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Selected AbstractsIntegrating laccase,mediator treatment into an industrial-type sequence for totally chlorine-free bleaching of eucalypt kraft pulpJOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2006David Ibarra Abstract Enzymatic delignification using the high-redox potential thermostable laccase from the fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus and a chemical mediator (1-hydroxybenzotriazole) was investigated to improve totally chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching of Eucalyptus globulus kraft pulps. Different points of incorporation of the enzyme treatment into an industrial-type bleaching sequence (consisting of double oxygen, chelation and peroxide stages) were investigated in pressurized laboratory reactors. The best final pulp properties were obtained using an OOLQPoP sequence, where a laccase,mediator stage (L) was incorporated between double oxygen and chelation. The worse results, when the enzymatic and chelation treatments were combined in a unique stage, seemed related to partial inhibition of laccase-mediator activity by the chelator. The new TCF sequence including the laccase stage permitted to improve eucalypt pulp delignification to values around kappa 5 (hexenuronic acid contribution over 50%) compared to kappa 7 using only TCF chemical reagents. In a similar way, the final brightness obtained, over 91% ISO, was 3,4 points higher than that obtained in the chemical sequences. Although technical and economic issues are to be solved, the results obtained show the feasibility of integrating a laccase,mediator treatment into a TCF sequence for bleaching eucalypt kraft pulp. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Fluid,structure interaction problems with strong added-mass effectINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2009S. R. Idelsohn Abstract In this paper, the so-called added-mass effect is investigated from a different point of view of previous publications. The monolithic fluid,structure problem is partitioned using a static condensation of the velocity terms. Following this procedure the classical stabilized projection method for incompressible fluid flows is introduced. The procedure allows obtaining a new pressure segregated scheme for fluid,structure interaction problems, which has good convergent characteristics even for biomechanical application, where the added-mass effect is strong. The procedure reveals its power when it is shown that the same projection technique must be implemented in staggered FSI methods. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Embedding a Gaussian discrete-time autoregressive moving average process in a Gaussian continuous-time autoregressive moving average processJOURNAL OF TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, Issue 4 2007Mituaki Huzii Abstract., Embedding a discrete-time autoregressive moving average (DARMA) process in a continuous-time ARMA (CARMA) process has been discussed by many authors. These authors have considered the relationship between the autocovariance structures of continuous-time and related discrete-time processes. In this article, we treat the problem from a slightly different point of view. We define embedding in a more rigid way by taking account of the probability structure. We consider Gaussian processes. First we summarize the necessary and sufficient condition for a DARMA process to be able to be embedded in a CARMA process. Secondly, we show a concrete condition such that a DARMA process can be embeddable in a CARMA process. This condition is new and general. Thirdly, we show some special cases including new examples. We show how we can examine embeddability for these special cases. [source] Optical fiber sensor for localizing heating positions in multiple points using multichannel gratings with phase sampling and wavelength division multiplexing techniquesMICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 11 2008Li Xia Abstract An optical fiber sensor system with multichannel fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) is proposed. The gratings are designed and fabricated by phase sampling technique within strongly chirped phase masks. The sensing application can be realized at multiple points through wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique. It means that the different point can be monitored by different gratings, which occupies different wavelength region, according to the central pitch and chirp coefficient of phase masks. The heating position with high resolution can be analyzed through three corresponding channel shifts in the multichannel profile. In our experiment, the two multichannel gratings with channel spacing of 0.8 and 1.6 nm, respectively, are fabricated and used for sensing in two points. At last, the 400 ,m accuracy of localizing the heating position is achieved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 50: 2951,2954, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.23832 [source] Dynamic study of stacked packaging units by operational modal analysisPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 3 2010Carlos Bernad Abstract Laboratory simulation of transport vibration has been the object of many studies in recent years due to the financial implications of potential customer claims in respect of damage caused during product distribution and the need for tools for packaging optimization. Most of these works concentrate on the special nature of transport vibrations and how to reproduce them: Power Spectral Density (PSD) profiles related to road and truck characteristics, the non-stationary aspects of the environment, the non-Gaussian characteristics of the recorded vibrations and the best procedures for meaningful laboratory testing. In the present work, a different point of view is applied to the issue. The paper deals with the dynamics of different corrugated stacked packaging units by means of operational modal analysis and a 6 degrees of freedom multi-axis shaker table. The results show the already known non-linear behaviour of the paperboard containers and the natural frequencies and modes likely to appear in the packaging. The relevance of bending-like modes in relation to laboratory testing is discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] THE NEUTRALITY OF RIGHTNESS AND THE INDEXICALITY OF GOODNESS: BEYOND OBJECTIVITY AND BACK AGAINRATIO, Issue 3 2008Iskra Fileva My purpose in the present paper is two-fold: to provide a theoretical framework for understanding the difference between rightness and virtue; and to systematically account for the role of objective rightness in an individual person's decision making. I argue that a decision to do something virtuous differs from a decision to do what's right not simply, as is often supposed, in being motivated differently but, rather, in being taken from a different point of view. My argument to that effect is the following. The ,objectively right' course of action must be right, ,neutrally' speaking, that is right for each of the participants in a given situation: if it is right for you to do A, then it cannot, at the same time, be right for me to prevent you from doing A. But the latter is precisely how things work with virtuous action: for instance, it may be virtuous of you to assume responsibility for my blunder, but it isn't virtuous of me to let you do so. I maintain, on this basis, that, while objectivity does have normative force in moral