Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Distillation
Kinds of Distillation Terms modified by Distillation Selected AbstractsFRUIT BRANDY PRODUCTION BY BATCH COLUMN DISTILLATION WITH REFLUXJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2005MICHAEL J. CLAUS ABSTRACT The relationship between the operating parameters of batch fruit spirits column stills with reflux and the congener (trace compounds that provide flavors and aromas) concentrations in resulting fruit spirits has not been widely studied. Congener concentrations were determined in three different collection fractions, or "cuts," during batch distillation. Acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate were found in higher concentrations in the head cut, first overhead fraction, of the distillation and have lower boiling points relative to ethanol. 1-Propanol and isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol) were present in higher concentrations in the tail cut, third or final fraction, of the distillation and have boiling points that are higher than ethanol. Methanol has a unique concentration profile as it has higher concentrations in both the head and tail cuts, but a lower concentration in the heart cut, the middle fraction which is the desired product of the distillation. Methanol was of particular interest because the distillate must adhere to governmental regulations that limit its concentration in the product. Operating-condition parameters that were studied include the number of trays used in the distillation as well as the use of a "catalytic converter," a high surface, copper-packing material thought to catalyze formation of cyanide-containing compounds allowing them to be separated from the distillate. The effect of the number of trays used in a distillation on the concentration of ethanol and the congeners, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1-propanol and isoamyl alcohol in the final distilled spirits product is presented. An additional result of acetaldehyde production at the copper surface of the catalytic converter was also discovered in the analysis of the data. [source] Composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute, wax and headspace volatiles of Murrarya paniculata (Linn.) Jack flowersFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2007P. K. Rout Abstract Murraya paniculata (Linn) Jack, syn. M. exotica Linn., commonly known as orange jessamine, is grown in gardens for its large clusters of fragrant flowers. Distillation of the fresh flowers in water furnished the essential oil in 0.027% yield. Extraction of the fresh flowers with pentane afforded the concrete (0.78%). Precipitating the waxes from the concrete with methanol gave absolute (0.62%). The chemical composition of essential oil, concrete, absolute and wax were analysed by GC and GC,MS. The components of essential oil in significant amounts were , -elemene (1.4%), (E)-caryophyllene (3.6%), germacrene D (2.7%), (E)-nerolidol (25.7%), benzyl benzoate (8.1%), phenyl ethyl benzoate (8.0%) and manool (18.7%). The major components in the concrete and absolute, respectively, were phenyl ethyl alcohol (2.9%, 3.0%), indole (0.8%, 1.0%), (E)-nerolidol (6.5%, 7.0%), benzyl benzoate (5.0%, 6.5%), phenyl ethyl benzoate (8.0%, 8.6%) and manool (25.2%, 27.9%). The methanol-insoluble wax contained (E)-nerolidol (2.6%), manool (9.4%) and most of the fatty acids/esters. The composition of the volatile components in the headspace emitted by flowers still on the branch (live flowers) and also by the picked flowers was determined by HS,SPME on a PDMS fibre and these results are also presented. The major components found in the headspace were linalool, indole, (E)-caryophyllene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene and (E,E)- , -farnesene. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Quantitative Recovery of Elemental Sulfur and Improved Selectivity in a Chromium-Reducible Sulfur DistillationGEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2009Jens Gröger soufre réductible par le chrome; CRS; soufre élémentaire; selectivité; efficacité de distillation Chromium-reducible sulfur (CRS) distillations are intended to recover only reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RIS) including elemental sulfur. However, the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur is not ensured in common CRS-distillations. The new method presented here was designed to remedy this deficiency. An increase in ethanol concentration assured the quantitative recovery of elemental sulfur in various forms and, in addition, all other RIS-compounds were quantitatively recovered. Furthermore, the selectivity of the procedure was improved by an additional filtration step to eliminate zinc particles from the Cr(II)-solution. Thus, the recovery of sulfates and organic sulfur compounds was significantly decreased by a factor of up to 35, depending on the compound analysed. Exhaustive testing with a variety of pure phases, rock and soil samples demonstrated the precision and accuracy of the new method. The new protocol eliminated the constraints of previous procedures. The improved distillation efficiency for elemental sulfur ensured the quantitative recovery of all RIS-compounds in a single-step distillation. Des distillations du soufre réductible par