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Diverse Applications (diverse + application)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Chemistry41%
Polymers and Materials Science16%
Life Sciences16%

Selected Abstracts

The Effect of Human Rights on Criminal Evidentiary Processes: Towards Convergence, Divergence or Realignment?

THE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 5 2005
Article first published online: 17 AUG 200, John D. Jackson
This article examines the contribution which the European Court of Human Rights has made to the development of common evidentiary processes across the common law and civil law systems of criminal procedure in Europe. It is argued that the continuing use of terms such as ,adversarial' and ,inquisitorial' to describe models of criminal proof and procedure has obscured the genuinely transformative nature of the Court's jurisprudence. It is shown that over a number of years the Court has been steadily developing a new model of proof that is better characterised as ,participatory' than as ,adversarial' or ,inquisitorial'. Instead of leading towards a convergence of existing ,adversarial' and ,inquisitorial' models of proof, this is more likely to lead towards a realignment of existing processes of proof which nonetheless allows plenty of scope for diverse application in different institutional and cultural settings. [source]

A birth-to-death view of mRNA from the RNA recognition motif perspective,

BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION, Issue 1 2008
Terri Goss Kinzy
Abstract RNA binding proteins are a large and varied group of factors that are the driving force behind post-transcriptional gene regulation. By analogy with transcription factors, RNA binding proteins bind to various regions of the mRNAs that they regulate, usually upstream or downstream from the coding region, and modulate one of the five major processes in mRNA metabolism: splicing, polyadenylation, export, translation and decay. The most abundant RNA binding protein domain is called the RNA Recognition Motif (RRM)1. It is probably safe to say that an RRM-containing protein is making some contact with an mRNA throughout its existence. The transcriptional counterpart would likely be the histones, yet the multitude of specific functions that are results of RRM based interactions belies the universality of the motif. This complex and diverse application of a single protein motif was used as the basis to develop an advanced graduate level seminar course in RNA:protein interactions. The course, utilizing a learner-centered empowerment model, was developed to dissect each step in RNA metabolism from the perspective of an RRM containing protein. This provided a framework to discuss the development of specificity for the RRM for each required process. [source]

Novel methods improve prediction of species' distributions from occurrence data

ECOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2006
Jane Elith
Prediction of species' distributions is central to diverse applications in ecology, evolution and conservation science. There is increasing electronic access to vast sets of occurrence records in museums and herbaria, yet little effective guidance on how best to use this information in the context of numerous approaches for modelling distributions. To meet this need, we compared 16 modelling methods over 226 species from 6 regions of the world, creating the most comprehensive set of model comparisons to date. We used presence-only data to fit models, and independent presence-absence data to evaluate the predictions. Along with well-established modelling methods such as generalised additive models and GARP and BIOCLIM, we explored methods that either have been developed recently or have rarely been applied to modelling species' distributions. These include machine-learning methods and community models, both of which have features that may make them particularly well suited to noisy or sparse information, as is typical of species' occurrence data. Presence-only data were effective for modelling species' distributions for many species and regions. The novel methods consistently outperformed more established methods. The results of our analysis are promising for the use of data from museums and herbaria, especially as methods suited to the noise inherent in such data improve. [source]

Development of an Expert System Shell Based on Genetic Algorithms for the Selection of the Energy Best Available Technologies and their Optimal Operating Conditions for the Process Industry

EXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 3 2001
D.A. Manolas
The development of genetic algorithms started almost three decades ago in an attempt to imitate the mechanics of natural systems. Since their inception, they have been applied successfully as optimization methods, and as expert systems, in many diverse applications. In this paper, a genetic-algorithm-based expert system shell is presented that, when combined with a proper database comprising the available energy-saving technologies for the process industry, is able to perform the following tasks: (a) identify the best available technologies (BATs) among the available ones for a given process industry, and (b) calculate their optimal design parameters in such a way that they comply with the energy requirements of the process. By the term BAT is meant the available energy-saving technology, among the existing ones in the market, that is the best for the case. [source]