decision-making, the objective viewpoint is not, typically, the viewpoint from which decisions to act virtuously are taken. I then offer an account of objectivity's constraining power. [source] Colonisation of grapevine wood by Trichoderma harzianum and Eutypa lataAUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 1 2008S. JOHN Abstract Background and Aims:,Trichoderma species have potential in biocontrol of eutypa dieback; however, little is known about their ability to colonise grapevine wood. The colonisation of vines by Trichoderma harzianum and its effects on colonisation by Eutypa lata were studied. Methods and Results:,T. harzianum colonised canes over a total distance (above and below the inoculation point) of 10 cm or more in 12 weeks after inoculation. Application of T. harzianum to canes prior to E. lata, either at the same inoculation point or at a different point, reduced recovery of the pathogen. In the field, T. harzianum grew 3 cm from the inoculation point in 4 months in all seven of the mature vines treated. The fungus persisted for 20 months in four of the seven vines at 6 cm from the inoculation point and reached the crown of one vine. Prior inoculation of mature vines with Trichodowels, containing T. harzianum, reduced recovery of E. lata 14 months after inoculation. Conclusions:,T. harzianum colonised wood of Chardonnay, Shiraz and Nyora and reduced colonisation by E. lata. T. harzianum persisted in wood of mature vines of Nyora for up to 20 months. Significance of the Study:, The results support the potential of T. harzianum in the biocontrol of eutypa dieback. [source] Sparse points matching by combining 3D mesh saliency with statistical descriptorsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 2 2008U. Castellani Abstract This paper proposes new methodology for the detection and matching of salient points over several views of an object. The process is composed by three main phases. In the first step, detection is carried out by adopting a new perceptually-inspired 3D saliency measure. Such measure allows the detection of few sparse salient points that characterize distinctive portions of the surface. In the second step, a statistical learning approach is considered to describe salient points across different views. Each salient point is modelled by a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), which is trained in an unsupervised way by using contextual 3D neighborhood information, thus providing a robust and invariant point signature. Finally, in the third step, matching among points of different views is performed by evaluating a pairwise similarity measure among HMMs. An extensive and comparative experimental session has been carried out, considering real objects acquired by a 3D scanner from different points of view, where objects come from standard 3D databases. Results are promising, as the detection of salient points is reliable, and the matching is robust and accurate. [source] Assessing the Risk of Introducing Exotic Species via the Live Marine Species TradeCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005SHANNON M. WEIGLE especies estuarinas; introducción de especies; mecanismos de transferencia de especies invasoras; prevención de especies invasoras; riesgo de invasiones Abstract:,Although the shipping industry has received considerable attention as a dispersal mechanism for aquatic nuisance species, many invasions have been linked to other mechanisms of transfer. The threat posed to coastal ecosystems by these alternative mechanisms, however, remains largely unquantified. We assessed the potential risks of introducing marine and estuarine species associated with seven mechanisms of transfer: seafood companies, aquaculture operations, bait shops, stores that sell marine ornamental species, research and educational organizations, public aquariums, and coastal restoration projects. For each, we compiled a comprehensive database of organizations in coastal Massachusetts. We then designed and administered a survey to a subset of organizations that inquired about (1) their proximity to saltwater and methods of handling live imports; (2) the type and quantity of marine species being imported; and (3) the organization's familiarity with marine invasions. Respondents in five of the seven categories acknowledged importing nonlocal live marine species to the area. Seafood companies handled the majority of individuals but relatively few taxa. This mechanism of transfer also had the most complex trade patterns and the greatest number of operations located near saltwater. In contrast, the other transfer mechanisms each had simpler trade pathways and fewer operations but varied in the quantity and taxonomic diversity of their imports. Significantly, no single mechanism of transfer stood out as presenting a primary risk. Rather, each had characteristics or used handling practices at different points in the importation process that could facilitate introductions. To prevent future marine invasions, better reporting requirements for live species imports are needed, and best-management practices and outreach strategies specific to the transfer mechanism should be developed and implemented. Resumen:,Aunque la industria de transportación marítima ha recibido considerable atención como un mecanismo de dispersión de especies acuáticas molestas, muchas invasiones han sido relacionadas con otros mecanismos de transferencia. Sin embargo, la amenaza de estos mecanismos alternativos a los ecosistemas costeros permanece en gran parte sin cuantificar. Evaluamos los potenciales riesgos para especies marinas y estuarinas asociados con siete mecanismos de transferencia: compañías de mariscos, operaciones acuaculturales, tiendas de especies marinas ornamentales, organizaciones de investigación y educativas, acuarios públicos y proyectos de restauración costera. Para cada uno, compilamos una amplia base de datos de organizaciones en la costa de Massachussetts. Luego diseñamos y aplicamos una encuesta a un subconjunto de organizaciones para obtener información sobre (1) su proximidad al agua marina y sus métodos para el manejo de importaciones vivas, (2) el tipo y cantidad de especies marinas importadas y (3) la familiaridad de la organización con invasiones marinas. Evaluamos los potenciales riesgos de introducciones de especies marinas y estuarinas. Los encuestados en cinco de siete categorías reconocieron importar especies marinas vivas no locales al área. Las compañías de mariscos manejaron a la mayoría de los individuos pero relativamente pocos taxa. Este mecanismo de transferencia también tuvo los patrones comerciales más complejos y el mayor número de operaciones localizadas cerca de agua marina. En contraste, cada uno de los demás mecanismos de transferencia tuvo canales de comercialización más simples y menos operaciones, pero variaron en la cantidad y diversidad taxonómica de sus importaciones. Significativamente, ningún mecanismo individual resaltó como un riesgo primario. Más bien, cada uno tenía características o utilizaba prácticas de manejo en diferentes etapas del proceso de importación que podían facilitar las introducciones. Para prevenir futuras invasiones marinas, se necesitan mejores requerimientos para reportar la importación de especies vivas, y se deben desarrollar e implementar prácticas de manejo óptimo y estrategias de extensión específicas para el mecanismo de transferencia. [source] Theoretical influences on research on language development and