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Different Localities (different + locality)
Selected AbstractsABDOMINAL PIGMENTATION VARIATION IN DROSOPHILA POLYMORPHA: GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN THE TRAIT, AND UNDERLYING PHYLOGEOGRAPHYEVOLUTION, Issue 5 2005Jennifer A. Brisson AbstractDrosophila polymorpha is a widespread species that exhibits abdominal pigmentation variation throughout its range. To gain insight into this variation we combined phenotypic and genotypic data to test a series of nested hypotheses. First, we tested the null hypothesis that geographic variation in pigmentation is due to neutral factors. We used nested clade analysis to examine the distribution of haplotypes from a nuclear and a mitochrondrial locus. Restricted gene flow via isolation by distance, the primary inference of this phylogeographic analysis, was then used to generate and test the hypothesis of increasing average abdominal pigmentation difference with increasing geographic distance. We found no correlation between geographic distance and phenotypic distance. We then tested the hypothesis that pigmentation is affected by environmental differences among localities. We found a significant effect of habitat type on the average abdominal pigmentation phenotype of different localities. Finally, we tested the hypothesis that pigmentation in D. polymorpha is associated with desiccation resistance. We found that dark individuals of both sexes survived significantly longer in a desiccating environment than light individuals. These patterns combined lead us to hypothesize that abdominal pigmentation variation in D. polymorpha is important in mediating the organism's interactions with local ecological factors. [source] Population genetic studies of hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton), in Bangladesh waters: evidence for the existence of separate gene poolsFISHERIES MANAGEMENT & ECOLOGY, Issue 5 2000M. Rahman Hilsa shad, Tenualosa ilisha (Hamilton), in Bangladesh is found in inland rivers, estuaries and the marine environment, throughout the year, but the peak catch period is during upstream migration. Tissue (white muscle, liver, brain) samples (total 640 specimens) were collected from three different localities, representing marine, brackish and fresh water, during the monsoon in the summer of the years 1993,1996 to identify genetic markers and study the population structure of this species. The samples were analysed by starch gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, and stained for 15 enzymes and general muscle proteins. Only phosphoglucomutase, aspartate amino transferase, esterase and unidentified muscle proteins were found to be polymorphic. The allele frequencies for the samples collected in the marine environment deviated from corresponding samples from freshwater and estuarine localities, indicating that hilsa shad in Bangladesh waters comprise more than one gene pool. [source] Volatile components of Thymus vulgaris L. from wild-growing and cultivated plants in JordanFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007M. Hudaib Abstract The composition of the essential oil hydrodistilled from the aerial parts of Thymus vulgaris L. grown in Jordan has been determined by GC and GC,MS. Variations in oil composition and yield between cultivated and wild-growing plants collected from different localities, at different altitudes, have been also evaluated. Higher oil yields were observed in plants growing wild (3.7,5.6% of dried material) than in cultivated plants (1.1,2.0%), and those collected from the Mshaqar region, in the middle of Jordan and at the highest altitude, were the richest in oil (,5.4%). Generally, the oil was characterized by marked levels of phenolic monoterpenoids (mainly thymol and carvacrol) in the range 70.8,89.0%. High levels of the monoterpenoid hydrocarbons p -cymene (3.4,8.2%) and , -terpinene (1.6,7.7%) were also observed. Other major components were 1,8-cineole (up to 2.1%), , -thujone (up to 1.2%), camphor (up to 1.1%) and , -caryophyllene (0.2,2.8%). With the exception of plants growing wild in the Ramtha region, in the far north of Jordan, carvacrol was found as the principal phenol of all other oils (50.6,86.1%) and was dominant (>85%) in wild plant oils. The oil from Ramtha was characterized by the highest level of thymol (,63.8%) as the dominant phenol and was most abundant in p -cymene (8.2%), 1,8-cineole (2.1%) and , -terpinene (7.7%). In addition to assigning carvacrol or thymol chemotypes to the plant, the high content of active monoterpenoid phenols strongly suggests a potential use of Jordanian thyme oil in cough products and antimicrobial,herbal drug combinations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Comparative study of the leaf oil of Juniperus macropoda growing in Garhwal regions of Uttranchal (India)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Divya Srivastava Abstract Leaf oils of Juniperus macropoda collected from different localities (Hindolkhal and Mussorie) of Garhwal Himalaya (Uttaranchal) exhibited much variation in their yield and composition. Oil yields in the Hindolkhal and Mussorie samples were 1.2% and 0.52% respectively. In the Hindolkhal sample, , -elemene (42.5%) was the main constituent of oil, followed by t -sabinene hydrate (8.8%) and , -cubebene (7.9%), while in the Mussorie sample the main oil constituent was , -thujone (22.6%), followed by biformene (7.7%) and sabinene (5.8%). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The essential oil of Achillea falcata L.FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003Mine Kürkçüo Abstract Water-distilled oils of Achillea falcata L. collected from two different localities in Turkey were analysed by GC,MS. Fifty-two and 60 components were identi,ed, representing 95% and 90%, respectively, of the total oil. 1,8-Cineole (14,24%), camphor (4,24%), , -pinene (2,12%) were characterized as the main constituents. The enantiomeric distribution of 1S(,) camphor was measured as 93.3% and 99.6% in the two oils, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chemical composition of essential oils of Senecio nutans Sch.-Bip. (Asteraceae)FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2003Vincenzo De Feo Abstract The essential oils from the aerial parts of Senecio nutans Sch.-Bip., collected in two different localities at 3500 and 4800 m above sea level in the Department of Arequipa, Perù, were obtained by hydrodistillation in 0.16% and 0.18% yields, respectively, related to the fresh weight. The oils were characterized by GC and GC,MS analyses. In the oil from plants at the lower altitude, 21 of 25 components were identi,ed; the oil from the higher altitude site showed the presence of 46 components, 41 of which were identi,ed. Monoterpene hydrocarbons predominated in both oils, with sabinene and , -terpinene as the main constituents. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Localities and seasonal variations in the chemical composition of essential oils of Satureja montana L. and S. cuneifolia TenFLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001M. Milos Abstract The essential oils of Satureja montana L. and Satureja cuneifolia Ten. were subjected to detailed GC,MS analysis in order to determine possible similarities between them and also the differences in their chemical compositions, depending on the locality and the stage of development. The plant materials were collected prior to, during and after flowering from three different locations in the central part of Dalmatia (Croatia). For both plants the qualitative composition of the components appeared to be constant in three phenological stages and in three different localities. However, considerable differences were found to exist in the amounts of several compounds. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tectonic deformation of the Indochina Peninsula recorded in the Mesozoic palaeomagnetic resultsGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2009Kazuhiro Takemoto SUMMARY In order to describe features of tectonic deformation in the Indochina Peninsula, Early Jurassic to Early Cretaceous red sandstones were sampled at three localities in the Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks. Stepwise thermal treatment of most samples revealed the presence of characteristic remanent magnetization, which is generally unblocked by 680 °C. This component from Phong Saly (21.6°N, 101.9°E) and Borikhanxay (18.5°N, 103.8°E) localities yield positive fold tests with Late Jurassic,Early Cretaceous directions of Dec/Inc = 28.8°/32.1° (ks= 15.4, ,95= 8.8°, N= 22) and Dec/Inc = 42.1°/46.9° (ks= 20.1, ,95= 7.9°, N= 18), respectively. Additionally, a syn-folding mid-Cretaceous characteristic magnetization is observed in the samples of Muang Phin locality (16.5°N, 106.1°E), which gave a mean direction of Dec/Inc = 30.8°/39.9°, k= 102.6, ,95= 3.0°, N= 23. This reliable Late Jurassic to Mid-Cretaceous palaeomagnetic directions from three different localities are incorporated into a palaeomagnetic database for Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks. Based on these compilations, tectonic deformation of the Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks is summarized as follows: (1) the Shan-Thai and Indochina blocks experienced a clockwise rotation of about 10° as a composite unit in the early stage of India,Asia collision and (2) following this, the Shan-Thai Block underwent an internal tectonic deformation, whereas the Indochina Block behaved as a rigid tectonic unit during the same period. Comparison of our palaeomagnetic results with seismic tomographic images suggests that the strength of continental lithosphere beneath these blocks played an important role in the process of deformation rather than any other tectonic regime. In contrast to the Shan-Thai Block, an existence of continental roots beneath the Indochina Block prevented its