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Different Circumstances (different + circumstance)
Selected AbstractsThe Elephant in the Corner?GEOGRAPHY COMPASS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 2 2010Reviewing India-Africa Relations in the New Millennium As countries of the ,global South' seek to challenge existing uneven architectures of economic, political and institutional power, now under different circumstances to those prevailing during the Cold War, relations between African countries and various ,Rising Powers' have drawn a great deal of academic and public attention. This scrutiny has been heavily tilted towards analysis of China's African activities. This paper aims to partially redress this balance with an introductory review of India's contemporary relations with sub-Saharan Africa. A number of analysts suggest that in the longer term, India may well achieve a more prosperous and stable economy than China, while in the shorter term, its economic and political profile may result in a more productive relationship for many different African countries, sectors and constituencies. But India will also bring its own challenges in its African commercial interactions, bilateral relations and through its part in shaping the multilateral polity and global economy. This paper therefore aims to critically review contemporary India-Africa relations on four broad thematic points. 1Changing geographies of Indo-African relations; 2Trade and foreign direct investment; 3Development cooperation; and 4Geopolitics and diplomacy. India's confidence as a global political and economic actor is apparent in its African diplomacy and economic engagements, but claims to exceptionalism (relative both to Chinese and Western actors) in such relations are not as self-evident as some have asserted. Whether recent shifts in relations between African nations and India will work in the interests of less privileged citizens, workers and consumers in Africa and in India also remain unclear. [source] Ovarian Hormones and Migraine Headache: Understanding Mechanisms and Pathogenesis,Part 2HEADACHE, Issue 3 2006Vincent T. Martin MD Migraine headache is strongly influenced by reproductive events that occur throughout the lifespan of women. Each of these reproductive events has a different "hormonal milieu," which might modulate the clinical course of migraine headache. Estrogen and progesterone can be preventative or provocative for migraine headache under different circumstances depending on their absolute serum levels, constancy of exposure, and types of estrogen/progesterone derivatives. Attacks of migraine with and without aura respond differently to changes in ovarian hormones. Clearly a greater knowledge of ovarian hormones and their effect on migraine is essential to a greater understanding of the mechanisms and pathogenesis of migraine headache. [source] Significance of processes in the near-stream zone on stream water acidity in a small acidified forested catchmentHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 2 2001Jens Fölster Abstract The near-stream zone has received increasing attention owing to its influence on stream water chemistry in general and acidity in particular. Possible processes in this zone include cation exchange, leaching of organic matter and redox reactions of sulphur compounds. In this study the influences of processes in the near-stream zone on the acidity in runoff from a small, acidified catchment in central southern Sweden were investigated. The study included sampling of groundwater, soil water and stream water along with hydrological measurements. An input,output budget for the catchment was established based on data from the International Co-operative Programme on Integrated Monitoring at this site. The catchment was heavily acidified by deposition of anthropogenic sulphur, with pH in stream water between 4·4 and 4·6. There was also no relationship between stream flow and pH, which is indicative of chronic acidification. Indications of microbial reduction of sulphate were found in some places near the stream, but the near-stream zone did not have a general impact on the sulphate concentration in discharging groundwater. The near-stream zone was a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the stream, which had a median DOC of 6·8 mg L1. The influence on stream acidity from organic anions was overshadowed by the effect of sulphate, however, except during a spring flow episode, when additional organic matter was flushed out and the sulphate-rich ground water was mixed with more diluted event water. Ion exchange was not an important process in the near-stream zone of the Kindla catchment. Different functions of the near-stream zone relating to discharge acidity are reported in the literature. In this study there was even a variation within the site. There is therefore a need for more case studies to provide a more detailed understanding of the net effects that the near-stream zone can have on stream chemistry under different circumstances. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Hypoxia-inducible factor-1, in non small cell lung cancer: Relation to growth factor, protease and apoptosis pathwaysINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER, Issue 1 2004Daniel E.B. Swinson Abstract Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1, is the regulatory subunit of HIF-1 that is stabilized under hypoxic conditions. Under different circumstances, HIF-1, may promote both tumorigenesis and apoptosis. There is conflicting data on the importance of HIF-1, as a prognostic factor. This study evaluated HIF-1, expression in 172 consecutive patients with stage I,IIIA non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using standard immunohistochemical techniques. The extent of HIF-1, nuclear immunostaining was determined using light microscopy and the results were analyzed using the median (5%) as a low cut-point and 60% as a high positive cut-point. Using the low cut-point, positive