beach surface could be dry enough to allow aeolian transport (i.e. moisture content is below the critical threshold), while adjacent portions are too wet for transport to occur. To examine the implications of this finding, cumulative distribution functions were calculated to model the relative proportions of beach surface area expected to be above or below specified threshold moisture levels (4%, 7%, and 14%). It was found that the implicit inclusion of small-scale variability in surface moisture levels typically resulted in changes of less than 1% in the beach area available for transport, suggesting that this parameter can be ignored at larger spatial scales. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Palaeomonsoon variability in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, China, since 130 ka BPEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 3 2006Quanzhou Gao Abstract Taking the Chagelebulu Stratigraphic Profile as a typical example, a comprehensive study has been conducted to elucidate the palaeoclimatic and geomorphic evolution patterns in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, which were found to be complex and polycyclic in the past 130 ka. However, the fluctuating magnitude is not as remarkable as that in the eastern China sandy region. The shift in climate from interglacial to glacial and the uplift process of the Qinghai,Xizang Plateau are the two leading forces driving the evolution of the climate and desert landforms in this area. Seventeen cycles of cold, dry and warm, humid climatic stages were recognized in the Upper Pleistocene Series of the profile. The sharp uplift of the Qinghai,Xizang Plateau superimposed a cool and arid climatic trend in this area. As a result of the climatic changes, the desert in this area has undergone multiple stages of expansion and contraction since 130 ka bp. The middle Holocene Epoch and the early stage of the Late Pleistocene Period were the main periods when the sand dunes became stabilized, and the early and late phases of the Holocene Epoch and late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch were the main periods when the previously stabilized sand dunes became mobile. The late phase of the Pleistocene Epoch was the most mobile stage, when the aeolian sand activities formed the essential geomorphic pattern of the Badain Jaran Desert. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Rock thermal data at the grain scale: applicability to granular disintegration in cold environmentsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 8 2003Kevin Hall Abstract Consideration of the mechanisms associated with the granular disintegration of rock has been limited by available data. In most instances, both the size of the transducer and the nature of the study have negated any applicability of the resulting data to the understanding of grain-to-grain separation within rock. The application of microthermocouples (,0·15 mm diameter) and high-frequency logging (20 s intervals) at a taffoni site on southern Alexander Island and from a rock outcrop on Adelaide Island (Antarctica) provide new data pertaining to the thermal conditions, at the grain scale, of the rock surface. The results show that thermal changes (,T/t) can be very high, with values of 22 °C min,1 being recorded. Although available data indicate that there can be differences in frequency and magnitude of ,uctuations as a function of aspect, all aspects experienced some large magnitude (,2 °C min,1) ,uctuations. Further, in many instances, large thermal changes in more than one direction could occur within 1 min or in subsequent minutes. These data suggest that the surface grains experience rapidly changing stress ,elds that may, with time, effect fatigue at the grain boundaries; albedo differences between grains and the resulting thermal variations are thought to exacerbate this. The available data failed to show any indication of water freezing (an exotherm) and thus it is suggested that microgelivation may not play as large a role in granular breakdown as is often postulated for cold regions, and that in this dry, Antarctic region thermal stress may play a signi,cant role. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Investigations regarding Alpine talus slopes using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in the Bavarian Alps, GermanyEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 10 2001Oliver Sass Abstract The applicability of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for the investigation of loose debris was tested at two sites (Viererkar and Zugspitzplatt). A pulseEKKO 100 GPR system equipped with 25 MHz antennae was utilized. The aim of the investigation was to record the base of the debris layer, and thereby acquire an estimation of the backweathering rates of the adjacent rockwalls. The study areas are situated in the Northern Alps near the German,Austrian border. The sites are characterized by steep limestone rockwalls and extensive talus accumulations. A total of six profiles was surveyed. The method is suitable and effective for a quick survey in this dry, high-ohmic substrate. The GPR system was able to deliver information about the subsurface stratigraphy to c. 70 m depth. The boundary line to the bedrock was discovered , depending upon the profile surveyed ,5 to 25 m below the surface. The base of the debris material sometimes shows no distinct reflection. Buried features (V-shaped furrows, zones overdeepened by ice action, geological structures) could be detected. Arched structures