Surface Nanometer-Scale Patterning in Realizing Large-Scale Ordered Arrays of Metallic Nanoshells with Well-Defined Structures and Controllable Properties

ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2010
Shikuan Yang
Abstract Surface patterns of nanoshell arrays play an important role in diverse applications including surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors, lithium-ion batteries, solar cells, and optical devices. This paper describes an innovative surface nanopatterning technique for realizing large-scale ordered arrays of metallic spherical nanoshells with well-defined structures. Ag nanoshell arrays are prepared using polystyrene sphere templates by an electrophoretic process in Ag colloidal solutions. The fabricated Ag nanoshell arrays have a high controllability of the structural parameters, including the diameter, the surface roughness, and the intershell spacing, giving rise to the tunable properties of nanoshell arrays. As an example, tunable SERS and localized surface plasmon resonance of the nanoshell arrays are demonstrated by controlling the structural parameters. The surface nanopatterning technique shown in this paper is a general fabrication process in achieving not only metallic nanoshell arrays, but also nanoshell arrays of semiconductors and metallic oxides. [source]

Advances in Biomimetic and Nanostructured Biohybrid Materials

ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 3 2010
Eduardo Ruiz-Hitzky
Abstract The rapid increase of interest in the field of biohybrid and biomimetic materials that exhibit improved structural and functional properties is attracting more and more researchers from life science, materials science, and nanoscience. Concomitant results offer valuable opportunities for applications that involve disciplines dealing with engineering, biotechnology, medicine and pharmacy, agriculture, nanotechnology, and others. In the current contribution we collect recent illustrative examples of assemblies between materials of biological origin and inorganic solids of different characteristics (texture, structure, and particle size). We introduce here a general overview on strategies for the preparation and conformation of biohybrids, the synergistic effects that determine the final properties of these materials, and their diverse applications, which cover areas as different as tissue engineering, drug delivery systems, biosensing devices, biocatalysis, green nanocomposites, etc. [source]

BIACORE J: a new platform for routine biomolecular interaction analysis,

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR RECOGNITION, Issue 4 2001
Rebecca L. Rich
Abstract SPR biosensor technology continues to evolve. The recently released platform from Biacore AB (Uppsala, Sweden), BIACORE J, is designed for the routine analysis of biomolecular interactions. Using an antibody,protein A and a ligand,receptor system, we demonstrate the utility of BIACORE J in determining active concentration and binding affinities. The results from these studies illustrate the high sensitivity of the instrument and its ability to generate reproducible binding responses. The BIACORE J is easy to operate and useful in diverse applications, making SPR technology widely accessible as a research tool. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Proteome informatics I: Bioinformatics tools for processing experimental data

PROTEINS: STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS, Issue 20 2006
Patricia M. Palagi Dr.
Abstract Bioinformatics tools for proteomics, also called proteome informatics tools, span today a large panel of very diverse applications ranging from simple tools to compare protein amino acid compositions to sophisticated software for large-scale protein structure determination. This review considers the available and ready to use tools that can help end-users to interpret, validate and generate biological information from their experimental data. It concentrates on bioinformatics tools for 2-DE analysis, for LC followed by MS analysis, for protein identification by PMF, by peptide fragment fingerprinting and by de,novo sequencing and for data quantitation with MS data. It also discloses initiatives that propose to automate the processes of MS analysis and enhance the quality of the obtained results. [source]

