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Distortion
Kinds of Distortion Terms modified by Distortion Selected AbstractsASSOCIATION BETWEEN SEX RATIO DISTORTION AND SEXUALLY ANTAGONISTIC FITNESS CONSEQUENCES OF FEMALE CHOICEEVOLUTION, Issue 8 2009Tim Connallon Genetic variation can be beneficial to one sex yet harmful when expressed in the other,a condition referred to as sexual antagonism. Because X chromosomes are transmitted from fathers to daughters, and sexually antagonistic fitness variation is predicted to often be X-linked, mates of relatively low-fitness males might produce high-fitness daughters whereas mates of high-fitness males produce low-fitness daughters. Such fitness consequences have been predicted to influence the evolution of female mating biases and the offspring sex ratio. Females might evolve to prefer mates that provide good genes for daughters or might adjust offspring sex ratios in favor of the sex with the highest relative fitness. We test these possibilities in a laboratory-adapted population of Drosophila melanogaster, and find that females preferentially mate with males carrying genes that are deleterious for daughters. Preferred males produce equal numbers of sons and daughters, whereas unpreferred males produce female-biased sex ratios. As a consequence, mean offspring fitness of unpreferred males is higher than offspring fitness of preferred males. This observation has several interesting implications for sexual selection and the maintenance of population genetic variation for fitness. [source] TOWARD THE EVOLUTIONARY GENOMICS OF GAMETOPHYTIC DIVERGENCE: PATTERNS OF TRANSMISSION RATIO DISTORTION IN MONKEYFLOWER (MIMULUS) HYBRIDS REVEAL A COMPLEX GENETIC BASIS FOR CONSPECIFIC POLLEN PRECEDENCEEVOLUTION, Issue 12 2008Lila Fishman Conspecific pollen precedence (CPP) is a major component of reproductive isolation between many flowering plant taxa and may reveal mechanisms of gametophytic evolution within species, but little is known about the genetic basis and evolutionary history of CPP. We systematically investigated the genetic architecture of CPP using patterns of transmission ratio distortion (TRD) in F2 and backcross hybrids between closely related species of Mimulus (Phrymaceae) with divergent mating systems. We found that CPP in Mimulus hybrids was polygenic and was the majority source of interspecific TRD genome-wide, with at least eight genomic regions contributing to the transmission advantage of M. guttatus pollen grains on M. guttatus styles. In aggregate, these male-specific transmission ratio distorting loci (TRDLs) were more than sufficient to account for the 100% precedence of pure M. guttatus pollen over M. nasutus pollen in mixed pollinations of M. guttatus. All but one of these pollen TRDLs were style-dependent; that is, we observed pollen TRD in F1 and/or M. guttatus styles, but not in M. nasutus styles. These findings suggest that species-specific differences in pollen tube performance accumulate gradually and may have been driven by coevolution between pollen and style in the predominantly outcrossing M. guttatus. [source] LABOUR MARKET DISTORTION, TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER AND GAINFUL EFFECTS OF FOREIGN CAPITAL,THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 2 2005SARBAJIT CHAUDHURI This paper purports to show that even in a 2 × 2 full-employment production structure, an inflow of foreign capital may be welfare improving in the presence of labour market distortion. However, the existence of labour market distortion is a necessity to obtain this unconventional result. If an inflow of foreign capital is accompanied by labour market reform, the possibility of welfare gain due to foreign capital diminishes. Therefore, there may exist a trade-off between the policies of growth with foreign capital and labour market reform. However, if the inflow of foreign capital is accompanied by a labour-augmenting type technology transfer, it is found that investment liberalization policy and labour market reform may be undertaken concurrently in a developing economy. [source] Discrete Distortion in Triangulated 3-ManifoldsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 5 2008Mohammed Mostefa Mesmoudi Abstract We introduce a novel notion, that we call discrete distortion, for a triangulated 3-manifold. Discrete distortion naturally generalizes the notion of concentrated curvature defined for triangulated surfaces and provides a powerful tool to understand the local geometry and topology of 3-manifolds. Discrete distortion can be viewed as a discrete approach to Ricci curvature for singular flat manifolds. We distinguish between two kinds