le chrome (CRS) ont été effectuées afin de récupérer uniquement les composés soufrés inorganiques (RIS: reduced inorganic sulfures) dont le soufre élémentaire. La procédure classique de distillation CRS ne permet pas néanmoins la récupération totale du soufre élémentaire. Une nouvelle méthode, présentée ici, a été développée pour remédier à ce problème. L'augmentation de la concentration en éthanol assure la récupération totale du soufre élémentaire sous différentes formes et, de plus, celle de tous les autres composés RIS. La sélectivité de la procédure a été améliorée par l'ajout d'une étape de filtration, qui élimine des particules de zinc provenant de la solution Cr(II). Ceci a entraîné une diminution jusqu'à un facteur 35 du taux d'extraction des sulfates et des composés soufrés organiques, selon les composés analysés. Des tests extensifs sur différentes phases pures et des échantillons de roches et de sols ont montré la précision et la justesse de cette nouvelle méthode. Le nouveau protocole élimine les contraintes des procédures passées. L'amélioration de l'efficacité de cette distillation concernant le soufre élémentaire garantit une récupération fiable de tous les composés RIS par une distillation en une seule étape. [source] Microwaves in soil remediation from VOCs.AICHE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2004Abstract This work presents the design of a microwave opened applicator useful to perform the Microwave Induced Steam Distillation (MISD) process for soil remediation treatments. The prototype has been also realized and used to irradiate a 40 x 30 cm area with a given electromagnetic field distribution. Experiments carried out by in situ operations on a soil contaminated with VOC's are reported. Finally, the experimental data collected are described by a mathematical model previously proposed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:722,732, 2004 [source] Distillation in hollow fibersAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 9 2003Guoliang Zhang Distillation in hollow fibers can give better, more productive separations than distillation in random or structured packing. Since the hollow fibers used have little resistance to mass transfer, the selectivity of the separation depends on the relative volatility, just as in conventional distillation. Because the fibers are nonporous, the distillation can operate at high flows which normally cause flooding, and at low flows which normally compromise loading. As a result, the turndown ratio is nearly infinite and the height of a transfer unit can be as small as desired. Experiments do give values consistent with correlations developed for other membrane modules, although the practical value of hollow fiber distillation is uncertain because of the materials limitations. [source] Multistep Microchemical Synthesis Enabled by Microfluidic Distillation,ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE, Issue 5 2010Eine mehrstufige Heck-Synthese im Flussverfahren wird dadurch möglich, dass Mikroreaktoren, Flüssig-flüssig-Extraktion und mikrofluidische Destillation gekoppelt werden. Durch die mikrofluidische Destillation lässt sich das Lösungsmittel des ersten Schritts, CH2Cl2, gegen N,N -Dimethylformamid (DMF), das Lösungsmittel für den abschließenden Schritt, austauschen. [source] L -Lysine Monohydrochloride Syrup Concentration using a Membrane Hybrid Process of Ultrafiltration and Vacuum Membrane DistillationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 11 2008O. Bakhtiari Abstract The development of energy saving membrane separation processes is finding a unique position in process industries. One of the important areas where they are employed is the biotechnology industry. This industry has its own specifications and requirements, e.g., levels of diluteness, thermal, chemical and shear fragility. Membrane separation processes have the characteristics necessary to match these specifications and needs. In this research, the determination of the experimental concentration of L -Lysine monohydrochloride (L -lysine-HCl) syrup was investigated using ultrafiltration (UF) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD) hybrid membrane processes. Four parameters that are known to have significant influence on the UF process were examined, i.e., pressure difference across the membrane, feed concentration of L -lysine-HCl, feed velocity on the membrane surface, and pH. For the VMD unit, pressure difference and pH were replaced with feed temperature and vacuum pressure on the permeate side of membrane. Each process was carried out separately and the results were used to design a bench-scale process. In order to save time and money, the Taguchi method of experimental design was employed. The effects of feed concentration, pressure difference across the membrane, feed velocity on the membrane surface, and pH on the target variable, i.e., the membrane flux, in the UF process were 39.93, 38.65, 9.36, and 9.59,%, respectively. For the VMD process, these values were 64.79, 22.16, 6.21, and 2.14,% for feed temperature, feed concentration, vacuum pressure on the permeate side, and feed velocity on the membrane surface, respectively. [source] Separation of Homogeneous Azeotropic Mixtures by Pressure Swing Distillation , Analysis of the Operation PerformanceCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 10 2005J.