intervention in individuals with mental retardationDEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 3 2004Leonard Abbeduto Abstract In this article, we consider the theoretical debates and frameworks that have shaped research on language development and intervention in persons with mental retardation over the past four decades. Our starting point is the nativist theory, which has been espoused most forcefully by Chomsky. We also consider more recent alternatives to the nativist approach, including the social-interactionist and emergentist approaches, which have been developed largely within the field of child language research. We also consider the implications for language development and intervention of the genetic syndrome-based approach to behavioral research advocated by Dykens and others. We briefly review the impact and status of the debates spurred by the nativist approach in research on the course of language development in individuals with mental retardation. In addition, we characterize some of the achievements in language intervention that have been made possible by the debates spurred by nativism and the various alternatives to it. The evidence we consider provides support for all three alternatives to the nativist approach. Moreover, successful interventions appear to embody elements of several of these approaches as well as other theoretical approaches (e.g., behaviorism). We conclude that language intervention must be theoretically eclectic in its approach, with different strategies appropriate for teaching different features of language, at different points in development, and for children displaying different characteristics or learning histories. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2004;10:184,192. [source] The linkage between velocity patterns and sediment entrainment in a forced-pool and riffle unitEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 2 2009D. M. Thompson Abstract A field-based project was initiated in order to characterize velocities and sediment entrainment in a forced-pool and riffle sequence. Three-dimensional velocities and turbulence intensities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter at 222 different points at three similar flows that averaged approximately 4·35 m3 s,1 within a large pool,riffle unit on North Saint Vrain Creek, Colorado. Sediment-sorting patterns were observed with the introduction of 500 tracer particles painted according to initial seeding location. Tracer particles moved sporadically during a 113 day period in response to the annual snowmelt peak flow, which reached a maximum level of 14·8 m3 s,1. Velocity data indicate high instantaneous velocities and turbulence levels in the centre of pools. Patterns of sediment deposition support the notion that stream competence is higher in the pool than the downstream riffle. Flow convergence around a large channel constriction appears to play a major role in multiple processes that include helical flow development and sediment routing, and backwater development with low velocities and turbulence levels above the constriction that may locally limit sediment supply. Jet flow, flow separation, vortex scour and turbulence generation enhance scour in the centre of pools. Ultimately, multiple processes appear to play some role in maintenance of this forced pool and the associated riffle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The transition to an advanced organic economy: half a millennium of English agriculture1ECONOMIC HISTORY REVIEW, Issue 3 2006E. A. WRIGLEY All organic economies were subject to constraints upon growth for reasons familiar to the classical economists, but their relative success in coping with these constraints differed substantially. This is visible both when comparing different areas at the same point in time and when comparing the circumstances of a given economy at different points in time. In this article the state of the English economy in 1300 is compared with its state in 1800. At the former date the balance between output and population was unfavourable. A run of poor harvests spelled grave and widespread suffering. Five hundred years later this had ceased to be true. The particular focus of the article is upon the significance of a rising level of productivity per head in agriculture, not simply in supplying food but in providing the raw materials and energy needed if industry and transport were to expand. In the circumstances of an organic economy both were heavily dependent upon the ,surplus' made available by a productive agriculture after meeting the needs of the population for food. [source] GOVERNMENT'S CONSTRUCTION OF THE RELATION BETWEEN PARENTS AND SCHOOLS IN THE UPBRINGING OF CHILDREN IN ENGLAND: 1963,2009EDUCATIONAL THEORY, Issue 3 2010David Bridges In this essay David Bridges argues that since most families choose to realize their responsibility for the major part of their children's education through state schools, then the way in which the state constructs parents' relation with these schools is one of its primary levers on parenting itself. Bridges then examines the way in which parent-school relations have been defined in England through government and quasi-government interventions over the last forty-five years, tracing these through an awakening interest in the relation between social class and unequal school success in the 1960s, passing through the discourse of accountability in the 1970s, marketization in the 1980s and 1990s, performativity extending from this period into the first decade of the twenty-first century, and, most recently, more direct interventions into parenting itself and the regulation of school relations with parents in the interests of safeguarding children. These have not, however, been entirely discrete policy themes, and the positive and pragmatic employment of the discourse of partnership has run throughout this period, albeit with different points of emphasis on the precise terms of such partnership. [source] Predicting academic success with the Big 5 rated from different points of view: Self-rated, other rated and fakedEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY, Issue 4 2010Matthias Ziegler Abstract Self-ratings of personality predict academic success above general intelligence. The present study replicated these findings and investigated the increment of other-ratings or intentionally distorted self-ratings. Participants (N,=,145) had to compile a personality questionnaire twice. First they were given neutral instructions. The second time they were asked to imagine a specific applicant setting. Furthermore, two peers rated each participant. Additionally, verbal, numerical and figural reasoning scores were obtained. Grades on a statistics exam obtained 2 months later served as the criterion. Results replicated prior findings and showed incremental validity for self- and other-rated personality, which was stable after controlling for intelligence. Faking had no impact on the domain-score level, but results on the facet-score level were less encouraging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Social Security Design in the UK: What is optimal?FISCAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2003David Miles Abstract This paper uses a simple model of how households at different points on the income distribution make decisions about saving and labour supply to illustrate some of the problems government faces in designing social security systems. We show