of distortion, namely, vertex distortion, which is associated with the vertices of the tetrahedral mesh decomposing the 3-manifold, and bond distortion, which is associated with the edges of the tetrahedral mesh. We investigate properties of vertex and bond distortions. As an example, we visualize vertex distortion on manifold hypersurfaces in R4 defined by a scalar field on a 3D mesh. distance fields. [source] Moral Agency, Cognitive Distortion, and Narrative Strategy in the Rehabilitation of Sexual OffendersETHOS, Issue 3 2010James B. Waldram I demonstrate that what forensic psychologists refer to as a "cognitive distortion" or "thinking error" is often embedded within a broader narrative, and that these narratives reveal the existence of identifiable strategies designed to communicate something salient, enduring, and moral about the offender. Through the examination of narratives offered by imprisoned sexual offenders, several such narrative strategies containing the seeds of moral agency are identified. It is suggested that CBT's current focus on cognitive distortions effectively eliminates this narrative context and thus serves to disguise and even eradicate the positive, moral notions of self that most offenders exhibit in some form or another. A rehabilitative approach that works with narrative, facilitating development of shared narratives among offenders and therapists, would allow for the emergence of a plan for morally agentive living, transcending what is currently possible within the hostile, challenging framework of CBT. [narrative theory; cognitive behavior therapy; moral agency; sexual offenders; prisons] [source] Simulation of Welding and Distortion in Ship Building,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010Thomas Rieger Simulation tools will continue to gain importance for both scientific investigations and industrial applications. This further applies to welding technology. The present work focuses on the simulation of distortions due to the welding of stiffeners on heavy plates in shipbuilding. An equivalent heat source (EHS) was computed by the software SimWeld to describe the energy input caused by welding. The EHS was combined with an FEM simulation of the global structure in the commercial program SYSWELD. Therefore an interface between the SimWeld platform and SYSWELD was implemented. The simulation results were compared with a welded demonstrator. The predicted displacements correlate closely with the experimental data. Using the combined approach the quality of the prediction was significantly improved against the typical method of heat source parameter identification, which is based on experimental results. The results allow for the optimization of welding sequences and for the minimization of buckling in shipbuilding. [source] Distortion of Right Superior Pulmonary Vein Anatomy by Balloon Catheters as a Contributor to Phrenic Nerve InjuryJOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 10 2009YASUO OKUMURA M.D. Introduction: Cryothermal, HIFU, and laser catheter-based balloon technologies have been developed to simplify ablation for AF. Initial enthusiasm for their widespread use has been dampened by phrenic nerve (PN) injury. The interaction between PN and pulmonary vein (PV) geometry contributing to PN injury is unclear. Methods and Results: After right thoracotomy, the PN course along the epicardial right atrial surface was mapped directly in 10 dogs. The location of the PN and its relationship with the right superior (RS) PV, and potential RSPV surface distortions after balloon inflation were established by electroanatomic mapping. In 5 dogs, the PN was captured within the RSPV, but could not be stimulated in the remaining 5 dogs. The distance between the RSPV and the PN was significantly shorter in the captured group than in the noncaptured group (6.3 ± 3.1 mm vs 10.2 ± 3.2 mm, P < 0.001). Importantly, 96% of the captured sites within the RSPV were observed at a distance >5 mm into the PV. The inflated balloon surface anteriorly extended 5.6 ± 3.7 mm outside the PV diameter, with distortion of anatomy narrowing the distance from the balloon surface to the PN to 4.8 ± 2.3 mm. (Distance of the original RSPV-to-PN: 9.4 ± 2.7 mm, P < 0.001.) Conclusion: PN injury with balloon technologies may stem from anatomic distortion of the PV orifice/PN relationship, through increasing contact or shortening the relative distance between the ablation site and the PN, even without displacement of the balloon into the PV. These data are important in the refinement of these technologies to improve procedural safety. [source] The Response of Skin to Applied Stress: Investigation of Bitemark