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Disorder Groups (disorder + groups)
Selected AbstractsAnger experience and expression across the anxiety disordersDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 2 2008David A. Moscovitch Ph.D. Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore possible differences in the experience and expression of anger across four anxiety disorder groups and non-clinical controls. Anger was assessed by two measures, the Reaction Inventory and the Aggression Questionnaire, in 112 individuals who met DSM-IV criteria for panic disorder (PD) with or without agoraphobia (n=40), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; n=30), social phobia, (SOC; n=28), and specific phobia (SPC; n=14) as well as non-clinical controls (n=49). Patients with PD, OCD, and SOC reported a significantly greater propensity to experience anger than controls, whereas patients with SPC exhibited no differences in anger experience in comparison to controls. In addition, patients with PD reported significantly greater levels of anger aggression compared to both controls and patients with OCD, and patients with SOC reported significantly lower levels of verbal aggression than controls. Most, but not all, of these differences disappeared when symptoms of depression were controlled in the analyses. The implications of these findings and future directions for research are discussed 0:1,7, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Multiple causality in developmental disorders: methodological implications from computational modellingDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 5 2003Michael S.C. Thomas When developmental disorders are defined on the basis of behavioural impairments alone, there is a risk that individuals with different underlying cognitive deficits will be grouped together on the basis that they happen to share a certain impairment. This phenomenon is labelled multiple causality. In contrast, a developmental disorder generated by a single underlying cognitive deficit may nevertheless show variable patterns of impairments due to individual differences. Connectionist computational models of development are used to investigate whether there may be ways to distinguish disorder groups with a single underlying cause (homogeneous disorder groups) from disorder groups with multiple underlying causes (heterogeneous disorder groups) on the basis of behavioural measures alone. A heuristic is proposed to assess the underlying causal homogeneity of the disorder group based on the variability of different behavioural measures from the target domain. Heterogeneous disorder groups are likely to show smaller variability on the measure used to define the disorder than on subsequent behavioural measures, while homogeneous groups should show approximately equivalent variability. Homogeneous disorder groups should show reductions in the variability of behavioural measures over time, while heterogeneous groups may not. It is demonstrated how these predictions arise from computational assumptions, and their use is illustrated with reference to behavioural data on naming skills from two developmental disorder groups, Williams syndrome and children with Word Finding Difficulties. [source] Time reproduction in finger tapping tasks by children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or dyslexiaDYSLEXIA, Issue 4 2004Margaret C. Tiffin-Richards Abstract Aim: Deficits in timing and sequencing behaviour in children with dyslexia and with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder have already been identified. However many studies have not controlled for comorbidity between dyslexia and ADHD. This study investigated timing performance of children with either dyslexia or ADHD, or ADHD + dyslexia or unaffected children using a finger-tapping paradigm. Method: Four groups of children (ADHD × Dyslexia) with a total of 68 children were compared using a four factorial design with two between-subject factors (ADHD (yes/no), dyslexia (yes/no)) and two within-subject factors, inter-stimulus interval (263, 500, 625, 750, 875 and 1000 ms) and tapping condition (free tapping, synchronous tapping, and unpaced tapping). In addition the complexity of rhythm reproduction pattern (unpaced tapping) was varied (simple/complex). Results: No significant differences were found either in the ability of the ADHD or the dyslexia groups to sustain a self-chosen free tapping rate or to generate a stable inter-response interval either by synchronising to a signal or in reproducing a given interval without the previous pacing signal. Response averages showed the expected asynchrony and variability. In rhythm pattern reproduction the groups did not differ significantly in their ability to reproduce rhythms. However, a significant two way interaction effect between dyslexia and complexity was apparent indicating that the difference in levels of performance for simple versus complex rhythms was more pronounced for dyslexia than for the two other groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that motor timing ability in the millisecond range below 1000 ms in children with ADHD and/or dyslexia is intact. The performance of the comorbid group was revealed to be similar to the performance of the single disorder groups, but both the dyslexic groups were relatively worse than either the ADHD-only or the unimpaired group at reproducing complex versus simple rhythms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Exercise behaviours and feelings in eating disorder and non-eating disorder groupsEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 2 2007Catherine Boyd Abstract Objectives To compare exercise feelings and behaviours between female eating disorder (ED) (n,=,287) and non-ED (n,=,613) groups. To determine if exercise feelings and behaviours predict the presence of an ED. Methods Nine hundred females completed questions about their exercise behaviours and feelings. Results Both groups did similar amounts and days of exercise; the ED group scored higher on all other exercise behaviours and feelings except feeling that exercise was important for mood, and for weight loss. Best predictors of an ED diagnosis (VE 15.2%) were; ,being annoyed if exercise interrupted' (OR: 1.49; 95% CI 1.04,2.15), ,others feeling you exercise a lot' (OR: 1.61; 95% CI 1.06,2.44), ,feeling bad if unable to exercise a certain amount' (OR: 1.53; 95% CI 1.34,1.74), ,feeling that you have/have had problems with exercise' (OR: 2.12; 95% CI 1.33,3.39). Discussion Clinicians