simulation results, which highlight the costs and benefits of alternative pension and income support regimes, and analyse what is happening in the UK in the light of the results. [source] Teaching and Learning Guide for: Memoryscape: How Audio Walks Can Deepen Our Sense of Place by Integrating Art, Oral History and Cultural GeographyGEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 5 2008Toby Butler Author's Introduction This article is concerned with the history and practice of creating sound walks or ,memoryscapes': outdoor trails that use recorded sound and spoken memory played on a personal stereo or mobile media to experience places in new ways. It is now possible to cheaply and easily create this and other kinds of located media experience. The development of multi-sensory-located media (,locedia') presents some exciting opportunities for those concerned with place, local history, cultural geography and oral history. This article uses work from several different disciplines (music, sound art, oral history and cultural geography) as a starting point to exploring some early and recent examples of locedia practice. It also suggests how it might give us a more sophisticated, real, embodied and nuanced experience of places that the written word just can not deliver. Yet, there are considerable challenges in producing and experiencing such work. Academics used to writing must learn to work in sound and view or image; they must navigate difficult issues of privacy, consider the power relations of the outsider's ,gaze' and make decisions about the representation of places in work that local people may try and have strong feelings about. Creating such work is an active, multi-sensory and profoundly challenging experience that can offer students the chance to master multi-media skills as well as apply theoretical understandings of the histories and geographies of place. Author Recommends 1.,Perks, R., and Thomson, A. (2006). The oral history reader, 2nd ed. London: Routledge. This is a wonderful collection of significant writing concerned with oral history. Part IV, Making Histories features much of interest, including a thought-provoking paper on the challenges of authoring in sound rather than print by Charles Hardy III, and a moving interview with Graeme Miller, the artist who created the Linked walk mentioned in the memoryscape article. These only feature in the second edition. 2.,Cresswell, T. (2004). Place: a short introduction. Oxford, UK: Blackwell. A refreshingly clear and well-written guide to the different theoretical takes on what makes places , a good starting point for further reading. 3.,Carlyle, A. (ed.). (2008). Autumn leaves: sound and the environment in artistic practice. Paris, France: Double Entendre. This is a collection of short essays and examples of located sonic media art; it includes interviews with practitioners and includes Hildegard Westekamp's Soundwalking, a practical guide to leading students on a mute walk. Lots of thought provoking, applied reading material for students here. 4.,Blunt, A., et al. (eds) (2003). Cultural geography in practice. London: Arnold. A great book for undergraduate and postgraduate students , concepts explained and lots of examples of actually doing cultural geography. The chapter on mapping worlds by David Pinder is particularly useful in this context. 5.,Pinder, D. (2001). Ghostly footsteps: voices, memories and walks in the city. Ecumene 8 (1), pp. 1,19. This article is a thoughtful analysis of a Janet Cardiff sound walk in Whitechapel, East London. Online Materials http://www.memoryscape.org.uk This is my project website, which features two online trails, Dockers which explores Greenwich and the memories of the London Docks that are archived in the Museum of London, and Drifting which is a rather strange experiment-combining physical geography and oral history along the Thames at Hampton Court, but still makes for an interesting trail. Audio, maps and trails can be downloaded for free, so students with phones or iPods can try the trails if you are within reach of Surrey or London. The site features an online version, with sound-accompanying photographs of the location. http://www.portsofcall.org.uk This website has three more trails here, this time of the communities surrounding the Royal Docks in East London. The scenery here is very dramatic and anyone interested in the regeneration of East London and its impact on local communities will find these trails interesting. Like Dockers, the walks feature a lot of rare archive interviews. This project involved a great deal of community interaction and participation as I experimented with trying to get people involved with the trail-making process. The site uses Google maps for online delivery. http://www.soundwalk.com This New York-based firm creates exceptionally high-quality soundwalks, and they are well worth the money. They started by producing trails for different districts of New York (I recommend the Bronx Graffiti trail) and have recently made trails for other cities, like Paris and Varanassi in India. http://www.mscapers.com This website is run by Hewlett Packard, which has a long history of research and development in located media applications. They currently give free licence to use their mscape software which is a relatively easy to learn way of creating global positioning system-triggered content. The big problem is that you have to have a pricey phone or personal digital assistant to run the software, which makes group work prohibitively expensive. But equipment prices are coming down and with the new generations of mobile phones developers believe that the time when the player technology is ubiquitous might be near. And if you ask nicely HP will lend out sets of equipment for teaching or events , fantastic if you are working within reach of Bristol. See also http://www.createascape.org.uk/ which has advice and examples of how mscape software has been used for teaching children. Sample Syllabus public geography: making memoryscapes This course unit could be adapted to different disciplines, or offered as a multidisciplinary unit to students from different disciplines. It gives students a grounding in several multi-media techniques and may require support/tuition from technical staff. 1.,Introduction What is a located mediascape, now and in the future? Use examples from resources above. 2.,Cultural geographies of site-specific art and sound Theories of place; experiments in mapping and site-specific performance. 3.,Walk activity: Westergard Hildekamp , sound walk, or one of the trails mentioned above The best way , and perhaps the only way , to really appreciate located media is to try one in the location they have been designed to be experienced. I would strongly advise any teaching in this field to include outdoor, on-site experiences. Even if you are out of reach of a mediascape experience, taking students on a sound walk can happen anywhere. See Autumn Leaves reference above. 4.,Researching local history An introduction to discovering historical information about places could be held at a local archive and a talk given by the archivist. 5.,Creating located multimedia using Google maps/Google earth A practical exercise-based session going through the basics of navigating Google maps, creating points and routes, and how to link pictures and sound files. 