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Difference Being (difference + being)
Selected AbstractsNMR investigations of subunit c of the ATP synthase from Propionigenium modestum in chloroform/methanol/water (4 : 4 : 1)FEBS JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002Ulrich Matthey The subunit c from the ATP synthase of Propionigenium modestum was studied by NMR in chloroform/methanol/water (4 : 4 : 1). In this solvent, subunit c consists of two helical segments, comprised of residues L5 to I26 and G29 to N82, respectively. On comparing the secondary structure of subunit c from P. modestum in the organic solvent mixture with that in dodecylsulfate micelles several deviations became apparent: in the organic solvent, the interruption of the ,,helical structure within the conserved GXGXGXGX motif was shortened from five to two residues, the prominent interruption of the ,,helical structure in the cystoplasmic loop region was not apparent, and neither was there a break in the ,,helix after the sodium ion-binding Glu65 residue. The folding of subunit c of P. modestum in the organic solvent also deviated from that of Escherichia coli in the same environment, the most important difference being that subunit c of P. modestum did not adopt a stable hairpin structure like subunit c of E. coli. [source] In vivo determination of root canal length: a preliminary report using the Tri Auto ZX apex-locating handpieceINTERNATIONAL ENDODONTIC JOURNAL, Issue 7 2002F. Grimberg Abstract Aim The aim of this study was to assess the clinical perfomance of a cordless handpiece with a built-in apex locator , the Tri Auto ZX , designed for root canal preparation with nickel-titanium rotary files. Methodology Twenty-five human maxillary incisor and canine teeth scheduled for extraction with mature apices were selected for the study. Informed written consent was obtained from each patient before treatment. After administration of local anaesthesia, the teeth were isolated and the pulp cavities accessed. The Tri Auto ZX along with a size 15 K-file was used in its electronic apex locating function based on the manufacturer's recommendations. A periapical radiograph with the file at the electronically determined constriction was taken, the file removed and the measurement registered as the electronic length (EL). To test the auto reverse function, a size 20 ProFile .04 taper NiTi rotary instrument was mounted in the handpiece. The point for the auto apical reverse function was preset on the panel at the 0.5 mm level. After the file was introduced into the canal and reached the predetermined level, the file automatically stopped and rotated in the opposite direction. A reference point was marked and this measurement was registered as the auto reverse length (ARL). All measurements were made twice by two different investigators. Teeth were then extracted and immersed in a 20% formalin solution for 48 h. After fixation, a size 15 file was inserted into the canal to measure the actual root canal length from the same reference point obtained with the Tri Auto ZX to the apical foramen, as seen in the stereo microscope. When the file tip was visible at the anatomical end of the canal it was withdrawn 0.5 mm and this measurement was registered as the actual length (AL). All measurements were expressed in mm and the measuring accuracy was set to 0.5 mm. The significance of the mean differences between EL and ARL and between EL and AL measurements at the 5% confidence level was evaluated. Results EL measurements were coincident to ARL in all instances. EL and ARL were coincident to AL in 10 (40%) canals, in the remaining 15 canals (60%) the AL measurements were longer than EL and ARL (+0.5 mm) in 14 instances and shorter (,0.5 mm) in one case. Overall, the AL was longer than the EL or ARL, the mean difference being ,0.23 mm ± 0.32 (P < 0.05). Conclusions It was concluded that the Tri Auto ZX was useful and reliable. The Tri Auto ZX measurements protected against overpreparation. [source] Hybrid LES-RANS modelling: a one-equation SGS model combined with a k,, model for predicting recirculating flowsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 9 2003L. Davidson Abstract A hybrid LES-RANS modelling approach is proposed. RANS is used in the near wall regions (y+,60), and the turbulence is modelled with a k,, model. LES is used in the remaining part of the flow, and the SGS turbulence is modelled with a one-equation ksgs model. The same continuity and momentum equations are solved throughout the domain, the only difference being that the turbulent viscosity is taken from the k,, model in the RANS region, and from the one-equation ksgs model in the LES region. The new modelling approach is applied to two incompressible flow test cases. They are fully developed flow in a plane channel and the flow over a 2D-hill in a channel. