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Different Subspecies (different + subspecy)
Selected AbstractsTerritorial song and song neighbourhoods in the Scarlet Rosefinch Carpodacus erythrinusJOURNAL OF AVIAN BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2000Jochen Martens Throughout the range of the Scarlet Rosefinch, its territorial song consists of 3,9 (usually 4,5) elements, of which there are 5 different types. The differences lie in the way the pitch of the element changes in time (frequency "slope") and the width of the frequency band. Within a given type of song, the various elements can be present in almost any combination. Therefore, so many song types can be formed that the songs in even small parts of the species' area are clearly distinct from one another. Despite this capacity for variation, however, by chance identical songs may be sung in widely separated parts of the area, in some cases by different subspecies. The species has not developed large-scale dialects or regiolects based on a song tradition acquired during an early imprinting phase. Scarlet Rosefinches tend to breed in small colonies, groups of up to about 15 pairs characterized by the same type of song (song neighbourhoods, formed by the development of a microlect). Microlects develop by a founder effect. When males, near one-year old or older, join one another to form isolated colonies after arrival in the breeding region, they adopt ("learn") the song type that will eventually characterize the colony from the first male to arrive at the site. After the colony has been founded, in most cases each male uses only one type of song during a breeding season, with practically no variation of the temporal and frequency parameters. Singing the same type of song, the members of a colony accept one another sufficiently to allow the breeding territories to be closely packed. It appears that a long-lasting capacity for acoustic learning, in combination with colony-like breeding and great ecological flexibility, has allowed the Scarlet Rosefinch to become the most successful species of the genus Carpodacus. [source] Microsatellites from the vairone Leuciscus souffia (Pisces: Cyprinidae) and their application to closely related speciesMOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 6 2007FRAUKE M. MUENZEL Abstract Eleven microsatellites were isolated from the vairone Leuciscus souffia (Risso 1826), an endangered fish that inhabits river systems in and around the Alps in Europe. The level of genetic diversity was assessed in 29 individuals of the subspecies L. s. souffia, and their variability was further estimated in seven individuals of a different subspecies, L. s. muticellus. Eight of these microsatellite loci were also applied to seven closely related cyprinid species. Availability of the reported microsatellite loci will facilitate the investigation of population genetic structure of these species with applications for the development of conservation strategies and phylogeographical approaches. [source] Subtle topographical differences along a floodplain promote different plant strategies among Paspalum dilatatum subspecies and populationsAUSTRAL ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010FEDERICO P. O. MOLLARD Abstract It was hypothesised that subtle topographical differences might cause the existence of ecotypes along a floodplain. The apomict grass Paspalum dilatatum subspecies dilatatum inhabits flood-prone lowlands as well as nearby uplands in the floodplains of Argentina, while the sexual P. dilatatum subspecies flavescens almost exclusively inhabits the uplands. The aim of the present study was to identify the different traits that allow these P. dilatatum populations to inhabit different habitats. Plants of P. dilatatum were reciprocally transplanted between uplands and lowlands. Morphophysiological traits related to flooding tolerance were measured during a flood. Subspecies dilatatum from the uplands and subspecies flavescens showed a high physiological performance in the uplands but a considerable decrease in stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rates and tiller number in the flooded lowlands. In contrast, the subspecies dilatatum from the lowlands showed relatively lower and stable stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rates and leaf water potential at both sites. Subspecies dilatatum from the lowlands outperformed upland populations at the lowland site with respect to tillering. Leaves of subspecies dilatatum from the lowlands that had grown at the lowland habitat had a lower blade/sheath proportion than leaves of plants transplanted to the uplands. This behavior did not occur in both upland populations. Results suggest that dilatatum Lowland plants have the typical strategy of stress-tolerant genotypes and that the upland populations are adapted to habitats where competitive species are selected. In conclusion, habitats with subtle differences in topographic level can favour both ecotypic differentiations within an apomict subspecies but also the maintenance of morphophysiological similitudes between coexisting upland populations belonging to different subspecies. [source] Morphological variation in Gallotia atlantica from the volcanic island of Lanzarote: subspecies designations and recent lava flowsBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 3 2005PAUL BLOOR A detailed uni- and multivariate analysis of within-island geographical variation in scalation and body dimensions of the lacertid lizard, Gallotia atlantica, from Lanzarote (and two neighbouring offshore islets) was carried out. Two main morphological groupings were detected: four populations clustered within a putative malpaís group, i.e. from relatively recent volcanic lava fields (seven populations were sampled from these areas), while the other 19 populations (including the three remaining malpaís populations, and those from the offshore islets of Montaña Clara and Alegranza) also clustered together. Thus, while there is a tendency for occupation of malpaís areas to be related to morphological variation, this model does have some inconsistencies. The differentiated malpaís group comprises populations from two geographically isolated areas, one from the central-western part of the island (Timanfaya) and the other from the north (Malpaís de la Corona). The divergence of these populations is considered to have arisen recently, rather than their being relicts of an ancient, formerly widespread, lineage. The morphological variation partially supports the previous use of two different subspecies to describe the within-island variation. However, if such a scheme were applied then one of the subspecies would need to encompass populations from the geographically separated southern Timanfaya and Malpaís de la Corona areas, as opposed to just the latter. We reject previous observations that either malpaís individuals in general, or those corresponding to the north-eastern subspecies, are larger than individuals from other areas. The pattern of morphological variation of G. atlantica within Lanzarote is less pronounced but shows some similarities with patterns of morphological variation in lizards from neighbouring islands. © 2005 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2005, 85, 395,406. [source] The flagellum,mitogen-activated protein kinase connection in Trypanosomatids: a key sensory role in parasite signalling and development?CELLULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Brice Rotureau Summary Trypanosomatid parasites are the causative agents of severe human diseases such as sleeping sickness, Chagas disease and leishmaniases. These microorganisms are transmitted via different insect vectors and hence are confronted to changing environments during their infectious cycle in which they activate specific and complex patterns of differentiation. Several studies in Trypanosoma brucei and in different subspecies of Leishmania have shed light on the role of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases in these processes. Surprisingly, several MAP kinases turned out to be involved in the control of flagellum length in the promastigote stage of Leishmania. Recently, a sensory function has been recognized for cilia and flagella in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. This review aims to stimulate discussions on the possibility that the Trypanosomatid flagellum could act as a sensory organ through the MAP kinase pathway, with the objective to encourage investigation of this new hypothesis through a series of proposed experimental approaches. [source] | ||||||||||