well below the talus,bedrock interface can be interpreted as drainage systems in the karstic bedrock. A thick scree layer of Late Glacial age was separated from a thinner layer on the talus surface, which was related to the Holocene. The backweathering rates were fixed by a calculation of talus volume to c. 100 mm/103 a during the Holocene (Viererkar) and 150,300 mm/103 a (Zugspitzplatt). The detrital formation in north-exposed sites is twice as intense as in south-exposed sites. These results match the rates of recent rockfall in the same area of investigation. The calculated backweathering for the late glacial period is 150,730 mm/103 a. The magnitude of the calculated rockwall retreat lies well within the range of previous measurements. The discrepancy between some weathering rates highlights the fact that recent and past relief formation must be differentiated. Otherwise recent removal rates may be overestimated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Variability of dry sediment bulk density between and within retention ponds and its impact on the calculation of sediment yieldsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 4 2001Gert Verstraeten Abstract Monitoring sediment yields from catchments is important for assessing overall denudation rates and the impact of environmental change. One of the methods used to assess sediment yield is by quantifying sedimentation rates in reservoirs, lakes or small ponds. Before reliable sediment yield values (t ha,1 a,1) can be computed from such sedimentation records, the measured sediment volumes need to be converted to sediment masses using representative values of the dry sediment bulk density. In textbooks, simple relations predicting dry sediment bulk density from sediment texture, time since deposition and hydrologic condition are presented. In this study, 13 small flood retention ponds in central Belgium were sampled to reveal the variability in dry sediment bulk density and to test the commonly used relations to predict dry sediment bulk density. Dry sediment bulk density varies not only between the selected ponds (0·78,1·35 t,m,3) but also within individual ponds (coefficient of variation at 95 per cent ranges from 7 to 80 per cent). The observed variability can be attributed primarily to the hydrologic condition of the retention pond and, also, to sediment texture. The existing relations are not a reliable predictor for the observed dry bulk densities, because they are primarily based on sediment texture. Thus, when using volumetric sedimentation data from small ponds with varying hydrologic condition to predict sediment yield, existing relations predicting dry sediment bulk density cannot be applied. Instead, frequent and dense sampling of sediments is necessary to calculate a representative value of the dry sediment bulk density. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Assessing the relationship between forest types and canopy tree beta diversity in AmazoniaECOGRAPHY, Issue 4 2010Thaise Emilio Planning of conservation priorities has often taken mapped forest types as surrogates for biological complementarity. In the Brazilian Amazon, these exercises have given equal weight to each forest type as if they were all equally distinct. Here, we examine floristic similarity between forest types to assess the reliability of vegetation maps as a surrogate for canopy tree-community composition. We analyzed floristic differences at the genus level between twelve Amazonian forest types using 1184 one-hectare inventories of large trees with three complementary approaches. First, we compared a map of floristic composition, from a uni-dimensional NMDS ordination of the inventories, with a map of coarser-level forest types commonly recognized as distinct by classification systems across Amazonia. Using Mantel and means-difference tests, we next examined the distance-decay of floristic similarity for all paired samples and for the pairs drawn from within and between twelve more finely divided forest types. Finally, we examined the degree of floristic separation of each pair of the twelve forest types using non-parametric analysis of variance. Maps of floristic composition and coarse-level forest types were highly congruent. At the finer level of classification, similarity was only slightly higher when pairs were drawn from the same versus from different forest types. This was true for all geographic distances. Nonetheless, eighty percent of the 66 paired combinations of forest types were significantly different in the unreduced genus-space and nearly half showed little or no overlap in a two-dimensional ordination. Three types were most distinct from all others: white sand, seasonally dry, and bamboo-dominated forests. Here, we show that forest types exhibit variable degrees of separation. For this reason, treating all fine-level forest types as equally distinct results in poor representation of canopy tree beta diversity. We recommend explicitly considering the degree of floristic separation between all forest types , as presented here for Amazonian flora , as a way to improve the use of this biodiversity surrogate. [source] Forage collection, substrate preparation, and diet composition in fungus-growing antsECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 3 2010HENRIK H. DE FINE LICHT 1. Variation and control of nutritional input is an important selective force in the evolution of mutualistic interactions and may significantly affect coevolutionary modifications in partner species. 