associations were found with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; p = 0.01), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 (p = 0.003), membranous (p < 0.001) and perinuclear (p = 0.004) carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX, p53 (p = 0.008), T-stage (p = 0.042), tumor necrosis (TN; p < 0.001) and squamous histology (p < 0.001). No significant association was found with Bcl-2 or either N- or overall TMN stage or prognosis. When the high positive cut-point was used, HIF-1, was associated with a poor prognosis (p = 0.034). In conclusion, the associations with EGFR, MMP-9, p53 and CA IX suggest that these factors may either regulate or be regulated by HIF-1,. The association with TN and squamous-type histology, which is relatively more necrotic than other NSCLC types, reflects the role of hypoxia in the regulation of HIF-1,. The prognostic data may reflect a change in the behavior of HIF-1, in increasingly hypoxic environments. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Authority and leadership: the evolution of nursing management in 19th century teaching hospitalsJOURNAL OF NURSING MANAGEMENT, Issue 1 2008CAROL HELMSTADTER BA (Hons), RN (Retd) Aim, This study shows why some 19th century nursing managers were successful and some were not. Background, With the exception of Florence Nightingale, almost nothing has been written about 19th century nursing managers. Method, Classical historical method is used. Extensive use is made of secondary sources. Primary sources are found in the archives of the 12 London teaching hospitals, the Radcliffe Infirmary, the Convents of St John the Divine and the All Saints Sisters, and 16 000 Nightingale documents in the Collected Works of Florence Nightingale. Results, Success in delivering a highly competent nursing service depended on the matron's leadership and legitimate authority but she also had to have the support of her hospital board to gain access to allocation of scarce resources. Implications for nursing management, While the 19th century hospital environment was very different, how nurses directed under different circumstances clarifies our knowledge of successful nursing management in 2007. [source] State-dependent prey type preferences of a kleptoparasitic spider Argyrodes flavescens (Araneae: Theridiidae)JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY, Issue 3 2003Teck Hui Koh Spiders from the theridiid genus Argyrodes exhibit considerable variation in foraging tactics. However, little is known about the conditions under which Argyrodes spiders switch foraging tactics. Argyrodes flavescens (Pickard-Cambridge) is commonly found in the webs of another spider Nephila pilipes (Fabricius) in Singapore. In this study, a series of prey-choice tests were conducted for A. flavescens, both in the presence and absence of N. pilipes, to investigate the state-dependent prey type preference of A. flavescens. It was found that, in the absence of N. pilipes, well-fed A. flavescens took houseflies more than fruit flies, but starved A. flavescens took more fruit flies than houseflies. Whether N. pilipes spiders were present or absent, both well-fed and starved A. flavescens preferred living prey and rarely took wrapped prey of any kind. When well fed, A. flavescens rarely took mealworms. However, when starved, A. flavescens tended to take freshly captured prey, and also tended to feed together with N. pilipes on a housefly or mealworm captured by N. pilipes. Whether A. flavescens were absent or present, both well-fed and starved N. pilipes took mealworm larvae more often than they took houseflies, and they never attacked fruit flies. This is the first study to show that Argyrodes spiders alter their foraging tactics depending on hunger level, prey type, or the presence of the host. In doing so, Argyrodes spiders may maximize their energy gain and minimize predation risk in different circumstances. [source] Means and Capabilities in the Discussion of Distributive Justice,RATIO JURIS, Issue 1 2006GUSTAVO PEREIRA This can be achieved by concentrating on arrangements of justice working within the parameter of equality of resources that equalize capabilities at a level of minima, thus avoiding the perfectionist risk and, once the threshold that ensures autonomous subjects is passed, ruled by criteria taken from theories of means. In such a task, the concept of moral person will be used as the criterion for determining the threshold of autonomy, and not only will it allow for the discrimination between the different circumstances that make the application of distributive criteria possible, but it will also specify the circumstances in which it is possible to attribute responsibility to an agent. [source] Gender disparities in mental health service use of Puerto Rican children and adolescentsTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 8 2006José J. Cabiya Background:, Differences in service utilization indicating that boys use more mental health services than girls were analyzed to see if they could be explained by known correlates of service use. These correlates were arranged into individual (severe emotional disturbance, level of impairment and externalizing disorders), family (parental education, psychopathology and parental concern) and school factors (difficulties with school work). The objectives were to understand and identify the factors accounting for gender differences in mental health service utilization in order to develop alternatives to promote equity in service delivery. Methods:, A representative sample of 1,896 children 4 to 17 years of age and their primary caretakers were interviewed for this study. Reports of service use were obtained using the Service Assessment for Children and Adolescents. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between gender and service use, adjusting for known correlates. Results:, Our results showed that, except for impairment, other individual, family and school factors did not explain gender differences in service utilization. Males with impairment were 2.87 times more likely to receive services than impaired females (p , .01), and this result continued to hold true for impaired undiagnosed boys compared to impaired diagnoses-free girls (p , .001). Conclusions:, Our findings showed a service disparity between impaired boys and girls who did not meet criteria for a DSM IV diagnosis, but no observed differences in service use between boys and girls who met criteria for severe emotional disturbance (SED). Continued investigations are necessary to analyze, assess and understand the different circumstances that bring boys and girls into treatment, followed by the development of appropriate intervention programs at the school and community levels. [source] Ecological correlates of body size in relation to cell size and cell number: patterns in flies, fish, fruits and foliageBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 2 2007Jeff Arendt Abstract Body size is important to most aspects of biology and is also one of the most labile traits. Despite its importance we know remarkably little about the proximate (developmental) factors that determine body size under different circumstances. Here, I review what is known about how cell size and number contribute to phenetic and genetic variation in body size in Drosophila melanogaster, several fish, and fruits and leaves of some angiosperms. Variation in resources influences size primarily through changes in cell number while temperature acts through cell size. The difference in cellular mechanism may also explain the differences in growth trajectories resulting from food and temperature manipulations. There is, however, a poorly recognized interaction between food and temperature effects that needs further study. In addition, flies show a sexual dimorphism in temperature effects with the larger sex responding by changes in cell size and the smaller sex showing changes in both cell size and number. Leaf size is more variable than other organs, but there appears to be a consistent difference between how shade-tolerant and shade-intolerant species respond to light level. The former have larger leaves via cell size under shade, the latter via cell number in light conditions. Genetic differences, primarily from comparisons of D. melanogaster, show similar variation. Direct selection on body size alters cell number only, while temperature selection results in increased cell size and decreased cell number. Population comparisons along latitudinal clines show that larger flies have both larger cells and more cells. Use of these proximate patterns can give clues as to how selection acts in the wild. For example, the latitudinal pattern in D. melanogaster is usually assumed to be due to temperature, but the cellular pattern does not match that seen in laboratory selection at different temperatures. [source] PSYCHIC RETREATS REVISITED: BINDING PRIMITIVE DESTRUCTIVENESS, OR SECURING THE OBJECT?BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOTHERAPY, Issue 2 2002A MATTER OF EMPHASIS? ABSTRACT This paper argues that a potent cause of impasse in analysis/psychotherapy is the fear of annihilation by uncontained affect, and that the ,retreat'(Steiner 1993) to which the patient has recourse is often prompted by such anxiety rather than by paranoid-schizoid or depressive anxiety. Such retreats are marked by defensive attempts to occupy the object, to abolish separation, and to avoid emotional links that are feared will bring on the overwhelming affect related to attachment failures from the past. Thus, analysis itself is perceived unconsciously to be the disaster against which the patient is likely to implement an impasse. This approach offers an alternative to the concept of retreat as described by Steiner (ibid.), but is not intended to replace it. Either model may be indicated clinically in different circumstances. The author introduces the theories of Armando Ferrari and Ignacio Matte Blanco, both consonant with Ogden's theory of the autistic-contiguous position and offering alternative explanations for the clinical phenomena. The technical implications of these considerations are then discussed in relation to some of the clinical material from Steiner's (2000) paper, ,Containment, enactment and communication'. [source] The compelling effects of compulsory schooling: evidence from CanadaCANADIAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS, Issue 1 2006Philip Oreopoulos The implications of these laws, however, are not well understood. Historical changes to compulsory schooling in Canada permit an examination of their effects on would-be-dropouts under very different circumstances than those during changes in other countries. Mandating education substantially increased adult income and substantially decreased the likelihood of being below the low-income cut-off unemployed, and in a manual occupation. These findings suggest significant gains from this legislation, which seem unlikely offset by the costs incurred while having to remain in school. JEL classification: I20, I28 Les effets incontournables de l'école obligatoire: résultats pour le Canada., Des lois sur l'école obligatoire existent depuis plus de cent ans et on continue à discuter la possibilité d'en allonger le mandat. Les impacts de ces lois ne sont cependant pas très bien compris. Des changements à cette législation à divers moments dans l'histoire au Canada permettent d'examiner les effets de ces lois sur le décrochage scolaire dans des situations très différentes de celles observées dans d'autres pays. L'instruction obligatoire augmente substantiellement le niveau de revenu à l'âge adulte et réduit de manière substantielle la probabilité d'avoir un Revenu très faible, d'être en chômage et d'être un travailleur manuel. Ces résultats suggèrent que cette législation a des effets bénéfiques significatifs qui ne sont vraisemblablement pas compensés par les coûts encourus en restant à l'école. [source] | ||||||||||||||||