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Digital Photography (digital + photography)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	75%
Life Sciences	25%

Selected Abstracts

DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY IMPROVES EFFICIENCY OF INDIVIDUAL DOLPHIN IDENTIFICATION

MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 1 2003
Tim M. Markowitz
[source]

Digital Photography and the Assessment of Therapeutic Results after Bleaching Procedures

JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 2003
WOLFGANG M. BENGEL DR MED DENT
ABSTRACT The therapeutic outcome of tooth-bleaching procedures can be assessed by different methods, one of them being digital photography. However, none of the methods seems to be perfect. In this overview factors are discussed that have an influence on color rendition and image brightness in (digital) photography. A photographic procedure is proposed that results in comparable images. Beginning with a short description of some digital cameras currently used in dental photography, the article discusses the influence of light and camera technology on image brightness and color rendition in detail. Even if a highly standardized procedure is performed, there remain factors that affect color and brightness that cannot be excluded completely. Therefore, a photographic procedure is proposed that includes a piece of gray card in the picture as a neutral reference object. In this way, color casts can be eliminated and image brightness can be fine tuned using a standard image-editing program (Adobe Photoshop®, Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA) before the relevant color values are metered by the same software. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A photographic procedure using digital cameras is proposed that is relatively simple and sufficiently precise to allow the assessment of the therapeutic outcome of tooth-bleaching procedures. [source]

Digital Photography Improves Efficiency Of Individual Dolphin Identification: A Reply To Mizroch

MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE, Issue 3 2003
T. M. Markowitz
[source]

Diabetic retinopathy screening: a systematic review of the economic evidence

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 3 2010
S. Jones
Diabet. Med. 27, 249,256 (2010) Abstract This paper systematically reviews the published literature on the economic evidence of diabetic retinopathy screening. Twenty-nine electronic databases were searched for studies published between 1998 and 2008. Internet searches were carried out and reference lists of key studies were hand searched for relevant articles. The key search terms used were ,diabetic retinopathy', ,screening', ,economic' and ,cost'. The search identified 416 papers of which 21 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, comprising nine cost-effectiveness studies, one cost analysis, one cost-minimization analysis, four cost,utility analyses and six reviews. Eleven of the included studies used economic modelling techniques and/or computer simulation to assess screening strategies. To date, the economic evaluation literature on diabetic retinopathy screening has focused on four key questions: the overall cost-effectiveness of ophthalmic care; the cost-effectiveness of systematic vs. opportunistic screening; how screening should be organized and delivered; and how often people should be screened. Systematic screening for diabetic retinopathy is cost-effective in terms of sight years preserved compared with no screening. Digital photography with telemedicine links has the potential to deliver cost-effective, accessible screening to rural, remote and hard-to-reach populations. Variation in compliance rates, age of onset of diabetes, glycaemic control and screening sensitivities influence the cost-effectiveness of screening programmes and are important sources of uncertainty in relation to the issue of optimal screening intervals. There is controversy in relation to the economic evidence on optimal screening intervals. Further research is needed to address the issue of optimal screening interval, the opportunities for targeted screening to reflect relative risk and the effect of different screening intervals on attendance or compliance by patients. [source]

Digital photography: A primer for pathologists

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 2 2004
Roger S. Riley
Abstract The computer and the digital camera provide a unique means for improving hematology education, research, and patient service. High quality photographic images of gross specimens can be rapidly and conveniently acquired with a high-resolution digital camera, and specialized digital cameras have been developed for photomicroscopy. Digital cameras utilize charge-coupled devices (CCD) or Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors to measure light energy and additional circuitry to convert the measured information into a digital signal. Since digital cameras do not utilize photographic film, images are immediately available for incorporation into web sites or digital publications, printing, transfer to other individuals by email, or other applications. Several excellent digital still cameras are now available for less than $2,500 that capture high quality images comprised of more than 6 megapixels. These images are essentially indistinguishable from conventional film images when viewed on a quality color monitor or printed on a quality color or black and white printer at sizes up to 11×14 inches. Several recent dedicated digital photomicroscopy cameras provide an ultrahigh quality image output of more than 12 megapixels and have low noise circuit designs permitting the direct capture of darkfield and fluorescence images. There are many applications of digital images of pathologic specimens. Since pathology is a visual science, the inclusion of quality digital images into lectures, teaching handouts, and electronic documents is essential. A few institutions have gone beyond the basic application of digital images to developing large electronic hematology atlases, animated, audio-enhanced learning experiences, multidisciplinary Internet conferences, and other innovative applications. Digital images of single microscopic fields (single frame images) are the most widely utilized in hematology education at this time, but single images of many adjacent microscopic fields can be stitched together to prepare "zoomable" panoramas that encompass a large part of a microscope slide and closely simulate observation through a real microscope. With further advances in computer speed and Internet streaming technology, the virtual microscope could easily replace the real microscope in pathology education. Later in this decade, interactive immersive computer experiences may completely revolutionize hematology education and make the conventional lecture and laboratory format obsolete. Patient care is enhanced by the transmission of digital images to other individuals for consultation and education, and by the inclusion of these images in patient care documents. In research laboratories, digital cameras are widely used to document experimental results and to obtain experimental data. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 18:91,128, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Digital photography for patient counseling in dermatology , a study

