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Different Methods Used (different + methods_used)
Selected AbstractsProjecting the burden of diabetes in Australia , what is the size of the matter?AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 6 2009Dianna J. Magliano Abstract Objective: To analyse the implications of using different methods to predict diabetes prevalence for the future. Approach: Different methods used to predict diabetes were compared and recommendations are made. Conclusion: We recommend that all projections take a conservative approach to diabetes prevalence prediction and present a ,base case' using the most robust, contemporary data available. We also recommend that uncertainty analyses be included in all analyses. Implications: Despite variation in assumptions and methodology used, all the published predictions demonstrate that diabetes is an escalating problem for Australia. We can safely assume that unless trends in diabetes incidence are reversed there will be at least 2 million Australian adults with diabetes by 2025. If obesity and diabetes incidence trends, continue upwards, and mortality continues to decline, up to 3 million people will have diabetes by 2025, with the figure closer to 3.5 million by 2033. The impact of this for Australia has not been measured. [source] The epidemiology of autistic spectrum disorders: is the prevalence rising?DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEW, Issue 3 2002Lorna Wing Abstract For decades after Kanner's original paper on the subject was published in 1943, autism was generally considered to be a rare condition with a prevalence of around 2,4 per 10,000 children. Then, studies carried out in the late 1990s and the present century reported annual rises in incidence of autism in pre-school children, based on age of diagnosis, and increases in the age-specific prevalence rates in children. Prevalence rates of up to 60 per 10,000 for autism and even more for the whole autistic spectrum were reported. Reasons for these increases are discussed. They include changes in diagnostic criteria, development of the concept of the wide autistic spectrum, different methods used in studies, growing awareness and knowledge among parents and professional workers and the development of specialist services, as well as the possibility of a true increase in numbers. Various environmental causes for a genuine rise in incidence have been suggested, including the triple vaccine for measles, mumps and rubella (MMR]. Not one of the possible environmental causes, including MMR, has been confirmed by independent scientific investigation, whereas there is strong evidence that complex genetic factors play a major role in etiology. The evidence suggests that the majority, if not all, of the reported rise in incidence and prevalence is due to changes in diagnostic criteria and increasing awareness and recognition of autistic spectrum disorders. Whether there is also a genuine rise in incidence remains an open question. MRDD Research Reviews 2002;8:151,161. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Some highlights of research on aging with invertebrates, 2009AGING CELL, Issue 5 2009Linda Partridge Summary This annual review focuses on invertebrate model organisms, which shed light on new mechanisms in aging and provide excellent systems for both genome-wide and in-depth analysis. This year, protein interaction networks have been used in a new bioinformatic approach to identify novel genes that extend replicative lifespan in yeast. In an extended approach, using a new, human protein interaction network, information from the invertebrates was used to identify new, candidate genes for lifespan extension and their orthologues were validated in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemosensation of diffusible substances from bacteria has been shown to limit lifespan in C. elegans, while a systematic study of the different methods used to implement dietary restriction in the worm has shown that they involve mechanisms that are partially distinct and partially overlapping, providing important clarification for addressing whether or not they are conserved in other organisms. A new theoretical model for the evolution of rejuvenating cell division has shown that asymmetrical division for either cell size or for damaged cell constituents results in increased fitness for most realistic levels of cellular protein damage. Work on aging-related disease has both refined our understanding of the mechanisms underlying one route to the development of Parkinson's disease and has revealed that in worms, as in mice, dietary restriction is protective against cellular proteotoxicity. Two systematic studies genetically manipulating the superoxide dismutases of C. elegans support the idea that damage from superoxide plays little or no role in aging in this organism, and have prompted discussion of other kinds of damage and other kinds of mechanisms for producing aging-related decline in function. [source] Elongation of the BH8 ,-hairpin peptide: Electrostatic interactions in ,-hairpin formation and stabilityPROTEIN SCIENCE, Issue 7 2001Marina Ramírez-Alvarado Abstract An elongated version of the de novo designed ,-hairpin peptide, BH8, has allowed us to gain insight into the role of electrostatic interactions in ,-hairpin stability. A Lys,Glu electrostatic pair has been introduced by adding a residue at the beginning and at the end of the N-terminal and C-terminal strands, respectively, of the ,-hairpin structure, in both orientations. The two resulting peptides and controls having Ala residues at these positions and different combinations of Ala with Lys, or Glu residues, have been analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), under different pH and ionic strength conditions. All of the NMR parameters, in particular the conformational shift analysis of C, protons and the coupling constants, 3JHN,, correlate well and the population estimates are in reasonable agreement among the different methods used. In the most structured peptides, we find an extension of the ,-hairpin structure comprising the two extra residues. Analysis of the pH and salt dependence shows that ionic pairs contribute to ,-hairpin stability. The interaction is electrostatic in nature and can be screened by salt. There is also an important salt-independent contribution of negatively charged groups to the stability of this family of ,-hairpin peptides. [source] Tumour location is a prognostic factor for survival in colonic cancer patientsCOLORECTAL DISEASE, Issue 1 2008O. H. Sjo Abstract Objective, To evaluate survival and prognostic factors in a consecutive series of colon cancer patients from a defined city population in Norway. Method, All patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon diagnosed between 1993 and 2000 were registered prospectively. Five-year actuarial survival and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated. Cox regression analyses were used to study the effect of prognostic factors on survival. Results, In the study period 627 patients were admitted. Overall 5-year relative survival was 50% in females and 52% in males. Five-year relative survival in 410 (65%) patients operated with curative intent, was 74% for females and 79% for males. Tumour location in the transverse colon, splenic flexure and descending colon (OR = 1.8), emergency operation (OR = 1.7), TNM stage (OR = 1.8,2.9), blood transfusion of more than two units (OR = 1.8) and age (OR = 4.0,7.1) were independent negative prognostic factors. Conclusion, Colon cancer located in the transverse and descending colon is associated with poor prognosis. Comparison of results from different centres is difficult due to selection and classification differences, and different methods used for calculation of survival. [source] | ||||||||||