6.,Recording sound and oral history interviews A practical introduction to the techniques of qualitative interviewing and sound recording. There are lots of useful online guides to oral history recording, for example, an online oral history primer http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/audiovis/oral_history/index.htm; a more in depth guide to various aspects of oral history http://www.baylor.edu/oral%5fhistory/index.php?id=23566 or this simple oral history toolkit, with useful links to project in the North of England http://www.oralhistorynortheast.info/toolkit/chapter1.htm 7.,Sound editing skills Practical editing techniques including working with clips, editing sound and creating multi-track recordings. The freeware software Audacity is simple to use and there are a lot of online tutorials that cover the basics, for example, http://www.wikieducator.org/user:brentsimpson/collections/audacity_workshop 8.,Web page design and Google maps How to create a basic web page (placing pictures, text, hyperlinks, buttons) using design software (e.g. Dreamweaver). How to embed a Google map and add information points and routes. There is a great deal of online tutorials for web design, specific to the software you wish to use and Google maps can be used and embedded on websites free for non-profit use. http://maps.google.com/ 9,and 10. Individual or group project work (staff available for technical support) 11.,Presentations/reflection on practice Focus Questions 1What can sound tell us about the geographies of places? 2When you walk through a landscape, what traces of the past can be sensed? Now think about which elements of the past have been obliterated? Whose past has been silenced? Why? How could it be put back? 3Think of a personal or family story that is significant to you. In your imagination, locate the memory at a specific place. Tell a fellow student that story, and describe that place. Does it matter where it happened? How has thinking about that place made you feel? 4What happens when you present a memory of the past or a located vision of the future in a present landscape? How is this different to, say, writing about it in a book? 5Consider the area of this campus, or the streets immediately surrounding this building. Imagine this place in one of the following periods (each group picks one): ,,10,000 years ago ,,500 years ago ,,100 years ago ,,40 years ago ,,last Thursday ,,50 years time What sounds, voices, stories or images could help convey your interpretation of this place at that time? What would the visitor hear or see today at different points on a trail? Sketch out an outline map of a located media trail, and annotate with what you hear/see/sense at different places. Project Idea small group project: creating a located mediascape Each small group must create a located media experience, reflecting an aspect of the history/geography/culture of an area of their choosing, using the knowledge that they have acquired over the course of the semester. The experience may be as creative and imaginative as you wish, and may explore the past, present or future , or elements of each. Each group must: ,,identify an area of interest ,,research an aspect of the area of the groups choosing; this may involve visiting local archives, libraries, discussing the idea with local people, physically exploring the area ,,take photographs, video or decide on imagery (if necessary) ,,record sound, conduct interviews or script and record narration ,,design a route or matrix of media points The final project must be presented on a website, may embed Google maps, and a presentation created to allow the class to experience the mediascape (either in the classroom or on location, if convenient). The website should include a brief theoretical and methodological explanation of the basis of their interpretation. If the group cannot be supported with tuition and support in basic website design or using Google mapping with sound and imagery, a paper map with locations and a CD containing sound files/images might be submitted instead. For examples of web projects created by masters degree students of cultural geography at Royal Holloway (not all sound based) see http://www.gg.rhul.ac.uk/MA/web-projects.html [source] Correlation between sea surface topography and bathymetry in shallow shelf waters in the Western MediterraneanGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2002G. Rodríguez Velasco Summary In this paper, gravimetric and altimetric data are used to assess an estimation of the sea surface topography in the Western Mediterranean Sea. This is a complex area from different points of view, due to the presence of several islands, coastal lines, shallow waters and a peculiar hydrologic equilibrium due to its proximity to the Atlantic water exchange area. First, a gravimetric geoid was computed using the least-squares collocation (LSC) procedure with the classical remove-restore technique. We also present a local mean sea surface generated from repeat ERS-1 altimeter data fitted to TOPEX. We chose this satellite because it offers a better spatial resolution than the TOPEX data. The time span used in the computations is one year. This is a useful interval for averaging out the regular seasonal variations, which are very large in this area. We present the comparisons between the gravimetric geoidal heights and the adjusted sea surface. This is a way to obtain a rough estimation of the sea surface topography (SST) since we also include the errors in the two surfaces and other oceanic signals. The differences obtained are physically reasonable with a mean of 17 cm and standard deviation (s.d.) of 39 cm. A significant similarity is observed between the features reproduced by these differences and the bathymetry in the area, suggesting some sort of correlation between both magnitudes for the studied region. If we accept such correlation, the SST may be described as a function of depth. This procedure lets us filter out the short wavelength part of the geoid from the first SST estimation. [source] Factors Associated with the Income Distribution of Full-Time Physicians: A Quantile Regression ApproachHEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH, Issue 5 2007Ya-Chen Tina Shih Objective. Physician income is generally high, but quite variable; hence, physicians have divergent perspectives regarding health policy initiatives and market reforms that could affect their incomes. We investigated factors underlying the distribution of income within the physician population. Data Sources. Full-time physicians (N=10,777) from the restricted version of the 1996,1997 Community Tracking Study Physician Survey (CTS-PS), 1996 Area Resource File, and 1996 health maintenance organization penetration data. Study Design. We conducted separate analyses for primary care physicians (PCPs) and specialists. We employed least square and quantile regression models to examine factors associated with physician incomes at the mean and at various points of the income distribution, respectively. We accounted for the complex survey design for the CTS-PS data using appropriate weighted procedures and explored endogeneity using an instrumental variables method. Principal Findings. We detected widespread and subtle effects of many variables on physician incomes at different points (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentiles) in the distribution that were undetected when employing regression estimations focusing on only the means or medians. Our findings show that the effects of managed care penetration are demonstrable at the mean of specialist incomes, but