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 11 2008
F Kaliyadan
Abstract Objectives To evaluate the use of digital photography in dermatology as an aid to patient counseling and follow-up. Materials and methods Two hundred patients attending the dermatology Out-Patient Department at our centre over a 1-year period were included. Half the group, randomly assigned (G1), had their clinical photographs taken and were counseled using basic imaging software, their images and other relevant images regarding their disease and possible treatment outcomes. The control group (G0) was counseled without using any kind of imaging. Patient satisfaction was scored in both groups after the initial counseling session and then after 2 months. Results The test group (G1) gave statistically significant higher scores at both readings compared with the control group (G0). Conclusion Digital imaging can be a very effective tool for the dermatologist for patient counseling. [source]

Reduction of the UV burden to indoor tanners through new exposure schedules: a pilot study

PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE, Issue 2 2006
Sharon A. Miller
Background: The development of new pigmentation (tan) in human skin after UV exposure requires several days. Once it is developed, the tan can last for weeks. Current recommendations for tanning exposure schedules in the USA (FDA Letter to Manufacturers: Policy on maximum timer interval and exposure schedule for sunlamps, August 21, 1986) allow exposures three times per week for the development of a tan, and one to two times per week for maintenance exposures. However, this policy is often interpreted in the indoor tanning industry as allowing three exposures per week on a continuous basis. We believe that the reduction of the recommended cumulative dose to indoor tanners should be explored. Two approaches for achieving this are (1) decreasing the number of exposures and (2) increasing the time interval between exposures. To explore such changes, we conducted a pilot study. Methods: The pilot study involved three exposure schedules (evaluated on each of six subjects) that evolved throughout the course of the study. Digital photography, visual assessment and diffuse reflectance spectrometry were used to assess skin color changes. The six pilot subjects were studied for 8,18 weeks. The changes in skin color obtained through the use of the different exposure schedules were compared with changes reported by Caswell (Caswell M, The kinetics of the tanning response to tanning bed exposures, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed 2000: 16: 10,14) who used schedules based on current recommendations. Results: Two out of the three experimental schedules produced tans comparable with those reported by Caswell. In these two schedules, cumulative doses were a factor of 2,3 below doses from current schedules. Conclusion: The UV burden to indoor tanners can be substantially reduced without compromising the cosmetic effect. These results need to be confirmed in a larger study. [source]

Clinical Trial of Dual Treatment with an Ablative Fractional Laser and a Nonablative Laser for the Treatment of Acne Scars in Asian Patients

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2009
SANGEUN KIM MD
BACKGROUND Many methods have been proposed for the treatment of acne scars, with variable cosmetic results. Nonablative skin resurfacing is one method that has been proposed. Because of a need for more noticeable clinical improvements, the ablative fractional laser was recently introduced. OBJECTIVE To reduce complications and improve the results of ablative fractional laser resurfacing by combining this treatment of acne scars with nonablative lasers. METHODS A series of 20 patients (skin phototypes IV,V) with atrophic facial acne scars were randomly divided into two groups that received three successive monthly treatments with an ablative fractional laser using high (group A) and low (group B) energy on one facial half and an ablative fractional laser with low energy plus a nonablative resurfacing laser on the other facial half. Patients were evaluated using digital photography at each treatment visit and at 3 months postoperatively. Clinical assessment scores were determined at each treatment session and follow-up visit. RESULTS Although the use of the ablative fractional laser with high energy resulted in an improvement in patients' acne scars, the combination of ablative fractional laser resurfacing and nonablative laser resurfacing yielded the best results, as assessed in photographs as well as by the overall appearance of the acne scars. With the combination method, fewer complications were observed. [source]