internal deformation. [source] Phylogeny and biogeography of Yellow-headed and Blue-fronted Parrots (Amazona ochrocephala and Amazona aestiva) with special reference to the South American taxaIBIS, Issue 3 2007CAMILA C. RIBAS The Yellow-headed Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala) has a broad Neotropical distribution, ranging from Mexico to the Amazon Basin, and a history of complex taxonomy and controversial species limits. Recent molecular analyses have started to clarify the taxonomic arrangement of the complex, but have not included a representative geographical sampling from South America. These studies have shown that the Yellow-headed complex can be divided into three main lineages, and seems to be paraphyletic, due to the inclusion of the Blue-fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) that occurs in central South America. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of 45 representatives of the Yellow-headed complex from South and Central America, plus 13 Blue-fronted individuals from different localities in South America. Our analyses recover the three primary lineages found previously in the Yellow-headed complex, show that there is genetic structure in the South American lineage, which can be divided into two well-supported, closely related clades, and demonstrate that Blue-fronted samples are distributed in both clades. Differentiation of South American Blue-fronted and Yellow-headed Parrot populations does not correspond to the plumage differences used to distinguish the Blue-fronted Parrot from the Yellow-headed Parrot, nor to plumage differences used to distinguish among South American Yellow-headed subspecies. This suggests that traditional taxonomy based on plumage characters needs revision, and that this may be an interesting example of ongoing divergence-with-gene-flow related to the forest/open area ecotone in southern Amazonia. [source] Customary Law in Common Law SystemsIDS BULLETIN, Issue 1 2001Gordon R. Woodman Summaries How can the idea of the ,rule of law' be made a reality for ordinary people in African countries where customary law still underpins popular experience of ,law as practice'? It is argued that the idea of law itself should include all non-state ,normative orders' that are known, acceptable and pre-determined, as well as state law. What is called customary law is often closer to observed social norms (practised law) than the state law imported by colonialism, and indeed evolves in line with social and economic change, particularly in the field of land tenure. Any notion of the rule of law must support the institutions of customary law. One problem, however, is that in any country there are many different bodies of customary law particular to different localities, regions, cultures. This diversity must be both researched and recognised. [source] PCR-BASED TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION AND DETECTION OF TRICHOGRAMMA SPP. (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) WITH SPECIFIC PRIMERSINSECT SCIENCE, Issue 3 2002LI Zheng-xi Abstract The rDNA-ITS2 regions of T. dendrolimi Matsumura and T. ostriniae Pang et Chen (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were cloned and sequenced. The homologous sequences available in GenBank were retrieved and analyzed, and then specific primers were designed for molecular identification and detection of T. dendrolimi. Repeated screening showed that PCR amplification by the diagnostic primers enabled the differentiation of not only bulk samples and single adult (male or female), but also eggs and juveniles, which was not possible by conventional methods. The advantage of this system over morphology-based systems is that non-specialists are able to identify individuals or trace specimens efficiently. The derived molecular detection technique was then used to identify 12 specimens collected from different localities on the Chinese mainland; the results showed that this protocol could be applied to molecular monitoring of Trichogramma species in the field. Finally, 1132s of 6 geographical populations of T. dendrolimi (TdCHA, TDJL, TdXZ, TdKH, TdCZ and TdYBL) were cloned and sequenced. The multialignment analysis of intraspecific ITS2 sequences showed that the diagnostic primers have their own theoretical bases. [source] Analysis of Forensic SNPs in the Canine mtDNA HV1 Mutational Hotspot Region,JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES, Issue 6 2008Danielle T. Baute M.S. Abstract:, A 60 bp sequence variation hotspot in the canine mitochondrial DNA hypervariable region 1 was evaluated for its use in forensic investigations. Nineteen haplotypes containing 18 single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed among laboratory-generated and GenBank-derived domestic dog sequences representing five regional localities in the U.S. Samples from the different localities were highly variable with the levels of intra-population variability being similar