A novel electrospinning target to improve the yield of uniaxially aligned fibers

BIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2009
Virgil P. Secasanu
Abstract Electrospinning is a useful technique that can generate micro and nanometer-sized fibers. Modification of the electrospinning parameters, such as deposition target geometry, can generate uniaxially aligned fibers for use in diverse applications ranging from tissue engineering to material fabrication. For example, meshes of fibers have been shown to mimic the extracellular matrix networks for use in smooth muscle cell proliferation. Further, aligned fibers can guide neurites to grow along the direction of the fibers. Here we present a novel electrospinning deposition target that combines the benefits of two previously reported electrodes: the standard parallel electrodes and the spinning wheel with a sharpened edge. This new target design significantly improves aligned fiber yield. Specifically, the target consists of two parallel aluminum plates with sharpened edges containing a bifurcating angle of 26°. Electric field computations show a larger probable area of aligned electric field vectors. This new deposition target allows fibers to deposit on a larger cross-sectional area relative to the existing parallel electrode and at least doubles the yield of uniaxially aligned fibers. Further, fiber alignment and morphology are preserved after collection from the deposition target. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source]

A Versatile Gold Surface Approach for Fabrication and Interrogation of Glycoarrays

CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 10 2008
Zheng-Liang Zhi Dr.
Glycoarrays on gold: A designer gold surface incorporating a self-assembled monolayer with weak protein absorption properties has been optimised for rapid display and interrogation of both native and derivatised glycans in array formats. This rapid, facile approach has diverse applications in glycomics, through exploitation of fluorescence, SPR and MALDI-ToF MS detection methods. [source]

Synthesis of Symmetrical Multichromophoric Bodipy Dyes and Their Facile Transformation into Energy Transfer Cassettes,

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 21 2010
Altan Bozdemir Dr.
Abstract Multichromophoric boron-dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dyes synthesized on phenylene-ethynylene platforms have been be converted to energy transfer cassettes in a one-step chemical transformation. Excitation energy transfer processes in these highly symmetrical derivatives were studied in detail, including time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Excitation spectra and the emission lifetimes suggest efficient energy transfer between the donor and acceptor chromophore. These novel energy transfer cassettes, while highlighting a short-cut approach to similar energy transfer systems, could be useful as large pseudo-Stokes shift multichromophoric dyes with potential applications in diverse applications. Fenilenetilen platformu üzerinde sentezlenen multikromoforik Bodipy boyarmaddeleri, tek basamakl, bir kimyasal transformasyonla enerji transferi kasetlerine dönü,türülmü,tür. Zaman ayr,ml, floresans spektroskopisi tekniklerinin de içinde bulundu,u yöntemlerle, yüksek simetri ö,eleri bulunduran bu türevlerdeki eksitasyon enerjisi transferi süreçleri ayr,nt,l, olarak çal,,,lm,,t,r. Eksitasyon spektrumlar, ve emisyon ömürlerindeki de,i,im, donör ve akseptör kromoforlar, aras,nda etkin bir enerji transferi oldu,unu dü,ündürmektedir. Bu yeni enerji transfer kasetleri, benzer enerji transfer sistemlerine kolay bir geçi, yolu göstermekle birlikte, pek çok farkl, alanda potansiyel uygulamalar, olabilecek, büyük pseudo-Stokes kaymas, de,erlerine sahip multikromoforik boyarmaddeler olarak da yararl, olabilirler. [source]

Carbon Nanotube and Gold-Based Materials: A Symbiosis

CHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 6 2010
Rajpal Singh Dr.
Abstract Carbon nanotubes constitute a novel class of nanomaterials with potential applications in many areas. The attachment of metal nanoparticles to carbon nanotubes is new way to obtain novel hybrid materials with interesting properties for various applications such as catalysts and gas sensors as well as electronic and magnetic devices. Their unique properties such as excellent electronic properties, a good chemical stability, and a large surface area make carbon nanotubes very useful as a support for gold nanoparticles in many potential applications, ranging from advanced catalytic systems through very sensitive electrochemical sensors and biosensors to highly efficient fuel cells. Here we give an overview on the recent progress in this area by exploring the various synthesis approaches and types of assemblies, in which nanotubes can be decorated with gold nanoparticles and explore the diverse applications of the resulting composites. [source]