Distortion in a Cadaver Model,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 1 2010Mary A. Bush D.D.S. Abstract:, Knowledge of distortional properties of skin is important in bitemark analysis. Thus, the response of skin to stress from bites was investigated. Four sets of models were created from the dentition of one individual. Anterior teeth were systematically removed to vary contact surface area. A biting apparatus was constructed with an integrated load cell. Forty-six bites were created perpendicular to Langer lines on six cadavers. Rate of force application and bite pressure were controlled. Metric/angular measurement and hollow volume overlays were employed. Distortion produced by each dentition was calculated and assessed. Results showed that as teeth impressed loose tissue, mesial/distal distance increased, angles of rotation flattened, and inter-canine distance lengthened. An opposite effect was seen in tight tissue. When the surface area of the dentition was reduced, a mixture of these effects was observed. Conclusions indicated that stiffness of the tissue was the most important variable in bitemark distortion. [source] Sensemaking and the Distortion of Critical Upward Communication in OrganizationsJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 4 2006Dennis Tourish abstract Most research into feedback has focused on communication from managers to non-managerial staff. To a lesser extent, it has more recently addressed upward and 360 degree appraisal systems. In contrast, the role of informal upward communication continues to be largely neglected, especially when it concerns the transmission of opinions critical of managerial orthodoxy. There has been little examination of the sensemaking heuristics employed by both managers and non-managerial staff that stimulates the former to disregard much of the already muted critical upward communication they receive, and the latter to suppress its transmission in the first place. We therefore suggest that managers often over commit to particular courses of action, irrespective of whether they bode ill or well for the organization concerned. In so doing, they frequently demonize those who belong to stigmatized outgroups or who hold contrary value systems. We argue that the consequent elimination of critical upward communication (CUC) leads to iatrogenic phenomena , i.e. organizational problems that are derived from the treatment regime that has been prescribed, rather than from a pre-existing condition. Implications for practice and further research are considered. [source] Oxygen Position, Octahedral Distortion, and Bond-Valence Parameter from Bond Lengths in Ti1,xSnxO2 (0 ,x, 1)JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 12 2000Toshiya Hirata Based on the virtual crystal approximation (or Vegard's law), the bond lengths of Ti1,xSnxO2 were deduced from those of TiO2 and SnO2, to allow the oxygen position and octahedral distortion to be determined as a function of x. The oxygen positional parameter (u) increased linearly when the Sn4+ cation (which has a larger ionic radius) was substituted for the Ti4+ cation, whereas the octahedral distortion exhibited a nonlinear decay with increasing x in Ti1,xSnxO2. At the same time, the bond-valence parameter, which relates bond valence to bond length, so that the central atom in the octahedron can retain a constant valence of +4.0, exhibited a correlation with u for Ti1,xSnxO2. The present results indicate that the different phonon/physical properties of TiO2 and SnO2 and/or their dependence on x in Ti1,xSnxO2 can be associated with different octahedral distortions. [source] Cancer as a consequence of the rising level of oxygen in the Late PrecambrianLETHAIA, Issue 3 2007JOHN M. SAUL The origin of multicelled animal life required collagen-family molecules whose own formation depended on the availability of molecular oxygen. Cancers, by contrast, are characterized by their low use of oxygen. In discussing the relationship between the origin of multicelled life and the origin of cancer, it is useful to think in terms of tissues rather than individual cells or complete animals. When animal tissues are disturbed, their constituent cells may be partially released from the constraints of multicellularity. This permits or obliges cells to reactivate anaerobic metabolic ways used by their single-celled ancestors in the oxygen-deficient Precambrian seas. Inhibition or loss of cell respiration under such circumstances may cause reversion to glycolytic fermentation, a less efficient metabolic style that generates waste products that are retained, thereby producing excess cell-growth. Distortion of tissue architecture may ensue