among the populations studied. AMOVA further confirmed that there was no significant genetic structuring of the populations. Assays using these haplotypes were robust, canid specific and portend a rapid method for correctly excluding individual dogs as noncontributors of forensic evidence. Species-specificity of the primers was confirmed by means of in-tube polymerase chain reaction of human and cat DNA and in-silico assessment of the genomes of several animal species. Breed-specific fragments were not detected among the common haplotypes but there is evidence that this assay may be capable of differentiating domestic dog, wolf, and coyote sequences. [source] Raman spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral churchite-(Y) YPO4·2H2OJOURNAL OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY, Issue 2 2010Ray L. Frost Abstract Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the rare-earth mineral churchite-(Y) of formula (Y,REE)(PO4) ·2H2O, where rare-earth element (REE) is a rare-earth element. The mineral contains yttrium and, depending on the locality, a range of rare-earth metals. The Raman spectra of two churchite-(Y) mineral samples from Jáchymov and Medv,dín in the Czech Republic were compared with the Raman spectra of churchite-(Y) downloaded from the RRUFF data base. The Raman spectra of churchite-(Y) are characterized by an intense sharp band at 975 cm,1 assigned to the ,1 (PO43,) symmetric stretching mode. A lower intensity band observed at around 1065 cm,1 is attributed to the ,3 (PO43,) antisymmetric stretching mode. The (PO43,) bending modes are observed at 497 cm,1 (,2) and 563 cm,1 (,4). Some small differences in the band positions between the four churchite-(Y) samples from four different localities were found. These differences may be ascribed to the different compositions of the churchite-(Y) minerals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Chloroplast microsatellites reveal colonization and metapopulation dynamics in the Canary Island pineMOLECULAR ECOLOGY, Issue 10 2006MIGUEL NAVASCUÉS Abstract Chloroplast microsatellites are becoming increasingly popular markers for population genetic studies in plants, but there has been little focus on their potential for demographic inference. In this work the utility of chloroplast microsatellites for the study of population expansions was explored. First, we investigated the power of mismatch distribution analysis and the FS test with coalescent simulations of different demographic scenarios. We then applied these methods to empirical data obtained for the Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis). The results of the simulations showed that chloroplast microsatellites are sensitive to sudden population growth. The power of the FS test and accuracy of demographic parameter estimates, such as the time of expansion, were reduced proportionally to the level of homoplasy within the data. The analysis of Canary Island pine chloroplast microsatellite data indicated population expansions for almost all sample localities. Demographic expansions at the island level can be explained by the colonization of the archipelago by the pine, while population expansions of different ages in different localities within an island could be the result of local extinctions and recolonization dynamics. Comparable mitochondrial DNA sequence data from a parasite of P. canariensis, the weevil Brachyderes rugatus, supports this scenario, suggesting a key role for volcanism in the evolution of pine forest communities in the Canary Islands. [source] PRIMER NOTE: Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for the endangered Korean freshwater fish Hemibarbus mylodonMOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 3 2007WOO-JIN KIM Abstract Korean barbel, Hemibarbus mylodon, is an endangered freshwater species endemic to Korea. In order to undertake a conservation program for this species in Korea, it is essential to evaluate its genetic diversity and population structure. For this purpose, we developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers and examined their allelic variation using a total of 60 wild individuals collected from three different localities. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 26. The expected and observed heterozygosities per locus ranged from 0.19 to 0.94 and from 0.20 to 0.98, respectively. Significant departures from Hardy,Weinberg equilibrium expectations occurred in four loci. These markers will be useful for the assessment of genetic diversity for this species. [source] Isolation and characterization of six polymorphic microsatellite loci in South African hares (Lepus saxatilis F. Cuvier, 1823 and Lepus capensis Linnaeus, 1758)MOLECULAR ECOLOGY RESOURCES, Issue 4 2002U. Kryger Abstract We have developed six novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers for the scrub hare, Lepus saxatilis. These markers have been tested for 150 scrub hares and 67 Cape hares from different