are more pronounced at higher levels. Conversely, a gender gap in earnings occurs at all levels of income of both PCPs and specialists, but is more pronounced at lower income levels. Conclusions. The quantile regression technique offers an analytical tool to evaluate policy effects beyond the means. A longitudinal application of this approach may enable health policy makers to identify winners and losers among segments of the physician workforce and assess how market dynamics and health policy initiatives affect the overall physician income distribution over various time intervals. [source] Ventral hippocampal involvement in temporal order, but not recognition, memory for spatial informationHIPPOCAMPUS, Issue 3 2008John G. Howland Abstract The hippocampus is critical for spatial memory. Recently, subregional differences in the function of hippocampus have been described in a number of behavioral tasks. The present experiments assessed the effects of reversibly lesioning either the dorsal (dHip) or ventral hippocampus (vHip) on spontaneous tests of spatial recognition and temporal order memory. We report that although the dHip is necessary for spatial recognition memory (RM) (distinguishing a novel from a familiar spatial location), the vHip is involved in temporal order memory (the capacity to distinguish between two spatial locations visited at different points in time), but not RM. These findings and others are consistent with the hypothesis that temporal order memory is supported by an integrated circuit of limbic areas including the vHip and the medial prefrontal cortex. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] History and Story: Unconventional History in Michael Ondaatje's The English Patient and James A. Michener's Tales of the South PacificHISTORY AND THEORY, Issue 4 2002Madhumalati Adhikari "Literary history" is a cross between conventional (scientific) history and pure fiction. The resulting hybrid provides access to history that the more conventional sort does not (in particular, a sense of the experiences of the historical actors, and the human meaning of historical events). This claim is demonstrated by an analysis of two novels about World War II, The English Patient by Michael Ondaatje, and Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener. These two very different novels in English are by writers themselves very different from each other, writers from different times, different social and political backgrounds, and different points of view. Their novels examine the effects of the Second World War and the events of 1942 on the human psyche, and suggest how human beings have always searched for the silver lining despite the devastation and devaluation of values. Both novels resist any kind of preaching, and yet the search for peace, balance, and kindness is constantly highlighted. The facts of scientific history are woven into the loom of their unconventional histories. The sense of infirmity created by the formal barriers of traditional history is eased, and new possibilities for historical understanding are unveiled. [source] Probiotic administration in patients with ileal pouch,anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis is associated with expansion of mucosal regulatory cellsINFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES, Issue 5 2008Annamaria Pronio MD Abstract Background: Probiotics have anti-inflammatory effects in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and appear to regulate mucosal immune response through reductions in proinflammatory cytokines. The probiotic VSL#3 prevents pouchitis if started within a week of ileostomy closure and maintains remission following antibacterial treatment in patients with refractory or recurrent pouchitis. However, the efficacy of probiotics and their effects on regulatory cells if started at a greater time after surgery in patients undergoing ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis are unknown. Methods: We conducted an open-label study in which 31 patients at different periods from surgery without signs and symptoms of pouchitis were randomized to 2 sachets of VSL#3 once daily or no treatment for 12 months. Pouchitis disease activity index (PDAI) was evaluated at baseline and after 3, 6, and 12 months. The percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing CD25 and the inactive form of transforming growth factor-, [latency-associated peptide (LAP)] were evaluated at baseline and after 3 and 6 months in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells and mucosal biopsies. Variation in tissue interleukin-1, and Foxp3 mRNA expression was also evaluated. Results: During the study period, VSL#3-treated patients showed a significant reduction in PDAI score and a significant increase in the percentage of mucosal CD4+CD25high and CD4+ LAP-positive cells compared with baseline values. Tissue samples at different points showed a significant reduction in IL-1, mRNA expression, and a significant increase in Foxp3 mRNA expression. Conclusions: We conclude that VSL#3 administration in patients with IPAA modulates the PDAI and expands the number of mucosal regulatory T cells. (Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008) [source] Concrete canal lining cracking in low to medium plastic soils,IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE, Issue 2 2002H. Rahimi sol plastique; gonflement; revêtement bétonique; Iran Abstract Failure of concrete irrigation canal linings in the form of cracking, rupture, uplifting and opening of joints, causes loss of water and money in many countries. Following the appearance of extensive cracking of concrete linings in one of the Shoeybieh sugar cane industry farms in the Khoozestan province of Iran, extensive research work was conducted to identify the main causes. In this paper, the final results of the research are presented. The testing program consisted of laboratory as well as field tests, including identification, chemical and mechanical tests of soil samples taken from the borrow pits and canal embankments. Dispersivity tests were performed using pin-hole and chemical methods. Swelling tests were conducted using the ASTM standard and ISSMFE method. The field test includes measurement of deformations of the concrete lining and embankment of an actual lined canal resulting from the filling of the canal with water. The canal was 60 m in length. The deformations were recorded by surveying the elevations of steel bars driven to different depths under the canal lining and at different points in the canal and its embankment sections. The results of laboratory tests showed the soil to have low to medium plasticity with a classification of CL-ML, having less than 1% soluble content, and being nondispersive. Swelling tests conducted by the ASTM and ISSMFE methods showed completely different results. The ISSMFE method resulted in a high free swell potential, while the ASTM method indicated a low to medium potential. The results of full-scale field tests were all in favor of the ISSMFE method. The greatest difference between the results of the two methods was found to be due to the different compaction methods used during construction of the canal, as well as the moisture content of the soil sample being prepared for the swell tests. The flocculent structure and lower compaction water content of soil samples in the ISSMFE method resulted in much higher free swell. The similarity between compaction methods used in the field and the static effort used in the ISSMFE method, as well as very low soil water content of the canal embankments during lining operations, were found to be the main reasons for swelling of the soil and the eventual cracking of the concrete linings. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. RÉSUMÉ L'écroulement du revêtement bétonique des canaux d'irrigation en forme de fissure, de la rupture, de la sous-pression et de l'ouverture des joints, est la cause de la perte d' eau et par conséquence des fonds publics de plusieurs pays dans le monde entier. Après avoir observé ce phénomène dans des canaux d'irrigation d'un grand projet de canne à sucre à Shoeybieh dans la région de Khozestan, située au sud de l'Iran, une équipe de recherche a été engagée pour trouver les causes principales de cetécroulement. Cet article présente les résultats finaux de cette recherche. Le programme consiste de deux types d'essai, en laboratoire et sur le terrain. Les échantillons du sol pour l'essai mécanique et chimique ont été pris dans des emprunts de terre et la digue du canal. Les essais de dispersivité ont été faits par les méthodes de pin-hole et de chimique. La méthode del ISSMFE et la standard del ASTM ont été utilisés pour les essais de gonflement du sol. Le mesurage de la déformation d'un canal revêté en béton et aussi de digue du canal a été fait par rempliz le canal avee de l'eau. Le canal avait une longueur de 60 m. La déformation a été observée en examinant les élévations à plusieurs points sur la profondeur du canal en dessous de la partie revêtée et aussi la digue du canal par un instrument spécifique. Les résultats des essais de laboratoire montrent que les sols qui ont une plasticité entre petite et moyenne situés dans la classification de CL-ML ayant moins d'un pour cent de contenude soluble sont non-dispersifes. Les essais de gonflement par les méthodes de l'ASTM et l'ISSME montrent des résultats tout à fait différents. La méthode ISSMFE montre un potentiel de gonflement assez élevé, tandis que la méthode ASTM montre un potentiel entre petit et moyen. Les résultats des essais en champs d'étude confirme la méthode ISSMFE. La plus grande différence entre le résultat de deux méthodes est à cause d'usage de plusieurs méthodes de compaction dans la période de la construction du canal. La structure floculée du sol ayant une humidité moins compactée dans la méthode ISSMFE montre un gonflement plus élevée du sol. Les méthodes similaires de compaction utilisées dans le champs d'étude et énergie statique utilisée par la méthode ISSFE, et aussi une petite humidité de digue du canal en période de revêtement sont les causes principales de gonflement et éventuellement de fissure. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparison of models for genetic evaluation of survival traits in dairy cattle: a simulation studyJOURNAL OF ANIMAL BREEDING AND GENETICS, Issue 2 2008J. Jamrozik Summary Three models for the analysis of functional survival data in dairy cattle were compared using stochastic simulation. The simulated phenotype for survival was defined as a month after the first calving (from 1 to 100) in which a cow was involuntarily removed from the herd. Parameters for simulation were based on survival data of the Canadian Jersey population. Three different levels of heritability of survival (0.100, 0.050 and 0.025) and two levels of numbers of females per generation (2000 or 4000) were considered in the simulation. Twenty generations of random mating and selection (on a second trait, uncorrelated with survival) with 20 replicates were simulated for each scenario. Sires were evaluated for survival of their daughters by three models: proportional hazard (PH), linear multiple-trait (MT), and random regression (RR) animal models. Different models gave different ranking of sires with respect to survival of their daughters. Correlations between true and estimated breeding values for survival to five different points in a cow's lifetime after the first calving (120 and 240 days in milk after first, second, third and fourth calving) favoured the PH model, followed by the RR model evaluations. Rankings of models were independent of the heritability level, female population size and sire progeny group size (20 or 100). The RR model, however, showed a slight superiority over MT and PH models in predicting the proportion of sire's daughters that survived to the five different end-points after the first calving. [source] Bacteriological study of shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, hatcheries in IndiaJOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY, Issue 2 2001Shrimp hatcheries often face problems of mortality caused by diseases. To understand the bacteriological status of shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, hatcheries in India, a study of hatchery water at different points was conducted in several hatcheries located along the east and west coast of India. The species composition of the bacterial flora was also determined. The total plate counts of raw sea water on tryptic soya agar ranged from 102 to 104 ml,1, whereas it ranged from 104 to 106 ml,1 in larval tanks. In the larval tanks, the proportion of Vibrio species ranged from 50% to 73%, as compared to 31% in raw sea water. A mixed bacterial flora was observed in hatchery water; however, in the larval tanks, the flora in the larvae was predominantly made up of Vibrio species. A few of the tested Vibrio isolates were non-virulent to shrimp larvae under experimental conditions. Over 90% of the strains were resistant to amoxycillin, ampicillin, cephalexin, cephazolin, cloxacillin and sulphafurazole. Most strains showed sensitivity to tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and quinolones such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. [source] Micro-organisms and dust exposure in an Italian grain millJOURNAL OF APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005C. Dacarro Abstract Aims:, In order to assess possible occupational risk for workers in a grain mill, we evaluated aerial microbiological contamination in different areas of the mill and at different points of the production line. We also measured the concentration of aerodispersed dust particles. Methods and Results:, An assessment of microbiological contamination levels based on a Global Index of Microbial Contamination per cubic metre (GIMC per m3), an Index of Mesophilic Bacterial Contamination, and an Amplification Index is proposed. The indices were obtained from total and fungal counts. The cleaning sector is the most contaminated area of the mill: the mean GIMC per m3 was 17 213·6. In this area, the average microbial contamination was 11·41 times higher than that in the external environment. The highest concentrations of aerodispersed dust (inhalable 2·763 mg m,3; respirable 1·400 mg m,3) were found in the cleaning area. Conclusions:, The proposed microbiological indices and the concentrations of aerodispersed dust particles show that the most hazardous section of the mill is the cleaning area. The large variation in the data does not depend on seasonal factors, but rather on not easily identifiable conditions of the internal environment which facilitate diffusion and/or proliferation of the micro-organisms. Significance and Impact of the Study:, The proposed microbiological contamination indices and the evaluation of the concentration of dust particles allow the identification of critical positions during the production cycle