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Drug Samples (drug + sample)
Selected AbstractsFIA Determination of Paracetamol in Pharmaceutical Drugs by Using Gold Electrodes Modified with a 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid MonolayerELECTROANALYSIS, Issue 9 2006Valber Abstract A flow injection analysis (FIA) method for the determination of paracetamol in pharmaceutical drugs using a gold electrode modified with a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid is described. At optimized experimental conditions the dynamic concentration range was 0.15 to 15.0,mg L,1 with a detection limit of 0.2,,g mL,1 (S/N=3). The repeatability of current responses for injections of 10,,mol L,1 paracetamol was evaluated to be 3.2% (n=30) and the analytical frequency was 180,h,1. The lifetime of the modified electrode was found to be 15 days. The results obtained by using the proposed amperometric method for paracetamol determination in four different drug samples compared well with those found by spectrophotometry. [source] Impact of Alternative Interventions on Changes in Generic Dispensing RatesHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 5 2006A. James O'Malley Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness of four alternative interventions (member mailings, advertising campaigns, free generic drug samples to physicians, and physician financial incentives) used by a major health insurer to encourage its members to switch to generic drugs. Methods. Using claim-level data from Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, we evaluated the success of four interventions implemented during 2000,2003 designed to increase the use of generic drugs among its members. Around 13 million claims involving seven important classes of drugs were used to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. For each intervention a control group was developed that most closely resembled the corresponding intervention group. Logistic regression models with interaction effects between the treatment group (intervention versus control) and the status of the intervention (active versus not active) were used to evaluate if the interventions had an effect on the generic dispensing rate (GDR). Because the mail order pharmacy was considered more aggressive at converting prescriptions to generics, separate generic purchasing models were fitted to retail and mail order claims. In secondary analyses separate models were also fitted to claims involving a new condition and claims refilled for preexisting conditions. Results. The interventions did not appear to increase the market penetration of generic drugs for either retail or mail order claims, or for claims involving new or preexisting conditions. In addition, we found that the ratio of copayments for brand name to generic drugs had a large positive effect on the GDR. Conclusions. The interventions did not appear to directly influence the GDR. Financial incentives expressed to consumers through benefit designs have a large influence on their switching to generic drugs and on the less-costly mail-order mode of purchase. [source] Samples: to use or not to use?JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 6 2005K. K. Daugherty PharmD BCPS Summary The United States Prescription Drug Marketing Act makes people think that samples are simply advertisement for the drug companies. However, this is not the only reason that they are used. Samples make up a large part of most drug companies' budgets and are used by many clinics with very little control. We need to ensure that these products are being used appropriately. This is becoming a big issue as reports suggest that over 90% of family practise residency clinics allow personal use of drug samples and 60% of pharmaceutical representatives have either used samples for themselves or have given them to non-physicians. The other disturbing fact is that despite the high use of samples, fewer than 10% of family practise residencies in a Brotzman and Mark study reported having written policies regarding the use of samples. The purpose of this article was to review the literature concerning the reasons for use of drug samples, and the problems associated with such use, and then to discuss possible procedures that offices, especially those that train resident physicians, can implement to ensure good governance, if such use is permitted. [source] Prescription drug samples , does this marketing strategy counteract policies for quality use of medicines?JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PHARMACY & THERAPEUTICS, Issue 4 2003K. E. M. Groves BSc MSc PhD (Cand) Summary Prescription drug samples, as used by the pharmaceutical industry to market their products, are of current interest because of their influence on prescribing, and their potential impact on consumer safety. Very little research has been conducted into the use and misuse of prescription drug samples, and the influence of samples on health policies designed to improve the rational use of medicines. This is a topical issue in the prescription drug debate, with increasing costs and increasing concerns about optimizing use of medicines. This manuscript critically evaluates the research that has been conducted to date about prescription drug samples, discusses the issues raised in the context of traditional marketing theory, and suggests possible alternatives for the future. [source] | ||||||||||