Intense Pulsed Light Treatment of Photoaged Facial Skin

DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 8 2004
Douglas E. Kligman MD
Background. It has been reported that intense pulsed light is efficacious for rejuvenation of photoaged skin, specifically the improvement of appearance of telangiectases and solar lentigines. Objective. The objective was to define the treatment variables for photodamaged facial skin using a newer intense pulsed light system. Methods. Twenty-three female subjects received three treatments using double-stacked pulses with fluences of 24 and 30 J/cm2. Response to treatment was evaluated using digital photography. Three signs of photoaging were evaluated: surface texture/roughness, mottled hyperpigmentation, and erythema/telangiectases. Results. There was a shift in clinical grading from more to less severe on all three measures of photoaging. Conclusion. Intense pulsed light therapy was efficacious in ameliorating the clinical signs of photoaging. The device was well tolerated with minimal side effects. [source]

Preservation of sight in diabetes: developing a national risk reduction programme

DIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 9 2000
L. Garvican
SUMMARY Background Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy is effective at saving sight, but dependent on pre-symptomatic detection. Although 60% of people with diabetes have their eyes examined annually, few UK health authorities have systematic programmes that meet the British Diabetic Association's standards for sensitivity (> 80%) and specificity (> 95%). Screening is generally performed by general practitioners and optometrists, with some camera-based schemes, operated by dedicated staff. The National Screening Committee commissioned a group to develop a model and cost estimates for a comprehensive national risk-reduction programme. Ophthalmoscopy Evidence indicates that direct ophthalmoscopy using a hand-held ophthalmoscope does not give adequate specificity and sensitivity, and should be abandoned as a systematic screening technique. Indirect ophthalmoscopy using a slit lamp is sensitive and specific enough to be viable, and widespread availability in high street optometrists is an advantage, but the method requires considerable skill. Photographic schemes The principal advantage of camera-based screening is the capturing of an image, for patient education, review of disease progression, and quality assurance. Digital cameras are becoming cheaper, and are now the preferred option. The image is satisfactory for screening and may be transmitted electronically. With appropriate training and equipment, different professional groups might participate in programme delivery, based on local decisions. Cost issues Considerable resources are already invested in ad hoc screening, with inevitable high referral rates incurring heavy outpatient costs. Treatment for advanced disease is expensive, but less likely to be effective. The costs of a new systematic screening and treatment programme appear similar to current expenditure, as a result of savings in treatment of late-presenting advanced retinopathy. Conclusion A systematic national programme based on digital photography is proposed. [source]

Epifluorescence microscopy and image analysis of high-level polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in soils

ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 12 2006
J. Chadwick Roper
Abstract Interactions between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soil are an important determinant of their chemical availability and transport. Laboratory examination of microscale PAH,soil interaction is limited by the availability of methods for particle-scale observation. Inverted epifluorescence microscopy, combined with digital photography and computer image analysis, was evaluated for specificity and linearity using dissolved PAHs. A pyrene filter (excitation wavelength, 360,400 nm; emission wavelength, 450,520 nm) gave nonspecific PAH fluorescence, and bias for fluoranthene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[g, h, i]perylene, and benz[a]anthracene was quantified in comparison to that for pyrene. Concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mM for anthracene, fluoranthene, and pyrene and from 1 to 50 mM for naphthalene produced a linear response with low interpixel variability. Liquid-phase analyses validated use of the technique for the descriptive analysis of PAH distribution in solid samples, but liquid-phase calibration was not quantitative for spiked or field-contaminated soils. The mean luminance for three field soils was proportional to the values predicted from their chemically measured concentrations and to values from spiked, aged, uncontaminated materials. Image analysis of laboratory- and field-contaminated samples determined the area distribution of fluorescent intensity and the size of fluorescent areas exceeding a threshold luminance. These qualitative descriptions of the microscale spatial distribution of PAH contamination are presented as potential endpoints for future research on biogeochemical interactions in heavily contaminated solids. [source]

Diagnostic accuracy of digital photography and image analysis for the measurement of foot conformation in the horse

EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 7 2008
J. M. WHITE
Summary Reasons for performing study: Rigorous evaluation of practicable methods for the objective assessment of foot conformation has not been performed. Objectives: To assess the practicability, precision and accuracy of the process of obtaining measurements of horses' feet using photography and image processing software. Methods: Precision study: Lateral photographs of horses' feet were obtained twice by 2 veterinary surgeons (image acquisition - IAc). Photographs were analysed by 2 masked veterinary surgeons on 2 occasions (image analysis - IAn). Measurements were compared within and between operators for self and non-self acquired photographs. Agreement indices (AIs) and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) were calculated for the IAn process alone and for the combined IAc + IAn processes. Accuracy study: Measurements obtained from lateral photographs were compared with those obtained from lateromedial radiographs. AIs and 95% LOA were calculated for each measurement. Results: Precision study: Mean intra- and interoperator AIs for the IAn process alone were ,0.90 while those for the combined IAc + IAn processes were ,0.89 for all measurements. Similar mean AIs and 95% LOA were calculated regardless of image origin. The 95% LOA for hoof angle, heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle for all comparisons were within target values. Accuracy study: Mean AIs were ,0.89 for all measurements. The 95% LOA for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle were within target values. Conclusions: Excellent precision was identified within and between operators regardless of image origin. High levels of accuracy were also identified, especially for heel height/toe height% and coronary band angle, indicating that photography and radiography may be used interchangeably. Potential relevance: Acquisition and analysis of photographic images is an appropriate method for the objective measurement of foot conformation, both in clinical and research settings. [source]

Treatment of cellulite with LPG endermologie

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 3 2009
A. Tülin Güleç MD
Background, LPG endermologie is a FDA-approved massage system in use worldwide for cellulite treatment that lacks clinical study. Objective, To determine the efficacy and safety of LPG endermologie in treating cellulite. Methods, Thirty-three healthy women (cellulite grades, 1,3 based on the 4-stage Nurnberger,Muller scale) had LPG treatments twice weekly for a total of 15 sessions. Clinical evaluation was performed by digital photography for cellulite grade assessment, and perimetric measurements of eight body sites for the evaluation of body contours. Results, Significant differences were found regarding mean cellulite grades before and after treatment. However, improved cellulite appearance occurred in only 5 women (15%). All patients showed a significant circumference loss at every measured body site. Weight losers had significantly greater loss of total and average body circumference than weight gainers. Limitations, Relatively small sample size and lack of more-objective methods for assessing treatment success. Conclusion, LPG endermologie is a well-tolerated and effective method for reducing the diameter of body circumference, however, it is mildly effective in reducing the cellulite grade and so, improving its orange-peel appearance. [source]

Digital Photography and the Assessment of Therapeutic Results after Bleaching Procedures

Measuring egg size using digital photography: testing Hoyt's method using Florida Scrub-Jay eggs

JOURNAL OF FIELD ORNITHOLOGY, Issue 1 2007
Eli S. Bridge
ABSTRACT Egg volumes are most often estimated using a mathematical model that incorporates length and width measurements and a species-specific shape variable. Although adequate in many respects, this technique does not account for intraspecific variation in egg shape. We developed a computer-automated technique that uses calibrated digital photographs to render precise measurements of several egg-size parameters including length, width, volume, and surface area. The system extracts egg outlines from photographs, and divides each egg into latitudinal slices that are subsequently regarded as simple geometric shapes (cylinders or cone frustra) with volumes and surface areas that can be summed to generate size parameters for the entire egg. We tested this technique using 491 eggs from Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) nests and compared the resulting egg volumes with volumes calculated using the preeminent method of estimating volume from linear measurements. Our method was highly accurate, and differences between the volumes from our method and the alternative method were strongly associated with variation in egg shape. Advantages of our technique include decreased handling of eggs and increased accuracy. Software resources and additional information regarding the technique are available at http://www.archbold-station.org/abs/data/birddata/Bridge-JFO-eggsize.htm. SINOPSIS El volumen de los huevos comunmente es estimado utilizando un modelo matemático en donde se incorpora el ancho y el largo del huevo y la variable de la forma de este. Aunque es un método adecuado en muchos aspectos, esta técnica no toma enconsideracion las variaciones intraespecificas de la forma de los huevos. Desarrollamos una técnica automática con computadora, que usa fotografia digital calibrada para ofrecer medidas de los huevos incluyendo largo, ancho, volumen y área superficial. El sistema extrae parámetros de los huevos de fotografías y divide cada huevo en rebanadas latitudinales, que subsecuentemente son tomadas como formas geométricas (e.g., cilindros o conos) con volumenes y áreas superficiales, que a su vez pueden ser utilizadas para obtener el largo y el ancho. Pusimos a prueba esta técnica con 491 huevos del Azulejón (Aphelocoma coerulescens) y comparamos el volumen de los huevos obtenidos con el computador con volumenes calculados con el método usual de medidas lineales. Nuestro método fue preciso y las diferencias en los volumenes usando nuestro método y las del método clásico estuvieron asociadas a la variación en la forma de los huevos. Entre las ventajas de nuestra técnica encontramos una disminución en la manipulación de los huevos y un aumento en la presición de los datos tomados. Los recursos computacionales que se necesitan e información adicional sobre esta técnica se encuentra disponible en: http://www.archbold-station.org/abs/data/birddata/Bridge-JFO-eggsize.htm. [source]