-U. Repke Abstract The complex separation of a homogenous azeotropic mixture by pressure swing distillation is analyzed based on a rigorous dynamic model considering the system acetonitrile/water. The model is validated with our own experimental data. Investigations showed that the process can be operated in a very stable and robust manner even when large disturbances set the feed concentration to the other distillation region. [source] Aroma-impact compounds in Lysimachia foenum-graecum extractsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2009Na Shu Abstract Two different extraction methods were used to obtain representative extracts from stems and leaves of Lysimachia foenum-graecum, a Chinese plant with a smoky, spicy, green, woody and caramel aroma. An extract was obtained by steam distillation followed by pentane back-extraction. Plants were also extracted with dichloromethane, and the non-volatile compounds were separated from volatiles by high-vacuum distillation (SAFE). Compared to the steam distillate extract, the SAFE-distilled extract was judged to be more similar to the aroma of the starting materials. The aroma-impact compounds of the SAFE extract were then determined using multidimensional GC. From the detection frequencies and the intensities of the peaks, 47 peaks with odour-activity were determined, using an adaptation of the GC,SNIFF method, to have an impact on the overall aroma of the extract. Fifty-four compounds responsible for the peaks presenting odour-activity were identified from mass spectral data, retention indices, olfactory character and co-injection of authentic standards. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition of the essential oil of Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. (Lamiaceae) from TunisiaFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2007Souleima F. Hachicha Abstract The essential oil from aerial parts of Teucrium ramosissimum Desf. (Lamiaceae), endemic to North Africa, was isolated by steam distillation and analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC,MS). Seventy-four components were identified; the essential oil was mainly composed of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated sesquiterpenes at nearly the same amounts (41.9% and 42.3%, respectively). , -Cadinene (19.97%), , -cadinol (9.93%) and germacradien-4- , -1-ol (8.68%) were the major compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Pittosporum undulatum Vent. grown in Portugal: secretory structures, seasonal variation and enantiomeric composition of its essential oilFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Nicolau J. Ferreira Abstract Aerial parts of Pittosporum undulatum were collected fortnightly for 1 year at the Parque de Saúde de Lisboa. Collective samples of two populations were investigated, i.e. from pruned and non-pruned trees, and in addition samples from one pruned and one non-pruned individual. An SEM study of the aerial parts showed the presence of non-glandular T-shaped trichomes, and capitate trichomes with an elongated stalk and two to four round-shaped cells on the top. Numerous canals were seen at the level of the capsule wall as well as in the leaves and stems. Essential oil samples were isolated from the (deep-frozen) aerial parts by hydrodistillation to estimate the oil yields, and by distillation,extraction to determine their percentage composition, and analysed by GC and GC,MS. Monoterpenes (59,97%) were dominant in all oils, sabinene (5,58%), limonene (2,37%) and terpinen-4-ol (4,27%) being the major components, although in different relative amounts during the year of collection. Benzyl benzoate (8%) and benzyl salicylate (10%) attained high relative amounts in the oils from fully developed flowers, whereas in the oils from the other plant parts their relative amounts did not exceed 1%. The enantiomeric ratio of sabinene, limonene and terpinen-4-ol was investigated in the leaf, flower and capsule oils, showing dominance of the (+)-forms and homogeneity between all the oil samples. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The study of the aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp during storage by the combination sampling method coupled with GC,MSFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 1 2007Zhuo-Min Zhang Abstract In this study, a combination sampling method, including headspace solid-phase micro-extraction (HSSPME), simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) and steam distillation (SD), were used to study the aroma profile characteristics of durian (Durio zibethinus Murr.) pulp during storage, followed by gas chromatography,mass spectrometric (GC,MS) detection; 26 and 22 aroma volatiles of fresh and deteriorated durian pulps were identified according to different degrees of certainty. Volatile esters were identified as the main aromatic components of durian pulp. Most ethyl esters reduced in concentration during storage, whereas the methyl, propyl and butyl esters increased. Different aroma profile characteristics at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases obtained by HSSPME were specified by principal component analysis (PCA). Five typical aroma volatiles contributing greatly to the difference of aroma profile characteristics of durian pulp at the fresh and deteriorated storage phases were distilled by common model strategy. These compounds are potential bio-markers for durian degradation, but further study is needed. Tentative results suggest that combining HSSPME with conventional volatile isolation methods would yield more representative data on changes in the aroma of durian pulp during storage. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Antifungal activity of the essential oil of Thymus capitellatus against Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte strainsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2006Lígia Ribeiro Salgueiro Abstract The antifungal activity of Thymus capitellatus oils on Candida, Aspergillus and dermatophyte strains were studied. The essential oils were obtained from the aerial parts of the plants by water distillation and analysed by GC and GC,MS. Three chemotypes were characterized: 1,8-cineole (47.5%), 1,8-cineole/borneol (28.8% and 19.5%, respectively) and 1,8-cineole/linalyl acetate/linalool (27.5%, 20.0% and 17.0%, respectively). The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) determined according to the NCCLS protocols (M27-A and M38-P) and the minimal lethal concentration (MLC) were used to evaluate the antifungal activity of the oils against Candida (seven clinical isolates and three ATCC type strains), Aspergillus (five clinical isolates, two CECT and two ATCC type strains) and five dermatophyte clinical fungi strains. The oils exhibited antifungal activity for the dermatophyte strains, with MIC values of 0.32,1.25 µl/ml; the chemotype 1,8-cineole/linalyl acetate/linalool proved to be more active. The highest antifungal activity of this oil can be associated with the contribution of the linalyl acetate. In the other hand, all samples showed low activity against Candida and Aspergillus strains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Flavour volatiles of flowers and stalks of Murraya koenigii L.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2006S. G. Walde Abstract The volatiles of fresh leaf stalks and flowers of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf plant), grown in Hyderabad, India, were isolated by simultaneous distillation and extraction method and analysed by GC,MS. Thirty-one components were identified in the leaf stalk oil, constituting 88.1% of the volatile oil. The major components were the mono- and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (66.7%), of which the major ones were , -pinene (24.2%), , -pinene (6.9%), , -phellandrene (7.3%) and , -copaene (8.9%). In addition, the oil had nine oxygenated monoterpenes (14.2%) and four sesquiterpene alcohols (8.1%). In the flower oil, 24 components were identified, constituting 91.8% of the volatile oil. Here, too, the major constituents were mono- and sesquiterpenes (87%), of which cis -ocimene (34.1%), , -pinene (19.1%), , -terpinene (6.7%) and , -caryophyllene (9.5%) were predominant. It also contained seven oxygenated monoterpenes and three oxygenated sesquiterpenes, constituting 4.7% of the oil. The larger number of oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenes present appear to be responsible for the intense odour associated with the stalk and flower parts of Murraya koenigii as compared to the leaf. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition of essential oils of two submerged macrophytes, Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006Xian Qiming Abstract The essential oils from leaves of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Vallisneria spiralis L. from China were isolated by steam distillation in yields of 0.15% and 0.10%, respectively, and their chemical composition was examined by GC and GC,MS. More than 50 constituents were identified, representing 87% of the total oils. The main components were basically the same in the two plants' essential oils. 2-Methylpropanoic acid 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl ester (>15%), 2-methylpropanoic acid 2,2-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)propyl ester (>3%), , -ionone-5,6-epoxide (>7%), toluene (>6%), hexanal (>5%) and 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid di(2-methylpropyl) ester (>5%) were the major components. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition of the essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana,FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2006Theodore T. Borek Abstract The essential oil of white sage, Salvia apiana, was obtained by steam distillation and analysed by GC,MS. A total of 13 components were identified, accounting for >99.9% of the oil. The primary component was 1,8-cineole, accounting for 71.6% of the oil. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Stachys plumosa Griseb.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2006Silvana Petrovi Abstract The essential oil of Balkan endemic Stachys plumosa Griseb. obtained by steam distillation was analysed by GC and GC,MS. Essential oil yield was 0.15% (v/w) and 45 components were identified (86.9% of the total amount). Dehydroabietane was identified as the most prominent component (61.2%), while other constituents were present in much lower quantity, predominantly diterpenes kaurene and biformene (3.2% and 3.0%, respectively). The antimicrobial activity was tested on six bacterial strains and two fungal strains, using the agar diffusion method. Diameters of growth inhibition zones were measured. The most sensitive microorganisms were, in order: Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Bacillus subtilis > Enterococcus faecalis > Klebsiella pneumoniae > Candida albicans (ATCC 10259) > Candida albicans (ATCC 24433) > Escherichia coli > Staphylococcus aureus. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Recovery of water-soluble constituents of rose oil using simultaneous distillation,extractionFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Mohammad H. Eikani Abstract Recovery of water-soluble constituents of rose oil from aqueous solutions using simultaneous distillation,extraction was studied. Experiments were carried out using a modified Likens,Nickerson apparatus. A preliminary study was first performed on aqueous 2-phenylethanol solutions. Using n -butyl acetate as the solvent, the effects of extraction time, solvent volume and solute concentration on recovery yields were investigated. The optimum experimental conditions obtained from the preliminary study were applied to extract rose oil constituents from actual aqueous solutions, such as rose water, second distillation water and residual water of Iranian rose (Rosa damascena Mill). The results show that a representative extract with recovery of the most valuable constituents of rose oil was carried out successfully. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Post-harvest storage effect on quantity and quality of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp. cv. ,Bourbon') oil in UttaranchalFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005P. Ram Abstract Drying and storage of herbage for 5 days prior to distillation significantly reduced the essential oil recovery as well as oil quality. The study suggested that the geranium green biomass should be distilled afresh for better oil yield and quality in the conditions of Uttaranchal. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Modulation of multi-drug resistance (MDR) in Staphylococcus aureus by Osha (Ligusticum porteri L., Apiaceae) essential oil compoundsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Pascale Cégiéla-Carlioz Abstract In a continuing project to characterize natural compounds with activity as modulators of MDR in Staphyloccocus aureus, Osha essential oil and extracts were evaluated. The aim of this work was to identify the active components as MDR modulators in the oil from the roots of Ligusticum porteri Coulter & Rose (Apiaceae). This essential oil was obtained by steam distillation or by solvent extraction and analysed by gas chromatography,mass spectrometry. Forty-two components were identified. Sabinyl acetate (1) (56.6%), (Z)-ligustilide (2) (12.9%) and sabinol (3) (3.3%) were the major components of water-distilled essential oil, while (Z)-ligustilide (2) (39.1%), sabinyl acetate (1) (34.6%) and 4-terpinyl acetate (4) (3.1%) were the major components of the dichloromethane extract. At a concentration of 100 µg/ml, the oil from hydrodistillation caused a two-fold potentiation, and the oil from solvent extraction caused a four-fold potentiation of the activity of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic norfloxacin against a norfloxacin-resistant strain possessing the NorA MDR efflux transporter, the major chromosomal drug pump in this pathogen. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Volatile composition of the laksa plant (Polygonum hydropiper L.), a potential source of green note aroma compoundsFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005J. Jiang Abstract Volatile compounds were extracted from laksa plant (Polygonum hydropiper L.) by three isolation techniques,dynamic headspace sampling, simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) and liquid,liquid extraction with dichloromethane (DCM). In the GC,MS analysis of the volatile extracts, a total of 46 compounds were identi,ed, including 14 carbonyls, 14 alcohols, 10 hydrocarbons, four esters, two furans, one acid and one base. Carbonyls (aldehydes/ketones) and alcohols are the predominant classes of volatile compounds, accounting for almost 90% (or above) of the total volatiles extracted from the plant. The major compounds include dodecanal (3,40%), (E)-2-hexenal (20,35%), decanal (4,22%), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (4,31%), hexanal (1.7,5.1%) and , -caryophyllene (1.7,2.3%). Signi,cantly high levels of both (E)-2-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (leaf alcohol) may make the weed plant become a potential source of green note aroma componds. More (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol was found in the stem while more (E)-2-hexenal was detected in the leaf. The laksa stem appeared to contain more decanal and dodecanal but less esters than the leaf. Different isolation techniques produced volatile extracts with different proportions of the major volatile components. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Variation in essential oil composition of rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) distilled by different distillation techniques,FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2005Kiran G. D. Babu Abstract The rose-scented geranium (Pelargonium sp.) cultivar ,Kelkar', grown in the agroclimatic conditions of the western Himalayas, was processed by various hydrodistillation methods, which revealed that water distillation of the herb gave a higher oil yield (0.16,0.22%) than the water,steam distillation (0.09,0.12%) and steam distillation methods (0.06,0.18%). The samples were analysed by GC and GC,MS to study and compare the essential oil compositions which revealed that the oil distilled by the water,steam distillation method contained a higher content of monoterpene hydrocarbons (1.7%), followed by steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling (1.5%). A higher content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.4%) was found in cumulative oil followed by ,direct oil' (4.2%) obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol, followed by the water,steam distillation method (3.4%). ,Decanted oil', recovered from redistilling the hydrosol obtained by steam distillation with cohobation and without recycling, contained maximum monoterpene cyclic ethers (1.1%) and carbonyl content (9.9%), closely followed by water,steam distillation method (1.1% and 7.2%, respectively). Steam distillation without cohobation and without recycling of hydrosol yielded essential oil with a higher percentage of esters (21.1%), followed by ,direct oil' (16.6%). Lower ester content (5.3%) was noticed in ,decanted oil', followed by oil distilled by steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (11.8%) and oil distilled in a Clevenger apparatus by the water distillation method (12.2%), whereas maximum total alcohols were found in the ,decanted oil' (75.1%), followed by oil from the Clevenger apparatus (72.8%) and steam distillation with cohobation and with recycling (69.1%). A lower alcohol content was found in the ,direct oil' (55.2%) closely followed by ,cumulative oil' (55.8%). The variation in total alcohol and ester contents in geranium oil samples, distilled by using different processing techniques on pilot scale distillation, is mainly due to hydrolysis of some volatile constituents. This was further supported by acid values of the oils, along with other physicochemical properties, such as speci,c gravity, optical rotation, refractive index, solubility in alcohol, ester value with cold and hot methods, estimation of ester content as geranyl formate and geranyl tiglate, ester number after acetylation, and ester number after formylation with aceto-formic acid and formic acid. Methods have been standardized and proposed for distillations of speci,c quality, e.g. ester-rich and alcohol-rich geranium oils, to meet different requirements of the industry. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The essential oil of Anemia tomentosa (Savigny) Sw. var. anthriscifolia (Schrad.) MickelFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2004Hector R Juliani Abstract The essential oil composition of the aerial parts of Anemia tomentosa var. anthriscifolia (Anemiaceae) was characterized by GC,MS. Total volatile oil yield extracted by steam distillation was 0.2% dry weight basis. The volatile oil was composed mainly of sesquiterpenes (75%, as the relative percentage of the total essential oil) with lower amounts of monoterpenes (15%); no phenylpropanoids were detected. The sesquiterpenes were composed mainly of oxygenated components (67%), including , -bisabolol (51%), spathulenol (1%), caryophyllene oxide (3%), , -bisaboloxide (1%) and 14-hydroxy-9-epi-(E)-caryophyllene (1%). The monoterpenes were dominated by neral (5%) and geranial (7%), with lower amounts of , -pinene, camphene, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 1,8-cineole and pinocarveol. This is the ,rst report of the essential oil accumulation (0.2%) and volatile composition in the aromatic fern A. tomentosa. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The variation of antioxidant activities and chemical composition of essential oils of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale during harvesting stagesFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2004Ali Yildirim Abstract The aerial parts of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale were collected at the budding, ,owering and vegetative stages. In the each stage, essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and steam distillation. The chemical compositions of the essential oils were analysed by GC and GC,MS; 43 different compounds were determined in total, and more than 96% of the essential oils were identi,ed by GC and GC,MS. They contain mainly linalool, , -caryophyllene, 3-octanol, phytol, , -bourbonene and germacrene D. Among the steam distillation oils, the highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was found at the budding stage and the lowest at the vegetative stage. At all stages, the DPPH radical scavenging activities of hydrodistillation oils were markedly lower than those of steam distillation oils. Steam distillation oils of the budding and ,owering stages showed the highest antioxidant activities. However, steam distillation oils of the vegetative stage in two doses (200 and 400 µg) did not show antioxidant activities (p > 0.05, between these and control). None of the hydrodistillation oils showed detectable antioxidant activity. In