localities across southern Africa. All six loci amplified consistently well and most were highly polymorphic. Four loci amplified consistently in five different leporid genera. The microsatellites presented here will be useful for phylogeographical studies in the scrub hare and other leporidae. [source] Genetic diversity in populations of the fungi Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum on grapevine in FrancePLANT PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2002B. Borie Isolates of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (Phc) and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum (Pha), two haploid, deuteromycetous fungi, were obtained from vines showing symptoms of esca disease in different localities in two French regions, and within a single vineyard in one of these regions. The population genetic structure was determined in both fungi using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. Populations of Phc showed similar levels of diversity at local and regional levels. The most frequent Phc haplotypes were found in every population, and the frequencies of positive alleles of markers were similar across populations. The hypothesis that recombination had occurred was rejected for the full set of samples, but not for the samples reduced to haplotypes, indicating that Phc may be a recombining species. Different features were identified in Pha populations. First, the southern population of Pha appeared more diverse than the south-western populations. Second, genetic differentiation was identified between Pha populations from southern and south-western regions for several RAPDs. Finally, in the southern population of Pha no evidence for recombination was obtained, even by reducing the sample to haplotypes. Within the single vineyard surveyed, several haplotypes of both fungi were recovered and randomly distributed. Thus different infection events appeared to have occurred on a low spatial scale. Data from this study showed that haplotypes of both fungi were distributed over long distances geographically, and that most of the vineyards surveyed were infested by more than one haplotype of Phc and Pha. [source] Primate conservation: integrating communities through environmental education programsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2010Suzana M. Padua Abstract Environmental education has evolved over the years to respond to the varied complexities found in the different localities where it is practiced. In many parts of the world where biodiversity is rich, social conditions are poor, so educators have included sustainable development alternatives to better the environment and the livelihoods of local communities. Primate conservation education programs, which are often based in areas that face such challenges, have been a vanguard in creating means to integrate people with their natural environment and thus conquer supporters for the protection of natural habitats. In the search for effectiveness they have adopted evaluation methods to help assess what was offered. An example from Brazil is described in this commentary. Am. J. Primatol. 72:450,453, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] First record of tool use by wild populations of the yellow-breasted capuchin monkey (Cebus xanthosternos) and new records for the bearded capuchin (Cebus libidinosus)AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Gustavo Rodrigues Canale Abstract Reports on use of stones as hammers and anvils to open hard nuts by wild capuchin monkeys are scarce and limited to Cebus libidinosus. Here, we report for the first time data on tool use,stones as hammer and anvils to open nuts,in wild C. xanthosternos and a description of new tool using sites for C. libidinosus. Our records were made by visiting anvil sites and by information obtained from local residents. We surveyed three different biomes: Caatinga (dry forest and thorn scrub), Cerrado (Brazilian bush savannah), and Atlantic forest (wet forest), all records of tool use were from Caatinga or transitional areas between habitats. The behavior is suggested to be routinely performed and widespread among several populations. The fruits of six plant species in different localities were opened with hammer stones by C. xanthosternos. Hammer stones were of similar weigh as those described in other studies of C. libidinosus. Conditions found in Caatinga, such as a more frequent use of the ground by the monkeys and/or food scarcity, may play an important role in the acquisition of nut-cracking behavior. The absence of more reports of nut cracking and other forms of tool use in other species of wild Cebus is likely to result from a lack of surveys in very dry and food limited habitats or intrinsic characteristics of other Cebus species. Am. J. Primatol. 