Digital photography for patient counseling in dermatology , a study

Estimating red deer Cervus elaphus populations: an analysis of variation and cost-effectiveness of counting methods

MAMMAL REVIEW, Issue 3 2006
MIKE J. DANIELS
ABSTRACT 1Different counting methods are currently used to estimate red deer populations in the open range in Scotland, but there are few data available to compare variation in estimates, or relative cost-effectiveness. 2While it is impossible to determine the accuracy of counts (as real numbers are unknown), variation within and between different methods can be measured by repeat counts of the same area within as short a period as possible. 3This study aimed to quantify the variation observed from repeat counts using each of four methods (ground, helicopter, infrared helicopter and dung-counting methods) at one of three study sites in late winters 2003, 2004 and 2005. Additional data from digital camera images of groups from counts in other areas of Scotland were also used to assess the accuracy of visual counts. 4Coefficients of variation (CVs) within any method of between 5% and 16% were recorded, consistent with previous comparisons for red deer open range counts in Scotland. CVs were lowest for ground and helicopter counts. The infrequency of optimal conditions was likely to limit the applicability of infrared counts in Scotland. 5In terms of cost-effectiveness, helicopter counting was the least labour-intensive, with costs of other techniques depending on the availability of existing manpower as an overhead cost. 6It is concluded that helicopter counts are most likely to minimize errors while maximizing cost-efficiency. Accuracy can be improved by the use of digital photography for counting larger deer groups. Estimates are likely to be improved further by increasing the frequency of counts and using the same methods, counters and routes for repeat counts. [source]

Acanthosis Nigricans: A Common Finding in Overweight Youth

PEDIATRIC DERMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007
Wendy J. Brickman M.D.
Youth (7,17 years) at nine pediatric practices completed surveys on demographics and family history of diabetes and had weight and height measured. Acanthosis nigricans was scored and digital photography of the neck performed. A total of 618 youth were included in the analysis: mean age 11.5 years; 51% female; 61% African American, 27% Hispanic, 12% Caucasian, and 32% with body mass index ,95th percentile. Acanthosis was found in 19%, 23%, and 4% of the African American, Hispanic, and Caucasian youth, respectively, and in 62% of youth with a body mass index ,98th percentile. Using multiple logistic regression, we found increasing body mass index z -score, presence of maternal gestational diabetes, female gender, and not being Caucasian each were independently associated with acanthosis nigricans. Acanthosis was common among overweight youth and was associated with risk factors for glucose homeostasis abnormalities. Acanthosis nigricans can be a trigger to counsel families on its causes and consequences; and thus motivate them to make healthy lifestyle changes that can decrease the risk of developing cardiovascular disease or diabetes. [source]

