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Different Raw Materials (different + raw_material)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Humanities and Social Sciences	50%
Chemistry	50%

Selected Abstracts

CARBON SOURCES AND THEIR EFFECT ON GROWTH, ACETIC ACID AND ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY BRETTANOMYCES BRUXELLENSIS IN BATCH CULTURE

JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 1 2007
M.G. AGUILAR USCANGA
ABSTRACT The influence of available low-cost carbohydrates as carbon sources on Brettanomyces bruxellensis growth, acetic acid and ethanol production was studied in order to ascertain the viability of this yeast to eventually become an industrial acetic acid producer. Six different raw materials were included as carbon sources (glucose, sugarcane molasses, refined cane sugar, pineapple, sugarcane and beet juices). B. bruxellensis develops in a complex culture medium like plant juices and sugarcane molasses better than in a medium with a simple carbohydrate such as glucose. The maximum acid acetic yield (0.24 g/g) and productivity (0.14 g/L/h) were attained in tests carried out with sugarcane molasses containing 60 g/L sucrose. The strain produced low levels of ethanol in a refined sugarcane medium, but was able to produce a substantial quantity of acetic acid (13 g/L). [source]

A new FT-IR method combined with multivariate analysis for the classification of vinegars from different raw materials and production processes

JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 4 2010
Enrique Durán Guerrero
Abstract BACKGROUND: Due to the diversity of vinegars on the market and the increase in demand, it is considered necessary to investigate and establish criteria for classifying them in order to obtain more information concerning their real origin. New spectroscopic techniques such us mid-infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT-IR) are capable of providing information in relation to these aspects. FT-IR combined with multivariate analysis has been used to classify vinegars according to the raw materials and production processes (with or without ageing in wood). Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares discriminant analysis regression (PLS-DA) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) were used. RESULTS: The results obtained have been compared to those achieved using different analytical parameters (polyphenolic content, organic acids and volatile compounds). SLDA and PLS-DA results show the ability of mid-FT-IR spectra to discriminate among vinegars from different raw materials and with or without ageing in wood, with correct classification percentages similar to those obtained using different analytical parameters. CONCLUSION: The discriminative ability combined with other advantages (e.g. rapid and non-destructive analysis, low cost) makes this new FT-IR method a promising tool for the classification and/or differentiation of vinegars. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry [source]

Discoveries of Neolithic prehistoric sites at Pleistocene carbonate rock shelters on the east coast of the UAE

ARABIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND EPIGRAPHY, Issue 2 2006
Cajus G. Diedrich Dr.Article first published online: 8 DEC 200
Three newly discovered prehistoric sites on the east coast of the United Emirates (UAE) are described. All are located on surfaces of Pleistocene carbonates or rock shelters that are generally rare along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Oman. Aqqah 1 (Le Meridien al Aqqah Beach Resort), the most important and best preserved of these sites, is a partially collapsed rock shelter with an exposed section, lithic finds and marine molluscs. Deriving an exact date from the material present is difficult because of a lack of comparanda. A bifacial fletched arrowhead made of yellow jasper and the lithic debris of five different raw materials as well as an undecorated ceramic fragment might suggest a date in the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age. The presence of many marine bivalves and snails with operculae, which differ from recent coastal species, indicates the collection and consumption of living molluscs by the prehistoric population of Aqqah. Nearby burials may be related to the rock shelters. [source]

ISOTOPIC DISCRIMINANTS BETWEEN LATE BRONZE AGE GLASSES FROM EGYPT AND THE NEAR EAST

ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 3 2010
P. DEGRYSE
This paper presents oxygen, strontium and neodymium isotopic analysis from a series of Late Bronze Age glasses from Egypt and Mesopotamia. It was found that oxygen and neodymium isotopes alone cannot readily distinguish between glasses from the various sites. However, combined Sr and Nd isotope analysis separate the data into three groups: an Egyptian group with relatively low Sr and Nd ratios; a Late Bronze Age (LBA) Nuzi group with high Sr and low Nd ratios; and an intermediate Sr and high Nd ratio grouping of glasses from Tell Brak. These findings suggest that most of the glass from Nuzi and Tell Brak had different raw materials and hence the glass was probably produced at different manufacturing sites. However, one glass ingot found at Tell Brak (TB1) appears to have Nuzi-type Sr,Nd characteristics. This is the first positive identification of multiple production sites in LBA Mesopotamia and an exceptional example of a glass that may have been exchanged from one LBA site to another. [source]

Strontium Isotopes in the Investigation of Early Glass Production: Byzantine and Early Islamic Glass from the Near East,

ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 1 2003
I. C. Freestone
87Sr/86Sr ratios have been determined for glasses from four production sites, dated to between the sixth and the 11th centuries, in the Eastern Mediterranean region. On the basis of elemental analyses, the glasses at each location are believed to have been melted from different raw materials. Two glass groups, from Bet Eli,ezer and Bet She,an, in Israel, are believed to have been based upon mixtures of Levantine coastal sands and natron, and have 87Sr/86Sr ratios close to 0.7090, plus high elemental strontium, confirming a high concentration of modern marine shell (87Sr/86Sr ~ 0.7092) in the raw materials. The isotopic compositions of these two groups of glasses differ slightly, however, probably reflecting a varying ratio of limestone to shell because the sands that were utilized were from different coastal locations. Natron-based glasses from a workshop at Tel el Ashmunein, Middle Egypt, have 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.70794,0.70798, and low elemental strontium, consistent with the use of limestone or limestone-rich sand in the batch. High-magnesia glasses based on plant ash, from Banias, Israel, have 87Sr/86Sr values of 0.70772,0.70780, probably reflecting the isotopic composition of the soils that were parental to the plants that were ashed to make the glass. Strontium and its isotopes offer an approach to identifying both the raw materials and the origins of ancient glasses, and are a potentially powerful tool in their interpretation. [source]