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Discrepant Findings (discrepant + finding)
Selected AbstractsCognitive variables and depressed mood in adults with intellectual disabilityJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 7 2005A. J. Esbensen Abstract Background Cognitive theory forms the foundation for cognitive therapy. There has been little research on cognitive theories and cognitive variables associated with depression in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). The current study examined cognitive variables of automatic thoughts, cognitive triad, hopelessness, attributions and self-esteem associated with two cognitive theories of depression: Beck's Cognitive Triad theory and the Hopelessness theory of depression. Methods Seventy-three adults with ID screened for adequate receptive vocabulary were interviewed as part of a larger study. They reported on cognitive constructs relating to depressed mood. In addition, comparisons were made between 12 adults with ID and diagnosed major depression and a matched group of 12 adults with ID and no psychiatric diagnoses in order to determine if these groups differed on the cognitive constructs associated with the two cognitive theories of depression. Results The cognitive variables examined were all significantly correlated with depressed mood in the direction predicted by their respective cognitive theory. Internal consistencies were good or excellent for most instruments, with the exception of those measuring hopelessness and attributions. In addition, significant differences were obtained between groups of individuals with and without co-morbid major depression on all variables except for hopelessness. Conclusions The results indicate that adults with ID screened for adequate receptive vocabulary are capable of reporting on subjective feelings of depressed mood and associated cognition constructs. The instruments used may be suitable for this population as they generally possessed sound internal consistencies. The results support the further examination of cognitive theories of depression among individuals with ID in order to assess the appropriateness of cognitive therapies for this population. Discrepant findings regarding hopelessness are discussed. [source] Acute hepatitis C in HIV-infected men who have sex with menHIV MEDICINE, Issue 4 2004J Ghosn Background Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is usually transmitted via the parenteral route, but there are widely discrepant findings on its possible sexual transmission. Thus there are no recommendations concerning protected sex for couples in which only one partner is HCV-infected. Whether HIV or other sexually transmitted diseases could favour HCV transmission remains unclear, but recent data suggesting an increasing incidence of acute HCV in HIV-infected men underline the major public health implications of this issue. Case reports Between June 2002 and July 2003, five HIV-infected homosexually active men presented with primary (n=4) and secondary (n=1) syphilis and concomitant abnormal liver function tests revealing acute asymptomatic HCV seroconversion. Other causes of acute viral hepatitis were inquired into and excluded. Highly at-risk sexual behaviour, including unprotected anal intercourse and unsafe oral sex, with concomitant syphilis, was found to be the only identifiable important risk factor for transmission of HCV. Conclusions Sexual transmission may be fuelling a significant increase in HCV seroconversions among HIV-infected men who have highly risky sexual behaviours. Given the recent data suggesting the spread of sexually transmitted infections among HIV-infected gay men, specific recommendations concerning safe sex are urgently needed. [source] Heart rate of motor vehicle accident survivors in the emergency department, peritraumatic psychological reactions, ASD, and PTSD severity: A 6-month prospective studyJOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS, Issue 5 2006Eric Kuhn This small-scale study investigates the relationships between the heart rate of motor vehicle accident survivors presenting in the emergency department (ED) and acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity. It also examines the relationships between the survivor's heart rate in the ED and peritraumatic dissociation and peritraumatic distress reported 2 weeks posttrauma. Fifty motor vehicle accident (MVA) survivors were assessed 2 weeks, 1 (N = 42), 3 (N = 37), and 6 months (N = 37) post-MVA. The heart rate in the ED predicted self-reported ASD symptom severity and clinician-rated PTSD symptom severity at 6 months but not at 1 or 3 months. Survivors' heart rate in the ED was significantly correlated with peritraumatic dissociation but not peritraumatic distress. These findings support the role of elevated ED heart rate as a predictor of both ASD and chronic PTSD symptom severity and may help to clarify the discrepant findings of previous research. [source] Bacterial community profiles of endodontic abscesses from Brazilian and USA subjects as compared by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysisMOLECULAR ORAL MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2007J. C. Machado de Oliveira This study compared the bacterial community profiles of the microbiota associated with acute apical abscesses from Brazilian and USA patients using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). DNA was extracted from purulent exudate aspirates and part of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and separated by DGGE. The resulting banding patterns, which were representative of the bacterial community structures in samples from the two locations, were then compared. Distinct DGGE banding patterns were observed from different samples. Ninety-nine bands with distinct positions in the gels were detected, of which 27 were found only in the USA samples and 13 were exclusive to Brazilian samples. Four of the 59 shared bands showed very discrepant findings with regard to prevalence in the two locations. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding profiles showed a great variability in the bacterial populations associated with teeth with abscesses regardless of the geographical location. Two big clusters, one for each location, were observed. Other clusters contained a mixture of samples from the two locations. The results of the present study demonstrated a great variability in the bacterial community profiles among samples. This indicates that the bacterial communities of abscesses are unique for each individual in terms of diversity. The composition of the microbiota in some samples showed a geography-related pattern. Furthermore, several bands were exclusive for each location and others were shared by the two locations and showed great differences in prevalence. [source] The influence of schematic knowledge on contradictory versus additive misinformation: false memory for typical and atypical itemsAPPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 5 2006Robert J. Nemeth In the current study, we examined the influence of schema consistency on contradictory and additive misinformation. Sixty-four participants were shown a series of still photographs of common scenes (e.g., a kitchen), were later exposed to narratives containing misinformation, and were then tested on their memory of the photographic scenes. In addition, participants were asked to reflect on their phenomenological experience of remembering by giving remember/know responses. Participants reported greater false memory for schema-inconsistent items than schema-consistent items. The findings failed to replicate Roediger, Meade, and Bergman (2001). Explanations for the discrepant findings are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] An investigation of the potentially adverse effects of task interspersalBEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS, Issue 4 2005Ivy M. Chong This series of experiments sought to replicate the findings by Charlop, Kurtz, and Milstein (1992) in which presenting the same consequences for maintenance (previously learned tasks) and nonacquired tasks was found to impede learning of the latter during task interspersal. In Experiment 1, we conducted a systematic replication with three children diagnosed with autism. All participants reached mastery criteria for the nonacquired tasks, even though the same consequences were delivered for maintenance and nonacquired tasks. In Experiment 2, we conducted a direct replication of the Charlop et al. (1992) with the same children from Experiment 1. In four of five evaluations, participants reached mastery criterion for the nonacquired task, even though same consequences were provided for maintenance and nonacquired tasks. The results are discussed in the context of the differences between studies that might have contributed to the discrepant findings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||