Procedural considerations for photographic-based joint angle measurements

PHYSIOTHERAPY RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL, Issue 4 2005
Colin Dunlevy
Abstract Background and Purpose Measuring static joint angles is important to clinicians involved in assessing, diagnosing and treating musculoskeletal disorders. Ne measurement techniques such as the Uillinn Method © (UM) employ the relatively new technology of digital photography and software to form a virtual goniometer. It is of central importance that the errors associated such new measurement techniques are known. Precision in joint angle measurement is a challenge and errors can arise from three separate categories: equipment error, examiner error or biological error. The aim of the present study was to discover the amount of equipment error associated with the UM and to present guidelines for the optimal use of a photographic based measurement technique Method This was a non-clinical agreement study design that attempted to describe the best possible agreement between a mathematical control dataset and the angles calculated from the virtual goniometer, which in this case was the UM. When this was established, the effect of rotation and placing the angle at the periphery of the camera's field of view were tested. Results The repeatability coefficient (RC) between the UM and the control data under optimal conditions was 0.81°; the typical error (TE) was 0.29° (n = 120). When the angle appeared at the edge of the photograph the RC increased to 2° and the TE to 0.73° (n = 48). When 5° rotation was introduced between the camera and the angle no increase in error was detected. However, increasing amounts of rotation above 5° was proportional to increases in the RC (RC at 10° = 2.3°; 20° = 3.86°; 30° = 14.8°; 40° = 27.27°) and the TE (TE at 10° = 0.83°; 20° = 2.7°; 30° = 5.3°; 40° = 9.8°) scores. Conclusion Photographic-based joint angle measurement techniques are subject to error if careful procedures are not observed. Best procedures include photography from a perpendicular viewpoint and centring the lens on the target angle. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Long-term frontal sinus patency after endoscopic frontal sinusotomy,

THE LARYNGOSCOPE, Issue 6 2009
Yvonne Chan MD
Abstract Background: The frontal recess is the drainage pathway that connects the frontal sinus to the anterior ethmoid sinus. Mechanical obstruction is the primary cause of chronic frontal sinusitis with or without a secondary inflammatory process. Eosinophilic inflammation is one of the underlying causes for chronic rhinosinusitis. Objectives/Hyphothesis: To evaluate long-term frontal sinus patency after endoscopic frontal sinusotomy in chronic rhinosinusitis patients and to assess the effect of eosinophilic inflammation on frontal sinus patency. Study Design: Retrospective chart review. Symptom assessment and archived endoscopic photographs were prospectively collected on patients who underwent frontal sinusotomy between 7-1-1999 and 12-31-2000. Subjective symptom improvements were evaluated using the SNOT-20 = 20-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test. Objective findings of endoscopic frontal sinus patency were documented by archived digital photography. Results: A total of 161 patients with 294 frontal sinuses who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery in the 18 months had an average follow-up of 45.9 months. The patient population was divided into two groups: 58 patients had eosinophilic CRS (ECRS), and 103 patients had CRS without eosinophils (non-ECRS). The mean follow-up for patients with ECRS is 61.6 months and 37.0 months for non-ECRS patients. The non-ECRS patients had a documented endoscopic frontal sinus patency of 90%, and the ECRS patients had an endoscopic frontal sinus patency of 85%. The overall frontal ostium patency rate for all patients was 88.0%. Conclusions: Long-term endoscopic confirmation of frontal ostium patency demonstrates that endoscopic frontal sinusotomy can yield high quality, durable results. There was no significant difference in patency results between ECRS and non-ECRS patients. Laryngoscope, 2009 [source]

Assessment of the ecological status of north-eastern Adriatic coastal waters (Istria, Croatia) using macroalgal assemblages for the European Union Water Framework Directive

AQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 1 2009
Ljiljana Ive
Abstract 1.Based on the inclusion of macroalgae in the European Union Water Framework Directive as quality elements for the evaluation of the ecological status of coastal waters, the suitability of one (Ecological Evaluation Index, EEI) of several previously proposed evaluation methods in the particular ecological conditions of the northern Adriatic Sea was tested. 2.The EEI was assessed for 10 locations (polluted and putatively pristine) scattered along 60,km of the western Istrian coast. The sampling was performed seasonally at 1 and 3,m depth by destructive (determination of species cover and biomass) and non-destructive (determination of species coverage using digital photography) methods. 3.When assessed at 1,m depth the spatial scale weighted EEI for the west Istrian coast was 8.1, corresponding to an ecological status class (ESC) value of high. However, data for 3,m depth gave a spatial EEI of 6.72 which corresponds to an ESC value of good. Regressions of the ratio of ecological state group I (ESG I, i.e. thick leathery, calcareous and crustose species) over total algal abundance with the pollution gradient (obtained using principal components analysis (PCA) ordination of environmental variables) were significant at 3,m but not at 1,m depth. This was due to the high abundance of ESG I macroalgae Corallina elongata and Cystoseira compressa at 1,m depth at polluted stations. Similar regressions were obtained using cover, biomass and coverage. 4.It is concluded that the EEI method may be suitable for the classification of coastal waters in the northern Adriatic only in certain cases. A better assessment of ecological status using this method would require more realistic estimations based on the inclusion of data from several sampling depths. As all three abundance measures (cover, biomass, coverage) gave similar results, coverage (using digital photography) is suggested as being a preferred measure owing to the rapidity of sampling at several depths and less time-consuming laboratory work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Impact of topical anaesthesia on pain alleviation and wound healing in lambs after mulesing

AUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2008
S Lomax
Objective To investigate the impact of using the topical anaesthetic preparation Tri-Solfen® on pain alleviation and wound healing in lambs undergoing mulesing. Design Three separate trials, placebo controlled and/or randomised, were carried out over a 5 month period on three mobs of between 60 and 263 merino lambs undergoing routine mulesing. Procedure Wound pain was assessed using 10 and 75 g calibrated Von-Frey monofilaments to determine sensitivity to light touch and pain stimulation over a 4 to 8 h period. Pain-related behaviour was documented by trained, blinded observers using a numerical rating scale. Wound healing rates were determined using scaled digital photography and image analysis software to calculate contraction in wound surface area 2 and 4 weeks after mulesing. Results There was rapid (3 min) and prolonged (up to 8 h) wound analgesia as shown by pain response scores (P , 0.01), with absent or significantly diminished primary and secondary hyperalgesia (P , 0.01) and significant reduction in pain-related behaviour (P < 0.001) in treated versus untreated lambs. In addition there was improved wound healing in the treated lambs (P , 0.05). Conclusion Tri-Solfen® effects rapid and prolonged wound analgesia, reduction in pain-related behaviour and improved wound healing in lambs undergoing routine mulesing, providing effective alleviation of pain associated with routine mulesing in sheep. [source]

A simple method for measuring colour in wild animals: validation and use on chest patch colour in geladas (Theropithecus gelada)

BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008
THORE J. BERGMAN
Adaptive hypotheses about colour variation are widespread in behavioural ecology, and several methods of objective colour assessment have been proposed and validated for use in a wide variety of taxa. However, to date, the most objective and reliable methods of assessing colour are not readily applied to wild animals. In the present study, we present a simple method for assessing colour in unrestrained, wild subjects using digital photography. The method we describe uses a digital camera, a colour standard, and colour analysis software, and can be used to measure any part of the visible colour spectrum. We demonstrate that the method: (1) is accurate and precise across different light conditions; (2) satisfies previous criteria regarding linearity and red, green, and blue equality; and (3) can be independently validated visually. In contrast with previous digital methods, this method can be used under natural light conditions and can be readily applied to subjects in their natural habitat. To illustrate this, we use the method to measure chest colour in wild geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Unique among primates, geladas have a red patch of skin on their chest and neck, which, for males, is thought to be a sexually selected signal. Offering some support to this hypothesis, we found differences in chest ,redness' for males across different age groups, with males in their reproductive prime exhibiting the reddest chests. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2008, 94, 231,240. [source]

The role of digital photography and electronic referral in the triage of patients with suspected skin cancer

BRITISH JOURNAL OF DERMATOLOGY, Issue 1 2006
S. McLaughlin
No abstract is available for this article. [source]

Automated quality evaluation of digital fundus photographs

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 6 2009
Herman Bartling
Abstract. Purpose:, Retinal images acquired by means of digital photography are often used for evaluation and documentation of the ocular fundus, especially in patients with diabetes, glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration. The clinical usefulness of an image is highly dependent on its quality. We set out to develop and evaluate an automatic method of evaluating the quality of digital fundus photographs. Methods:, A method for making a numerical quantification of image sharpness and illumination was developed using MatlabÔ image analysis functions. Based on their sharpness and illumination measures, 1000 fundus photographs, randomly selected from a clinical database, were assigned to four predefined quality groups (not acceptable, acceptable, good, very good). Six independent observers, comprising three experienced ophthalmologists and three ophthalmic nurses with extensive experience in fundus image acquisition, classified a selection of 100 of these images into the corresponding quality groups. Results:, Automatic quality evaluation was more sensitive than evaluation by human observers in terms of ability to discriminate between good and very good images. The median concordance between the six human observers and the automatic evaluation was substantial (kappa = 0.64). Conclusions:, The proposed method provides an objective quality assessment of digital fundus photographs which agrees well with evaluations made by qualified human observers and which may be useful in clinical practice. [source]