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Positivity-preserving, flux-limited finite-difference and finite-element methods for reactive transportINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 2 2003Robert J. MacKinnon Abstract A new class of positivity-preserving, flux-limited finite-difference and Petrov,Galerkin (PG) finite-element methods are devised for reactive transport problems. The methods are similar to classical TVD flux-limited schemes with the main difference being that the flux-limiter constraint is designed to preserve positivity for problems involving diffusion and reaction. In the finite-element formulation, we also consider the effect of numerical quadrature in the lumped and consistent mass matrix forms on the positivity-preserving property. Analysis of the latter scheme shows that positivity-preserving solutions of the resulting difference equations can only be guaranteed if the flux-limited scheme is both implicit and satisfies an additional lower-bound condition on time-step size. We show that this condition also applies to standard Galerkin linear finite-element approximations to the linear diffusion equation. Numerical experiments are provided to demonstrate the behavior of the methods and confirm the theoretical conditions on time-step size, mesh spacing, and flux limiting for transport problems with and without nonlinear reaction. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Miscible displacements with a chemical reaction in a capillary tubeAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 3 2008Yuichiro Nagatsu Abstract Miscible displacement of a more-viscous liquid by a less-viscous one with a chemical reaction in a capillary tube was investigated experimentally and theoretically. In such a flow field, the less-viscous liquid continuously leaks from the tip of the finger-shaped boundary between the two liquids to form another thin finger depending on flow condition. This is called a "spike." Experimental results show that in the spike product is clearly or scarcely observed when the initial reactant concentration in the less-viscous liquid is sufficiently larger or smaller than the stoichiometry, respectively. On the basis of theoretical results, a model is proposed in which the difference in the reaction plane's location in either the less-viscous liquid or in the boundary (determined by the variation in the initial reactant concentrations) results in a significant difference between the locations of the boundary and the reaction plane, this difference being affected by the spike configuration of the boundary. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008 [source] The determination of freeway space using two different methodsJOURNAL OF ORAL REHABILITATION, Issue 10 2002A. Johnson summary, The aim of this study was to determine the average freeway space of dentate subjects and relate this to recommended ranges for edentulous patients, also to see if any differences were observed between two different methods of measuring freeway space. The freeway space of 72 dentate subjects was measured, first using a Willis gauge, and secondly using a pair of sprung dividers. The intra- and interoperator variability was evaluated as was the reproducibility of the accuracy of both techniques. The mean freeway space using the Willis gauge was 3·3 mm, for both intra and inter operator variability, and with the sprung dividers 3·1 and 2·9 mm, respectively, with no significant difference being seen between any combination of results (P > 0·05). Individual measurements within the two measuring methods being assessed showed significant differences (P < 0·05). The mean measurements of freeway space in dentate subjects found in this study were within the recommended 2,4 mm range, however, 15% of the subjects in the study had freeway space measurements outside this range. This study would suggest that the range for freeway space measurement could more realistically be 2,7 mm. [source] Characterization and Identification of Asexual Strains of Pythium Associated with Root Rot of Rose in JapanJOURNAL OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY, Issue 9 2003K. Kageyama Abstract This study was conducted to survey the distribution of asexual isolates of Pythium in rose production and to characterize and identify them. Asexual isolates with proliferating globose sporangia belong to group P according to the key of van der Plaats-Niterink (1981; Monograph of the genus Pythium. Studies in Mycology, Vol. 21, Centraalbueau Voor Schimmelcultures, Baarn, The Netherlands). Group P isolates were recovered from rotted roots of both cutting and miniature roses cultured in rock wool and ebb-and-flow culture systems, respectively, throughout the main rose production area of Japan. The typical feature of the P group isolates was that they could grow fast at high temperature, at least 30 mm per 24 h at 35°C. There was no difference between the P group isolates and P. helicoides in morphology