so that suitable measures to prevent the aerial contamination can be taken. [source] Raman spectroscopy for spinline crystallinity measurements.JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 5 2008Abstract Online Raman spectra, obtained at different points along the spinline during the melt spinning of polypropylene homopolymer (hPP) fibers, are presented. The percentage crystallinity corresponding to each spectrum was determined from the normalized intensity of the 809-cm,1 Raman band. A calibration curve for propylene crystallinity was established offline with compression-molded films and fibers spun under different processing conditions. Several hPPs and propylene,ethylene copolymers (with 5,15% ethylene) were used to cover a wide calibration range for propylene crystallinity (9.5,60.9%) with an R2 value of 0.989. This calibration curve was subsequently used to predict the polypropylene crystallinity in the spinline as a function of distance from the spinneret. Under identical conditions of quench and throughput, at a fixed point along the spinline, the overall crystallinity developed in the fiber was found to increase with an increase in the spinning speed. As the spinning speed increased, the point of the onset of crystallization moved closer to the spinneret. The rise in crystallinity was more gradual, at 750 m/min as opposed to 1500 m/min. Increasing the throughput at constant spinning speed was found to decrease the rate of crystallization because of a decrease in the spinline stress. At a fixed distance from the spinneret under identical conditions of quench and spinning speed, fibers spun at a higher throughput showed less overall crystallinity. The onset and rate of crystallization was found to be faster in the lower melt index H502-25RG resin as compared to the 5D49 resin under the spinning conditions explored. The experimental data presented here were used to validate fundamental fiber-spinning models (see part II of this series of articles). The validated models and experimental observations can be used to guide the fiber spinning of isotactic polypropylene for rapid product development. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source] Ras family genes: An interesting link between cell cycle and cancerJOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 2 2002M. Macaluso Ras genes are evolutionary conserved and codify for a monomeric G protein binding GTP (active form) or GDP (inactive form). The ras genes are ubiquitously expressed although mRNA analysis suggests different level expression in tissue. Mutations in each ras gene frequently were found in different tumors, suggesting their involvement in the development of specific neoplasia. These mutations lead to a constitutive active and potentially oncogenic protein that could cause a deregulation of cell cycle. Ras protein moderates cellular responses at several mitogens and/or differentiation factors and at external stimuli. These stimuli activate a series of signal transduction pathways that either can be independent or interconnected at different points. Recent observations begin to clarify the complex relationship between Ras activation, apoptosis, and cellular proliferation. A greater understanding of these processes would help to identify the factors directly responsible for cell cycle deregulation in several tumors, moreover it would help the design of specific therapeutic strategies, for the control on the proliferation of neoplastic cells. We summarize here current knowledge of ras genes family: structural and functional characteristics of Ras proteins and their links with cell cycle and cancer. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Salivary simulation with ascorbic acid enhances sonographic diagnosis of obstructive sialadenitisJOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND, Issue 6 2009Alessandro Bozzato MD Abstract Purpose. High-frequency ultrasound (US) is routinely used to evaluate various diseases of the salivary glands. Normally, the duct network of the submandibular and parotid glands is not visible during US assessment. In obstructive sialadenitis of the parotid and submandibular glands, localization of the obstacle is often difficult. Methods. In a case-control study, the sonographic visibility of the duct before and after stimulation with oral ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was compared with sialendoscopy as the gold standard. Twenty male and 23 female patients suffering from salivary gland diseases were included in this study and compared with 25 healthy volunteers. US examination of the parotid and submandibular glands was performed before and after oral ascorbic acid stimulation. Changes in visibility of the main excretory duct were recorded and US diagnoses were compared with results of sialendoscopy. Results. In 7 of 25 controls, the main duct became partially visible after stimulation. In the group of 43 patients, the main duct was depicted before stimulation in 27 patients (63%). After ascorbic acid stimulation, the main duct became visible in 41 patients (95%). Grading the stimulated duct dilation by measuring diameters at different points revealed no correlation with the underlying type of pathology. Conclusions. Application of ascorbic acid prior to diagnostic US examination facilitates the sonographic evaluation of obstructive salivary gland diseases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009 [source] Detection of delayed density dependence in an orchid populationJOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2000M. P. Gillman Summary 1,Annual censuses of Orchis morio (green-winged orchid) flowering spikes have been taken over a 27-year period in a replicated factorial experiment on the effects of fertilizer application. Census data, combined by block or treatment, were used in time,series analyses to test for density dependence. 2,Partial autocorrelation functions revealed the importance of positive correlations at lag 1 and negative correlations at lag 5. Stepwise multiple regressions provided evidence of delayed density dependence, again with a delay of about 5 years, with no evidence of direct (first-order) density dependence. 3,First-order autocorrelations and delayed density dependence were considered in the light of the known stage structure and generation time of the plant and the possibility of density dependence at different points in the life history. 4,Model structure affects the detection of density dependence, increasing the propensity for type I errors. [source] When marital interaction and intervention researchers arrive at different points of view: the active listening controversyJOURNAL OF FAMILY THERAPY, Issue 1 2003McArthur Hafen Jr In 1998, John Gottman and his associates published an article which asserted that training ,active listening' between couples was an ineffective therapeutic intervention. Not surprisingly, this claim generated considerable controversy, particularly in relation to treatment and educational models that were heavily dependent on active listening as a major part of their intervention programmes. The authors of one such approach, the Prevention and Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP), were particularly vocal in their disagreement with Gottman's conclusions. This paper provides an account of the controversy, a summary of the current status of the debate and a discussion of the remaining unanswered questions. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||