2. The attine fungus-growing ants are a tribe of more than 230 described species (12 genera) that use a variety of different substrates to manure the symbiotic fungus they cultivate inside the nest. Common ,wisdom' is that the conspicuous leaf-cutting ants primarily use freshly cut plant material, whereas most of the other attine species use dry and partly degraded plant material such as leaf litter and caterpillar frass, but systematic comparative studies of actual resource acquisition across the attine ants have not been done. 3. Here we review 179 literature records of diet composition across the extant genera of fungus-growing ants. The records confirm the dependence of leaf-cutting ants on fresh vegetation but find that flowers, dry plant debris, seeds (husks), and insect frass are used by all genera, whereas other substrates such as nectar and insect carcasses are only used by some. 4. Diet composition was significantly correlated with ant substrate preparation behaviours before adding forage to the fungus garden, indicating that diet composition and farming practices have co-evolved. Neither diet nor preparation behaviours changed when a clade within the paleoattine genus Apterostigma shifted from rearing leucocoprinous fungi to cultivating pterulaceous fungi, but the evolutionary derived transition to yeast growing in the Cyphomyrmex rimosus group, which relies almost exclusively on nectar and insect frass, was associated with specific changes in diet composition. 5. The co-evolutionary transitions in diet composition across the genera of attine ants indicate that fungus-farming insect societies have the possibility to obtain more optimal fungal crops via artificial selection, analogous to documented practice in human subsistence farming. [source] Sampling subterranean termite species diversity and activity in tropical savannas: an assessment of different bait choicesECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY, Issue 4 2003Tracy Z. Dawes-Gromadzki Abstract., 1.,Cellulose baits are commonly used for semi-quantitative sampling of subterranean wood-feeding termites, with a single food choice sampling programme implemented most often. In most situations, however, the composition and feeding preferences of the subterranean termite assemblage remain unknown. 2.,The diversity, frequency, foraging activity, and intensity of attack of termites were assessed regularly at 144 baits representing 12 different bait choices over 8.5 months, in two northern Australian tropical savanna sites that differed in vegetation structure (closed vs open). Baits differed in type (paper rolls, cardboard, wooden stakes), position (surface, buried), and moisture status at installation (wet, dry). 3.,Sixteen species were recorded, including 11 wood-feeders. Average species diversity, foraging activity, and bait consumption were greater at buried baits than at surface baits. Wooden baits were most attractive early in the experiment, and paper baits more attractive later. Mean species diversity was greatest at wooden stakes in the closed site. Species frequency of occurrence varied across bait choices. 4.,A composite bait sampling protocol of stakes and paper rolls installed above and below ground gave an accurate assessment of the activity, diversity, and structure of the termite guild sampled across all baits over 8.5 months. 5.,The choice of bait, its presentation, and time of examination are critical to the success of a termite baiting programme. If the aim is to characterise the structure and foraging activity of the subterranean termite assemblages that are attracted to baits, composite baiting protocols should be implemented. [source] Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunityECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 1 2010P. H. M. De Macedo-Soares de Macedo-Soares PHM, Petry AC, Farjalla VF, Caramaschi EP. Hydrological connectivity in coastal inland systems: lessons from a Neotropical fish metacommunity. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 7,18. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S Abstract,,, We assessed the influence of hydrological connectivity in structuring fish communities through seasonal samplings of environmental variables and fishes in a coastal lagoon and associated pools in the Restinga de Jurubatiba National Park, Brazil. Community structure attributes such as species richness, numerical density and biomass, Shannon,Wiener diversity index and evenness were compared between periods of the lowest and highest hydrological connectivity, while the environmental gradient and fish zonation were explored through ordination techniques. The greater hydrological connectivity established in the rainy season promoted the homogenisation of most environmental variables and fish species, which differed markedly from the arrangement observed in the dry season. Despite variation in fish species composition, community attributes showed non-significant differences between the dry and rainy seasons. The patterns of composition and numerical density in pools were strongly influenced by local factors, especially salinity, dissolved oxygen, total phosphorous concentration and water colour in the dry season, in addition to total nitrogen concentration and depth in the rainy season. Comparable to the role played by flood pulses in river-floodplain systems, the hydrological connectivity in these tropical coastal waterbodies seems to strongly influence fish community structure, and, therefore to determine regional biodiversity. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||