and size of sporangia and sporangial germination mode. The symptoms caused by the group P isolates were root rot, followed by leaf blight and plant death in severe cases. In restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the rDNA-ITS region, the banding patterns with five of six enzymes were identical between group P and P. helicoides, the only difference being seen with HhaI. In direct amplification analysis of minisatellite-region DNA with M13 primer, group P and P. helicoides shared three of five distinct bands. In contrast, P. oedochilum and P. ostracodes showed different banding patterns except for each one band. The results suggest that the group P isolates obtained from rose root rot may be asexual strains of P. helicoides. [source] Skin conductance or entropy for detection of non-noxious stimulation during different clinical levels of sedationACTA ANAESTHESIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2007A. C. Gjerstad Background:, State entropy (SE) measures electroencephalographic signals, whereas response entropy (RE) also includes frontal electromyographic activity. In the presence of electromyographic activity, the RE index is larger than the SE index, the difference being denoted as RE-, (RE-,= RE , SE). Skin conductance (SC) may be expressed by a slow reacting variable, the mean SC level, the derivate of the mean SC level (D-SC), the number of SC fluctuations (NSCF) or the amplitude of the SC fluctuations (ASCF), which directly shows skin sympathetic nerve activity. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether these SC and entropy variables could differentiate between the responses obtained to load sound stimuli at different sedation levels before the induction of general anaesthesia. Methods:, Twenty women scheduled for gynaecological laparotomy were studied. The modified observer's assessment of alertness sedation (OAAS) was used to classify the patients' hypnotic levels. White sounds (98 dB) were given at OAAS level 5 without propofol, at OAAS levels 4,3 and 3,2 with propofol and at OAAS levels 3,2 and < 2 with propofol and remifentanil. Results:, RE and SE showed a steady decline from OAAS level 5 to level < 2 (P < 0.01). RE-, did not discriminate between any of the OAAS levels (P= NS). The mean SC level discriminated between OAAS levels 4,3 to < 2 (P < 0.01). D-SC discriminated between all the different OAAS levels (P < 0.01). NSCF discriminated between OAAS levels 5 to 3,2 (P < 0.05), but did not discriminate at OAAS level 3,2 between propofol alone or combined with remifentanil, or between OAAS level 3,2 and < 2. ASCF differentiated between OAAS levels 5 and 4 (P < 0.001) and OAAS levels 3,2 and < 2 (P < 0.05) only. Conclusion:, RE, SE and D-SC showed a similar discrimination between sound responses at the different sedation levels. [source] Reducing the mortality of freshwater turtles in commercial fish trapsAQUATIC CONSERVATION: MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS, Issue 1 2005M. B. Lowry Abstract 1.Mortality of air-breathing vertebrates has been recognized for some time as a significant risk in Australian inland fisheries. There has often been conflict between the desires of fishers to maximize catches of their target species and the implementation of effective methods to reduce nontarget bycatch. 2.Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of modifications to fish traps designed to prevent the capture of freshwater turtles (Emydura macquarii) and to facilitate their release. The first study evaluated the use of 100 mm exclusion rings to prevent turtles entering eel traps. The second study assessed two configurations of a carp trap designed to release the accidental catch of turtles. 3.Eel traps fitted with 100 mm exclusion rings significantly reduced the turtle bycatch, with no significant difference being observed between mean size of eels captured in traps fitted with exclusion rings and traps without rings. 4.The trials on the modified carp trap confirmed that they effectively retained carp and released a majority (77%) of turtles over a 4 h period. Turtles retained in the carp traps were significantly longer than those that found their way out of the trap. 5.This study demonstrates the different approaches that can be taken to achieve a reduction in non-target bycatch associated with traps, and illustrates the importance of exploiting both the physical and behavioural differences of the target and non-target species in order to develop appropriate gear designs that effectively restrict the entry, or facilitate the release, of bycatch species. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Postpartum intrauterine pressure studies of the uterotonic effect of oral misoprostol and intramuscular syntometrineBJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 1 2001Y.S. Chong Objectives To investigate the effect of oral misoprostol in dosages varying from 200 ,g to 800 ,g on postpartum uterine contractility and to establish their side effects. Design A prospective descriptive study. Participants Fifty-seven women who delivered vaginally after spontaneous labours not requiring augmentation. Methods Within 5 minutes of delivery of the placenta, a calibrated Gaeltec catheter with an intrauterine pressure transducer at its tip was inserted transcervically into the uterine cavity. Cumulative uterine activity was recorded for 30 minutes in each woman before administering the oral misoprostol tablets and continued for a further 90 minutes after its administration. Thus each woman acted as her own control regarding changes in uterine contractility. Uterine activity was recorded on a Sonicaid Meridian fetal monitor, which measures active contraction area automatically. The incidence of side effects was also recorded. Results There was no statistical difference (P=0.887) in the adjusted mean difference in cumulative uterine activity following all the doses of oral misoprostol, compared with intramuscular syntometrine, the largest difference being seen in oral misoprostol 200 ,g (adjusted mean difference ,2282 kPas s, 95% CI ,7954 to 3390 kPas s). The mean onset of action of oral misoprostol (6.1, SD 2.1 min) was significantly slower than that of intramuscular syntometrine (3.2, SD 1.5 min; P=0.002), but their durations of action were similar (P=0.637). In the misoprostol group the commonest side effects were shivering (36%) and a rise in body temperature above 38°C (40%). In the syntometrine group, the most commonly observed side effect was moderate uterine pain (nine out of ten women) and a rise in diastolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg (two out of ten women). Conclusion The results of this study show that oral misoprostol has a definite uterotonic effect on the postpartum uterus. At doses of 200 ,g to 400 ,g, oral misoprostol has a similar uterotonic effect to intramuscular syntometrine. Higher doses of oral misoprostol are associated with significantly more side effects. [source] Differences in the length of initial hospital stay in very preterm infantsACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 10 2007Emmi Korvenranta Abstract Aim: To investigate the effect of maternal, infant and birth hospital district related factors on the length of initial hospital stay in very preterm infants. In addition, rehospitalization rate within the first year from the initial discharge was studied. Methods: A register study covering all very preterm infants (gestational age < 32 weeks or birthweight < 1501 g) born alive in Finland between years 2000 and 2003 (N = 2148). Factors affecting length of stay (LOS) were studied using generalized linear model (GLM). Results: The proportion of very preterm infants born in a level III unit varied in the hospital districts from 53% to 94%. Median LOS was 53 days (interquartile range: 38,76). There were large regional differences in the LOS, the difference being up to 10.5 days among the hospital districts (p < 0.0001). Rehospitalization rate was 47.2% within the first year from the initial discharge, and the absence of rehospitalization was associated with a 4.1 days shorter initial LOS (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: Our study showed large regional variation in LOS of very preterm infants despite similar case mix. We speculate that the variation depends on differences in treatment practices and discharge criteria. [source] Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty versus laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty for the treatment of snoring: an objective randomised clinical trialCLINICAL OTOLARYNGOLOGY, Issue 4 2000E.Z. Osman This study was designed to evaluate objectively the clinical effectiveness of surgery for snoring and to compare the results of conventional uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and laser assisted uvulopalatoplasty (LAUP) in the treatment of snoring. Patients who had been referred for investigation and treatment of their snoring were randomly allocated to receive either UPPP or LAUP. Forty-seven patients with confirmed palatal flutter had surgery and all of them had a preoperative and postoperative objective assessment of their snoring loudness and duration in the home. The recording device (Snore Box) is simple for the patient to operate, portable with a built in microphone, and able to produce objective results, which can be automatically analysed. Of the 38 patients, who had technically valid recordings, 22 underwent LAUP and 16 UPPP. Overall the mean postoperative Snore Index (SI) was less than the preoperative SI (P < 0.0001), the average difference being 78.2 snores/h. There was no significant difference between the LAUP and UPPP regarding the fall in the SI. This study is the first objective comparative study to demonstrate the effectiveness of snoring surgery. [source] | ||||||||||||||||