71:366,372, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Geographic variation in loud calls of sportive lemurs (Lepilemur ssp.) and their implications for conservationAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 9 2008Maria Méndez-Cárdenas Abstract Bioacoustical studies in nonhuman primates have shown that loud calls can be reliably used as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for discriminating cryptic taxa, for their monitoring in the field as well as for the reconstruction of their phylogeny. To date, it is unknown, whether loud calls can be used for these purposes in sportive lemurs, for which current genetic studies suggest the existence of at least 24 cryptic species. The aim of this study was to compare the structure of loud calls of populations of sportive lemurs to characterize informative acoustic traits for taxa discrimination and to establish a phylogenetic tree based on acoustic structure. We have based our study on Inter-River-Systems (IRSs) as operational taxonomic units. Samples were collected from nine different localities of four IRSs along a transect from northwestern to northern Madagascar. Two call types, the ouah and the high-pitched call, were present in almost all IRSs. Six temporal and eight spectral parameters were measured in 196 calls of the best quality given by 21 different males. Variation within and between IRSs was assessed by multivariate statistics. Loud calls differed significantly among the different IRSs. The IRSs varied most in spectral parameters, whereas temporal parameters were less variable. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony yielded 11 out of 17 acoustic characters as phylogenetically informative. The acoustic tree had an average branch support of 78%. Its topology coincided less with geographic distances than with genetic tree topology. Altogether our findings revealed that loud calls separated geographically isolated populations of sportive lemurs specifically. Based on these results, noninvasive tools for diagnosis and monitoring of cryptic species in nature can be developed for conservation management. Am. J. Primatol. 70:828,838, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] THE OCCURRENCE OF PALYGORSKITE IN THE YUCATÁN PENINSULA: ETHNO-HISTORIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS*ARCHAEOMETRY, Issue 2 2009M. SÁNCHEZ DEL RÍO Palygorskite is a rare clay mineral used by the ancient Mayas for fabricating the Maya blue pigment and for other purposes. It seems to have been obtained from a restricted area in the Yucatán peninsula where important archaeological sites are found. Geological samples from different localities in this area show a high content in palygorskite, indicating that this clay is widespread in Yucatán. Combining structural, morphological, compositional and geochemical methods, we analysed the common characteristics of Yucatecan palygorskites, and compared them with palygorskites from other origins around the world. These results can be used for defining a fingerprint of Yucatecan palygorskite to be used in provenance studies of archaeological artefacts, in particular the Maya blue pigment. [source] Biogeography meets conservation: the genetic structure of the endangered lycaenid butterfly Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2010JAN CHRISTIAN HABEL Cold-adapted species are thought to have had their largest distribution ranges in central Europe during the glacial periods. Postglacial warming caused severe range shifts of such taxa into higher latitudes and altitudes. We selected the boreomontane butterfly Lycaena helle (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) as an example to demonstrate the genetic effects of range changes, and to document the recent status of highly fragmented remnant populations. We analysed five polymorphic microsatellite loci in 1059 individuals sampled at 50 different localities scattered over the European distribution area of the species. Genetic differentiation was strong among the mountain ranges of western Europe, but we did not detect similarly distinct genetic groups following a geographical pattern in the more eastern areas. The Fennoscandian populations form a separate genetic group, and provide evidence for a colonization from southern Finland via northern Scandinavia to south-central Sweden. Species distribution modelling suggests a large extension of the spatial distribution during the last glacial maximum, but highlights strong retractions to a few mountain areas under current conditions. These findings, combined with our genetic data, suggest a more or less continuous distribution of L. helle throughout central Europe at the end of the last ice age. As a consequence of postglacial warming, the species retreated northwards to Fennoscandia and escaped increasing temperatures through altitudinal shifts. Therefore, the species is today restricted to population remnants located at the mountain tops of western Europe, genetically isolated from each other, and evolved into genetically unique entities. Rising temperatures and advancing habitat destruction threaten this wealth of biodiversity. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101, 155,168. [source] The adaptive role of Phosphoglucomutase and other allozymes in a marine snail across the vertical rocky-shore gradientBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009JUAN GALINDO Natural selection can play an important role in the maintenance of genetic polymorphisms, despite ongoing gene flow. In the present study, we use previously analysed allozymic loci and perform an FST outlier-based analysis to detect the signatures of divergent selection between sympatric ecotypes of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis at different localities. The results obtained show that different allozyme polymorphisms are affected (directly or indirectly) by selection at distinct geographical regions. The Phosmogluco mutase-2 locus was the best candidate for adaptation and further biochemical analyses were performed. The kinetic properties of the three more common genotypes of Pgm-2 were studied. The results obtained are concordant with two alternative hypotheses: (1) natural selection is acting directly on this locus or, more probably, (2) selection is affecting a genomic region tightly linked to the enzyme locus. In both cases, the known existence of a parallel and partially independent origin of these ecotypes would explain why different candidate loci were detected in different localities. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 98, 225,233. [source] Life history evolution in a globally invading tephritid: patterns of survival and reproduction in medflies from six world regionsBIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY, Issue 1 2009ALEXANDROS D. DIAMANTIDIS Comparisons among populations from different localities represent an important tool in the study of evolution. Medflies have colonized many temperate and tropical areas all over the world during the last few centuries. In a common garden environment, we examined whether medfly populations obtained from six global regions [Africa (Kenya), Pacific (Hawaii), Central America (Guatemala), South America (Brazil), Extra-Mediterranean (Portugal) and Mediterranean (Greece)] have evolved different survival and reproductive schedules. Whereas females were either short-lived [life expectancy at eclosion (e0) 48,58 days; Kenya, Hawaii and Guatemala] or long-lived (e0 72,76 days; Greece, Portugal and Brazil], males with one exception (Guatemala) were generally long-lived (e0 106,122 days). Although males universally outlived females in all populations, the longevity gender gap was highly variable (20,58 days). Lifetime fecundity rates were similar among populations. However, large differences were observed in their age-specific reproductive patterns. Short-lived populations mature at earlier ages and allocate more of their resources to reproduction early in life compared with long-lived ones. In all populations, females experienced a post-reproductive lifespan, with this segment being significantly longer in Kenyan flies. Therefore, it seems plausible that medfly populations, inhabiting ecologically diverse habitats, have evolved different life history strategies to cope with local environmental conditions. © 2009 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2009, 97, 106,117. [source] Simultaneous determination of eight major steroids from Polyporus umbellatus by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detectionsBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2010Ying-yong Zhao Abstract Polyporus umbellatus is a widely used diuretic herbal medicine. In this study, a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization,mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-APCI-MS) method was developed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of steroids, as well as for the quality control of Polyporus umbellatus. The selectivity, reproducibility and sensitivity were compared with HPLC with photodiode array detection and evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD). Selective ion monitoring in positive mode was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of eight major components and ,-ecdysterone was used as the internal standard. Limits of detection and quantification fell in the ranges 7,21 and 18,63 ng/mL for the eight analytes with an injection of 10 µL samples, and all calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2 > 0.9919) within the test range. The quantitative results demonstrated that samples from different localities showed different qualities. Advantages, in comparison with conventional HPLC,diode array detection and HPLC-ELSD, are that reliable identification of target compounds could be achieved by accurate mass measurements along with characteristic retention time, and the great enhancement in selectivity and sensitivity allows identification and quantification of low levels of constituents in complex Polyporus umbellatus matrixes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||