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Different Manifestations (different + manifestation)
Selected AbstractsDemand- and Supply-Side Agglomerations: Distinguishing between Fundamentally Different Manifestations of Geographic ConcentrationJOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, Issue 3 2009Brian T. McCann abstract Agglomeration research investigates the benefits that firms receive from locating in close geographic proximity. Despite a substantial surge in interest in this topic over the past 20 years, a lack of distinction among unique manifestations of spatial concentrations of similar firms threatens continuing progress in this stream of research. We argue that agglomerations of related firms that draw benefits from the supply-related externalities of increased access to specialized labour, specialized inputs, and knowledge spillovers are fundamentally different from those that draw benefits from heightened demand realized through reduction in consumer search costs. Extending agglomeration theory, we explicate the differences between these distinct phenomena, discuss how the nature of key theoretical relationships varies across these agglomeration types, and demonstrate significant implications for research. We discuss how the differences affect a host of theoretical relationships and empirical research decisions. [source] Interactions of Temperament and Culture: The Organization of Diversity in Samoan InfancyETHOS, Issue 2 2009Harold L. Odden Although most are minor adaptations, some culturally patterned adjustments can have profound organizational effects on the niche and the child's developmental trajectory. Research conducted in Samoa suggests at least two distinct adaptations of the modal developmental niche for infants and toddlers keyed to different temperamental profiles: interpersonally assertive and behaviorally restrained. I argue that these two different variants of the modal niche emerge from dynamic interplay of different temperamental profiles, ethnotheories of child development, and child-rearing practices. These different niches can be developmentally significant in that they channel the individual's development in contrastive ways and introduce different future developmental challenges and opportunities. My larger point is that these different manifestations of the developmental niche represent one way in which social, cultural, and ecological factors on the one hand, and individual diversity on the other hand, interact to organize and constrain individual diversity. [Child development, temperament, infancy, developmental niche, Samoa] [source] Activation of group II mGlu receptors blocks the enhanced drug taking induced by previous exposure to amphetamineEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 1 2005Jeong-Hoon Kim Abstract Repeated exposure to amphetamine (AMPH) leads to the development of behavioural sensitization that can be demonstrated in rats as enhanced locomotor responding to and self-administration of the drug. Glutamate systems are known to participate in the induction and expression of sensitization by psychostimulants. Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), because they negatively regulate both vesicular and nonvesicular glutamate release, are thus well positioned to gate its expression. Here we report that the expression of locomotor sensitization by AMPH is completely prevented by a systemic injection of the selective group II mGluR agonist LY379268 at a dose that produced no effects when administered alone. The activation of group II mGluRs in AMPH-sensitized rats also reduced the enhanced overflow of both dopamine and glutamate normally observed in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region critical for the generation of locomotor and drug self-administration behaviours. To directly determine the effect of group II mGluR activation on enhanced drug self-administration, AMPH-sensitized rats were allowed to self-administer a mixture of LY379268 and AMPH. These rats continued to self-administer but did not exhibit the enhanced work output and drug intake observed in AMPH-sensitized rats self-administering AMPH alone. Thus, activating group II mGluRs prevents the expression of different manifestations of AMPH sensitization including enhanced self-administration of the drug. These receptors may represent a potentially important target for therapeutic intervention directed at drugs of abuse. [source] Polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds with diverticulosis and colonic muco-submucosal elongated polypsGERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2006Nobuo Kanazawa Background: In 1991, Kelly first reported the presence of red or brown mucosal protrusions or polyps associated with diverticular disease and described this syndrome as ,polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds in diverticular disease.' In 1994, Matake et al. independently reported several long mucosal intraluminal protrusions as ,colonic muco-submucosal elongated polyps.' The purpose of the present study is to address the relationship between the two syndromes. Methods: We performed a careful review of the published work on the clinicopathological features of these syndromes. Results: The clinical symptoms associated with these two syndromes do not differ notably. Because of the mucosal redundancy of the colonic mucosa, the excessive propulsive power of peristalsis may play an important role in generating both types of polyps. Neither ,polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds in diverticular disease' nor ,colonic muco-submucosal elongated polyps' fit into any of the conventional classifications, and their histological characteristics are similar. In addition, we describe the diagnosis and clinical management at our institution of an emergent case of polypoid prolapsing mucosal folds in diverticular disease. Conclusion: In light of their similar etiology and pathology, we propose that these conditions are different manifestations of the same entity. Unifying these two classifications into one makes the diagnosis of either type of polyp less onerous for clinicians, endoscopists and pathologists. As a consequence, it is likely that more cases will be diagnosed and reported. The accumulation of more cases will lead to deeper understanding and further clinicopathological characterization of diverticular polyps. [source] A splice variant of PGRP-LC required for expression of antimicrobial peptides in Anopheles gambiaeINSECT SCIENCE, Issue 3 2007HUI LIN Abstract Members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP) family play essential roles in different manifestations of immune responses in insects. PGRP-LC, one of seven members of this family in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae produced several spliced variants. Here we show that PGRP-LC, and not other members of the PGRP family nor the six members of the Gram-negative binding protein families, is required for the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes (such as CEC1 and GAM1) under the control of the Imd-Rel2 pathway in an A. gambiae cell line, 4a3A. PGRP-LC produces many splice variants that can be classified into three sub-groups (LC1, LC2 and LC3), based on the carboxyl terminal sequences. RNA interference against one LC1 sub-group resulted in dramatic reduction of CEC1 and GAM1. Over-expression of LC1a and to a lesser extent LC3a (a member of the LC1 and LC3 sub-group, respectively) in the 4a3A cell line enhances the expression of CEC1 and GAM1. These results demonstrate that the LC1-subgroup splice variants are essential for the expression of CEC1 and GAM1 in A. gambiae cell line. [source] ARIA: impact of complianceCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGY REVIEWS, Issue 1 2005P. Van Cauwenberge Summary Epidemiological studies show that the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) has increased progressively over the past two to three decades. Similarly, there is increasing evidence that asthma and rhinitis frequently co-exist in the same patients and that rhinitis is a risk factor for asthma. Although several guidelines are currently available for the diagnosis and management of AR, the earlier guidelines and their successors were not evidence based, and were developed primarily on the basis of expert opinion, but of course based on the available literature. More recently, the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) guidelines were published in co-operation with the World Health Organization. These guidelines are evidence based and directed towards managing co-morbid rhinitis and asthma as different manifestations of a single airway disease, rather than as two separate diseases of the nose and the lung. They recommend treatment of AR in a step-wise manner (using a combination of allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy and immunotherapy), based on the duration and severity of disease, rather than on the basis of type of exposure (i.e seasonal, perennial, occupational), as recommended by previous guidelines. The ARIA guidelines recognize that both the availability and the cost of a particular intervention are likely to determine patient compliance, and therefore recommends a flexible approach based on availability and cost of specific interventions in different countries. Despite the availability of treatment guidelines, there is evidence that the severity of disease is often diagnosed and treated inappropriately by general practitioners (GPs), who frequently do not use a guided treatment strategy, leading to low patient satisfaction and compliance. This suggests a clear need to implement the guidelines among GPs, especially since the vast majority of patients generally trust their GPs to provide appropriate information and optimal medication for the management of their disease. [source] | |||||||||||||