Repeated peribulbar injections of triamcinolone acetonide: a successful and safe treatment for moderate to severe Graves' ophthalmopathy

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 1 2009
Marcela Bordaberry
Abstract. Purpose:, In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of peribulbar triamcinolone injections to treat inflammatory signs of Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) in patients with moderate to severe GO and associated optic neuropathy (ON). Methods:, Twenty-one patients with active GO [clinical activity score (CAS) , 4] and systemic thyroid disease under control were enrolled in this prospective pilot study. Peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide was injected in each orbit (42 eyes), in four doses of 20 mg at 2-week intervals. Ophthalmological examination including CAS evaluation, visual field, computerized tomography (CT) scan and digital photography were performed before and after treatment. Results:, Twenty-one patients (11 with moderate disease, 10 with ON) were enrolled in this study and followed for at least 14 months. Initial mean CAS was 6.38 ± 1.49, which dropped to 1.8 ± 1.12 after 6 months of treatment (P = 0.01; mean difference of 4.57 ± 1.56; range 1,8 score points). ON was diagnosed in 10 patients. Of these, 66% improved with peribulbar triamcinolone exclusively. A transitory increase in intraocular pressure in two patients was controlled with topic medication. Conclusion:, Peribulbar triamcinolone injections reduce the inflammatory signs of moderate GO, as measured by the CAS, and could also be used as an alternative treatment for ON. Randomized clinical trials are needed to compare the results of triamcinolone peribulbar injections to those of other treatment modalities. [source]

The prevalence of age-related maculopathy (ARM) in an urban Norwegian population: the Oslo Macular Study

ACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 5 2006
Ólafur M. Björnsson
Abstract. Purpose:, To examine the prevalence of early and late age-related maculopathy (ARM) in citizens aged 51 years and older in the city of Oslo and its surroundings. Methods: , We selected a random sample of 800 subjects, using a cross-sectional study design. A total of 459 of the 770 eligible subjects agreed to participate, giving an attendance rate of 59.6%. Stereoscopic colour digital photographs were obtained and graded at a certified reading centre using the International Classification Grading System for ARM. Results:, Early ARM in either eye was found in 43.1% (95% CI 38.5,47.7) of subjects aged 51 years and older. This was due to a much higher prevalence of pigmentary changes, predominantly hyperpigmentation in all age groups, than previously reported; 37.5% of people aged 51,60 years of age had pigmentary changes ,,63 µm, increasing to 66.0% in the oldest age group. In people aged 71 years and older, geographic atrophy (GA) was found in either eye in 3.6% (95% CI 0.4,6.8) and exudative macular degeneration (AMD) was found in either eye in 2.9% (95% CI 0.0,5.7) of subjects. Conclusion:, To our knowledge, this is the first published study to rely solely on digital photography for grading purposes in a population-based study. Early ARM was found to have a higher prevalence than previously reported in other populations. Exudative AMD and GA had similar prevalences to those described in the literature, although the prevalence of GA tended to be higher than previously reported in some surveys. [source]

Photoscreening for diabetic retinopathy: a comparison of image quality between film photography and digital imaging

CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY, Issue 4 2004
Christina MC Klais MD
Abstract Purpose:,Retinal images from patients attending an urban screening centre before and after the transition from film photography to digital image acquisition were analysed for quality of image. Methods:,A total of 1946 diabetic patients, aged 12,92 years (mean 55.6 ± 14.88 years), were included in this retrospective study of retinal screening techniques. Each imaging group was subdivided into age-matched groups. In all subjects pupils were pharmacologically dilated before photography. The images were reviewed by the same three experienced observers and graded at the time of screening from grade 1 (excellent quality) to grade 4 (unreadable). Results:,Of 938 patients in the film group, 31.3% had excellent images, 38.2% good, 22.7% poor and 7.8% were unreadable. Of the 1008 patients in the digital imaging group, 25.3% had excellent images, 46.3% good, 14.6% poor and 13.8% were unreadable. A significant difference was observed in patients over 65 years of age who exhibited a threefold increase in failure rate with digital imaging (33.7% v 11.3%)(P < 0.0001). Conclusion:,In this study population a statistically significant degradation of image quality was observed in those older than 65 years following transition to digital photography. This has implications for service provision planning. [source]