with impairment of cell-to-cell adhesion, thereby liberating individual cells. Cells freed from tissue constraints undergo Darwinian variation which leads to loss of differentiation and produces cell types that are incompatible with the normal functioning of tissues. These steps, which may manifest themselves as carcinogenesis, are not reversible by restoration of oxygen and in effect constitute a demergence from the metazoan state. The existence of cancer among diverse phyla and especially among domesticated animals, suggests that the risk of cancer may be an initial condition of complex multicellular life and that it remains preferentially associated with newly modified designs. If so, there would be therapeutic strategies that have not yet been adequately considered. ,Cambrian explosion, cancer, cell differentiation, collagen, glycolysis, hard parts, metazoan origins. [source] Distortion of a square pulse wave with finite rise time in edge-coupled microstrip lines on LTCC substrateMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 1 2004Kai Kang Abstract The distortion of a square pulse wave with a finite rise time in edge-coupled microstrip lines is investigated. These microstrip lines are assumed to be fabricated on a single-layer low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrate which has excellent high-frequency performance. Parametric studies are performed to show the effects of different physical parameters of the strips and LTCC substrate on the distortion of the propagated pulse waveform, where the effects of the substrate as well as ohmic losses on the pulse-wave propagation are treated appropriately. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 8,13, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20191 [source] Endowments: Stable Largesse or Distortion of the Polity?PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW, Issue 3 2007Renée A. Irvin As ever more private resources are held in foundations and nonprofit organizations' endowment funds, more scholars and practitioners are demanding that these assets be put to good use immediately. Those favoring the preservation of capital,primarily representing private foundations,sound unnecessarily cautious. This article examines endowment conservation from a variety of critical angles, finding strong rationales for both conserving and liquidating endowments. Policy responses to the buildup of endowment assets include requiring a faster payout or regulating the amount and type of administrative expenses included in annual payout. This article reviews the relationship of the business cycle and wealth distribution to annual giving. The most prudent course, in view of the cyclical nature of giving as well as the substantial generational wealth currently held by elders, appears to be to conserve significant assets now in order to establish a stable flow of future social benefits. [source] SHORT COMMUNICATION: Gender Ratio Distortion in Abortuses and Live Births From Patients with Recurrent Spontaneous AbortionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Takashi Kano Problem, Gender ratio of live birth in humans is approximately 1.05 and males are born a slightly more, while gender ratio of fertilization should be 1.00, suggesting that female fetus might be more sensitive to abortion than male fetus during pregnancy. Method of study, We examined karyotype of abortuses from patients with recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), who had at least one live birth before or after the treatment of RSA. Results, Chromosomal abnormality was not frequent (14.6%) in the abortuses from the RSA patients. Among abortuses without chromosomal abnormality, male karyotype was rare (9.2%), and this gender ratio distortion was more prominent in RSA cases not carrying autoantibodies (3.5%) than that in the RSA cases carrying autoantibodies (26.3%), with statistical significance (P = 0.009). Conclusion, These observations suggested that the aborted fetuses from RSA of unknown etiology, i.e. no chromosomal abnormality and no autoantibody, were preferentially female. [source] Distortion of the vocal cords by a laryngeal mask airwayANAESTHESIA, Issue 8 2010O. O'Connell No abstract is available for this article. [source] NiII and ZnII complexes of the hexadentate macrocyclic ligand cis -6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamineACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 7 2000Paul V. Bernhardt The title pendent-arm macrocyclic hexaamine ligand binds stereospecifically in a hexadentate manner, and we report here its isomorphous NiII and ZnII complexes (both as perchlorate salts), namely (cis -6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine-,6N)nickel(II) diperchlorate, [Ni(C12H30N6)](ClO4)2, and (cis -6,13-dimethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraaza-cyclotetradecane-6,13-diamine-,6N)zinc(II) diperchlorate, [Zn(C12H30N6)](ClO4)2. Distortion of the N,M,N valence angles from their ideal octahedral values becomes more pronounced with increasing metal-ion size and the present results are compared with other structures of this ligand. [source] Development and Distortion of Malaysian Public-Private Partnerships , Patronage, Privatised Profits and PitfallsAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, Issue 2010Loo-See Beh This article examines the politicisation of systemic patronage and privatised profits in the development of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Malaysia. Issues associated with inadequate regulatory frameworks, control, accountability and poorly managed risks, demonstrate that much more effective reforms are required to reduce further pitfalls, to protect public interests and to uphold the integrity of the public service and government. The adoption of a transparent procurement and evaluation system will be a challenging task if public and investor confidence is to be built up and strategic partnerships in the complex web of governance and administrative relationships in the governance of PPPs are to be developed effectively. Finally directions of reform and lessons learnt are suggested. [source] Late distortion of the original Palmaz stent implanted in postoperative lesions associated with congenital heart diseaseCATHETERIZATION AND CARDIOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONS, Issue 2 2005Hideshi Tomita MD Abstract The objective of this study was to report late distortion of a Palmaz stent. Late distortion of an original Palmaz stent, implanted in an extracardiac lesion, is rare. We completed a 1-year follow-up of 54 patients who had been implanted with 80 Palmaz stents in extracardiac lesions. Distortion of two stents was detected in two patients. For case 1, we implanted a P188 stent for supravalvar pulmonary stenosis complicating an arterial switch operation in a 14-year-old girl. Seven months later, we found compression of the stent. Although we implanted two P308 stents anterior to the distorted stent, distortion of both stents developed after 1 month. Two more P308 stents placed inside each stent were gradually recompressed. A CAT scan showed compression of the stent by a dilated sinus of valsalva. For case 2, we implanted a P308 stent for stenosis of the superior vena cava after Williams operation in an 11-year-old boy. A chest X-ray documented longitudinal compression of the stent 27 months after implantation and a CAT scan showed the ascending aorta was in contact with the stent. A Palmaz stent may be distorted when implanted in a lesion adjacent to a pulsating aorta. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Channels Occupancy and Distortion in New Lithium Uranyl Phosphates with Three-Dimensional Open-Frameworks.CHEMINFORM, Issue 36 2009C. Renard Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] KBi2-xPbx (0 < x , 1): A Zintl Phase Evolving from a Distortion of the Cubic Laves-Phase Structure.CHEMINFORM, Issue 1 2006Simeon Ponou Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] The Stability and Eventual Lone Pair Distortion of the Hexahalide Complexes and Molecules of the Fifth to Eighth Main-Group Elements with One Lone Pair, as Isolated Entities or in Oligomeric Clusters: A Vibronic Coupling and DFT Study.CHEMINFORM, Issue 40 2005Mihail Atanasov No abstract is available for this article. [source] Phase Transformation and the Type of Lattice Distortion of Some Platinum-Rich Phases Belonging to the Cu Family.CHEMINFORM, Issue 25 2003H. Meininger Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text. [source] ChemInform Abstract: Visualizing the Role of Bi 6s "Lone Pairs" in the Off-Center Distortion in Ferromagnetic BiMnO3CHEMINFORM, Issue 48 2001Ram Seshadri Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a "Full Text" option. The original article is trackable via the "References" option. [source] Magnetic Properties of a Ni2+ Kagome SystemCHEMPHYSCHEM, Issue 2 2007J. N. Behera Magnetic frustration: The diverse nature of interactions occurring within kagome structures arise due to the interplay between the frustrated kagome geometry and the integer spin moment of the magnetic ions (see figure showing spin densities). Distortion in the kagome plane leads to Dzyaloshinsky-Moriya (DM) interactions at low temperatures giving rise to partial magnetic polarization. [source] Azido, Cyanato, and Thiocyanato Coordination Induced