contrast, in the presence of 400 µg hydrodistillation oils of ,owering stage, prooxidant activity was found in the linoleic acid emulsion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition of the essential oil of nine Eucalyptus species growing in MoroccoFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2004S. Zrira Abstract The essential oils obtained by steam distillation from the leaves of nine Eucalyptus species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker, E. microtheca F. Muell., E. foecunda Schau., E. pulverulenta Sims, E. propinqua Deane and Maiden, E. erythrocorys F. Muell.) of Moroccan origin have been analysed using GC and GC,MS. A total of 83 constituents were identi,ed. All the species investigated were found to possess an oil rich in 1,8-cineole (>68%). In ,ve species (E. cinerea F. Muell., E. baueriana F. Muell., E. smithii R. T. Baker, E. bridgesiana R. T. Baker and E. microtheca F. Muell.), the 1,8-cineole content exceeded 80%. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Extraction of rosemary essential oil by steam distillation and hydrodistillationFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2003C. Boutekedjiret Abstract Rosemary oil was extracted by both steam and hydrodistillations then analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography,mass spectrometry. The effect of time of extraction enabled us to follow the evolution of the yield and oil composition obtained by both processes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Constituents of the essential oil of Hemerocallis ,ava day lilyFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 6 2003Ping Lin Abstract Volatile oil of Hemerocallis ,ava, the day lily, was obtained by simultaneous distillation,solvent extraction (SDE). Following, the essential oil was analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography,mass spectrumetry (GC,MS). Fifty-one components were identi,ed, constituting approximately 92% of the oil. The main constituents of the essential oil were 3-furanmethanol (47.9%) and 2-furancarboxaldehyde (10.4%). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Essential oils from the buds of Betula spp. growing in Turkey,FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2003Betül Demirci Abstract The essential oils from buds of Betula browicziana A. Güner, B. litwinowii Doluch., B. medwediewii Regel, B. pendula Roth and B. recurvata V. Vassil. (Betulaceae) were either hydrodistilled using a Clevenger-type apparatus or were subjected to Likens,Nickerson simultaneous distillation,extraction (SDE) when the plant material amounts were insuf,cient. The resulting bud essential oils were analysed by GC,MS. Main components were detected as 14-hydroxy- , -caryophyllene (1) and 14-hydroxy-4,5-dihydro- , -caryophyllene (2) in all the oil samples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Essential oil compounds in a historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2002Johannes Novak Abstract A historical sample of marjoram (Origanum majorana L., Lamiaceae), more than 60 years old, was analysed and its composition compared to standard material from the European herb market. By using a solvent extract of the historical sample, the rearrangements and artefact formation usually occurring during the distillation of marjoram were avoided. The extract contained high amounts of terpinen-4-ol, thus resembling the distilled essential oil more than the solvent extract of the standard sample. So artefact formation in marjoram can also happen in planta in herbs stored for a long time under suboptimal conditions. The high content of carvacrol, normally never present in standard material from cultivation, gave an indication of the heterogeneity of marjoram in former times, and confirmed the opinion that (cultivated) marjoram is a chemovariety selected a long time ago. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Composition of the volatile oils isolated from the leaves of Liquidambar orientalis Mill. var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba from TurkeyFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2002Mehmet Emin Duru Abstract The volatile oils isolated by three different methods (hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction,steam distillation) from the aerial parts of Liquidambar orientalis var. orientalis and L. orientalis var. integriloba were analysed by GC and GC,MS. This study allowed the identification of 41, 35 and 36 constituents in the oils obtained from var. orientalis and 43, 41 and 40 constituents in the oils obtained from var. integriloba by hydrodistillation, steam distillation and extraction,steam distillation, respectively. They were characterized by the presence of a high proportion of oxygen-containing monoterpenes, amounting to 39% in the hydrodistillation oil, 54% in the steam distillation oil and 50% in the extraction,steam distillation oil of var. orientalis; 50% in the hydrodistillation oil, 64% in the steam distillation oil and 37% in the extraction,steam distillation oil of var. integriloba. Two varieties of L. orientalis provided volatile oils with a high content of terpinen-4-ol, ,-terpineol, sabinene, ,-pinene, viridiflorene and germacrene D and a lower percentage of other components. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||