assessing eating disordered individuals should address specific exercise feelings, rather than exercise amount or frequency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Birth outcomes in women with eating disorders in the Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study (MoBa)INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue 1 2009Cynthia M. Bulik PhD Abstract Objective We explored the impact of eating disorders on birth outcomes in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Method Of 35,929 pregnant women, 35 reported broad anorexia nervosa (AN), 304 bulimia nervosa (BN), 1,812 binge eating disorder (BED), and 36 EDNOS-purging type (EDNOS-P) in the six months before or during pregnancy. The referent comprised 33,742 women with no eating disorder. Results Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was lower in AN and higher in BED than the referent. AN, BN, and BED mothers reported greater gestational weight gain, and smoking was elevated in all eating disorder groups. BED mothers had higher birth weight babies, lower risk of small for gestational age, and higher risk of large for gestational age and cesarean section than the referent. Pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain attenuated the effects. Conclusion BED influences birth outcomes either directly or via higher maternal weight and gestational weight gain. The absence of differences in AN and EDNOS-P may reflect small numbers and lesser severity in population samples. Adequate gestational weight gain in AN may mitigate against adverse birth outcomes. Detecting eating disorders in pregnancy could identify modifiable factors (e.g., high gestational weight gain, binge eating, and smoking) that influence birth outcomes. © 2008 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2009 [source] Eating Disorder Not Otherwise SpecifiedINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EATING DISORDERS, Issue S3 2007You have free access to this content Abstract Objective: This study sought to characterize a large number of adult outpatients diagnosed with eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Method: The sample consisted of 1,449 patients who were classified as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or assigned to one of six EDNOS categories. Eating disorder groups were compared on demographic features, symptom frequencies, and psychological functioning. Results: Forty percent of the sample was categorized as EDNOS. A subgroup of purging only patients closely resembled the BN purging subtype. Although EDNOS subthreshold BN patients reported less psychopathology than full syndrome BN they, nevertheless, displayed clinical levels of disturbance. Patients who binge-eat once a week demonstrate a profile of psychological functioning similar to those who binge eat twice a week. Conclusion: Consistent with previous research, in this sample there were subgroups embedded in the EDNOS category that both share similarities with and differ from full syndrome BN. Int J Eat Disord 2007 © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Lifetime substance abuse, family history of alcohol abuse/dependence and novelty seeking in eating disorders: Comparison study of eating disorder subgroupsPSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 1 2009Isabel Krug phd Aim:, To assess lifetime substance abuse, family history of alcohol abuse/dependence, and novelty seeking in three different eating disorder groups (anorexia nervosa,restrictive; anorexia nervosa,binge eating/purging; anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa). Method:, A total sample of 371 eating disorder patients participated in the current study. Assessment measures included the prevalence of substance abuse and family history of alcohol abuse/dependence as well as the novelty-seeking subscale of the Temperament and Character Inventory,Revised. Results:, Significant differences across groups were detected for lifetime substance abuse, with anorexia nervosa,restrictive individuals exhibiting a significant lower prevalence than the anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa,binge eating/ purging patients (P < 0.01). For family history of alcohol abuse/dependence the same pattern was observed (P = 0.04). Novelty seeking was associated with substance abuse (P = 0.002), with the anorexia nervosa to bulimia nervosa group exhibiting significantly higher scores on the novelty-seeking scale than the other two groups (P < 0.001). But family history of alcohol abuse/dependence was not related to novelty seeking (P = 0.092). Conclusion:, Lifetime substance abuse appears to be more prevalent in anorexia nervosa patients with bulimic features. Higher novelty-seeking scores may be associated with diagnosis cross-over. [source] Nonparametric One-way Analysis of Variance of Replicated Bivariate Spatial Point PatternsBIOMETRICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2004Sabine Landau Abstract A common problem in neuropathological studies is to assess the spatial patterning of cells on tissue sections and to compare spatial patterning between disorder groups. For a single cell type, the cell positions constitute a univariate point process and interest focuses on the degree of spatial aggregation. For two different cell types, the cell positions constitute a bivariate point process and the degree of spatial interaction between the cell types is of interest. We discuss the problem of analysing univariate and bivariate spatial point patterns in the one-way design where cell patterns have been obtained for groups of subjects. A bootstrapping procedure to perform a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance of the spatial aggregation of a univariate point process has been suggested by Diggle, Lange and Bene, (1991). We extend their replication-based approach to allow the comparison of the spatial interaction of two cell types between groups, to include planned comparisons (contrasts) and to assess whole groups against complete spatial randomness and spatial independence. We also accommodate several replicate tissue sections per subject. An advantage of our approach is that it can be applied when processes are not stationary, a common problem in brain tissue sections since neurons are arranged in cortical layers. We illustrate our methods by applying them to a neuropathological study to investigate abnormalities in the functional relationship between neurons and astrocytes in HIV associated dementia. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] | |||||||||||||