Distortions in Pentacoordinated [CoIIA(bip)]2 (A = NCS,, N3,, or NCO,) ComplexesEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 31 2009Mrinal Sarkar Abstract A new family of distorted pentacoordinate [Co2] complexes was prepared and structurally characterized. In [CoIIA(bip)]2·S (1,3) [A = NCS,, N3,, NCO,; S = dmf, MeOH, dcm; Hbip = 2,6-bis(phenylmethyliminomethyl)-4-methylphenol], the nonbonded Co···Co separations are in the 3.243 to 3.254 Å range, and the pseudohalide-coordinated CoII ions are asymmetrically doubly bridged by the phenolate oxygen atoms of the ligand. The complementary basal,apical (b,a) and apical,basal (a,b) coordination modes of the phenolate bridges of bip, offer one O and two N donors for metal-ion coordination. In the three dinuclear complexes, the h.s. CoII ions are coupled antiferromagnetically to yield a singlet ground state. The solid-state variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurement data on the complexes were fitted to an isotropic Heisenberg dimer model that allowed estimation of the antiferromagnetic interactions for 1,3. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009) [source] Measuring Investment Distortions when Risk-Averse Managers Decide Whether to Undertake Risky ProjectsFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2005Robert Parrino We create a dynamic model in which a self-interested, risk-averse manager makes corporate investment decisions at a levered firm with characteristics typical of public US firms. We examine the magnitude of distortions in those decisions when a new project changes firm risk and find expected changes in the values of future tax shields and bankruptcy costs to be important factors. We evaluate the extent to which these distortions vary with firm leverage, debt duration, project size, managerial risk aversion, managerial non-firm wealth, and the structure of management compensation packages [source] Distortions of EM transients in coincident loops at short time-delaysGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 6 2000F. Kamenetsky Transient electromagnetic measurements with short time-delays of transients are used for solving different problems within the upper part of a geoelectric section. However, it is necessary to take into consideration distortions connected with self-transients within the transmitter,receiver system. From the practical point of view, it is important to estimate the minimum time-delay after which these distortions may be neglected. We present such an estimation which uses a simple approximation method for a single-loop (or coincident-loop) configuration. For common values of the loop size (10 m × 10 m to 40 m × 40 m) and of the resistivity of a homogeneous half-space (1,100 ,m), the minimum time-delay beyond which we can use a standard interpretation is in the range of 2,10 µs. This is equivalent to a minimum depth of investigation in the range of 1,30 m. [source] Discreteness and the Welfare Cost of Labor Supply Tax Distortions*INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 3 2003Keshab Bhattarai We compare the welfare costs of tax distortions of labor supply in one- and two-member household discrete and continuous choice labor supply (leisure consumption) models calibrated to the same aggregate uncompensated labor supply elasticities. In the discrete models, taxes induce a large response from a subset of the population, whereas the majority of the population exhibits unchanged behavior. In contrast, the majority of the population reacts to tax changes in continuous models. Discrete choice matters as the welfare costs of similar taxes vary significantly when individuals face discrete labor supply choices from when they choose working hours continuously. [source] Distortions to Agricultural Incentives.JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS, Issue 1 20101955 to 200, A Global Perspective First page of article [source] Evanescent fields,Direct measurement, modeling, and applicationMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 3 2007S.T. Huntington Abstract The evanescent field surrounding an exposed planar waveguide in silica is accurately measured using scanning near field optical microscopy (SNOM) and compared to models of the field distribution. Distortions in the field due to edge effects and the proximity of the mode to the surface are all detected. The characterized field is use to quantitatively explore the difference in collection efficiency between contact mode SNOM and intermittent contact mode SNOM. A strong correlation between tip oscillation amplitude and detection efficiency is determined. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||