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Kinds of Dip Terms modified by Dip Selected AbstractsTest,re-test reliability of DSM-IV adopted criteria for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence: a cross-national studyADDICTION, Issue 10 2009Linda B. Cottler ABSTRACT Aims This study evaluated the prevalence and reliability of DSM-IV adopted criteria for 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) abuse and dependence with a purpose to determine whether it is best conceptualized within the category of hallucinogens, amphetamines or its own category. Design Test,re-test study. Participants MDMA users (life-time use >5 times) were recruited in St Louis, Miami and Sydney (n = 593). The median life-time MDMA consumption was 50 pills at the baseline. Measurements The computerized Substance Abuse Module for Club Drug (CD-SAM) was used to assess MDMA abuse and dependence. The Discrepancy Interview Protocol (DIP) was used to determine the reasons for the discrepant responses between the two interviews. Reliability of diagnoses, individual diagnostic criteria and withdrawal symptoms was examined using the kappa coefficient (,). Findings For baseline data, 15% and 59% met MDMA abuse and dependence, respectively. Substantial test,re-test reliability of the diagnoses was observed consistently across cities (, = 0.69). ,Continued use despite knowledge of physical/psychological problems' (87%) and ,withdrawal' (68%) were the two most prevalent dependence criteria. ,Physically hazardous use' was the most prevalent abuse criterion. Six dependence criteria and all abuse criteria were reported reliably across cities (,: 0.53,0.77). Seventeen of 19 withdrawal symptoms showed consistency in the reliability across cities. The most commonly reported reason for discrepant responses was ,interpretation of question changed'. Only a small proportion of the total discrepancies were attributed to lying or social desirability. Conclusion The adopted DSM-IV diagnostic classification for MDMA abuse and dependence was moderately reliable across cities. Findings on MDMA withdrawal support the argument that MDMA should be separated from other hallucinogens in DSM. [source] Evaluation of estrogenic activity of phthalate esters by gene expression profiling using a focused microarray (estrarray®),ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY & CHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2008Meher Parveen Abstract Phthalates are used industrially as plasticizers and are known to contaminate natural environments, mostly as di-ester or mono-ester complexes. Because they are structurally similar to natural estrogens, they could act as endocrine disruptors. Here, we used a DNA microarray containing estrogen responsive genes (EstrArray®) to examine gene expression profiles in MCF-7 cells treated with 10 ,M butylbenzyl phthalate (BBP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and diisopropyl phthalate (DIP) along with the natural estrogen 17,-estradiol ([E2], 10 nM). The profiles for phthalate esters and E2 were examined by correlation analysis using correlation coefficients (r -values) and cluster analysis. We found that BBP showed the highest correlation with E2 (r = 0.85), and DEP and DIP showed moderate r -values (r = 0.52 and r = 0.49, respectively). Dibutyl phthalate exhibited the lowest (but still significant) correlation with E2 (r = 0.36). Furthermore, among the pairs of chemicals, DEP-DIP and DIP-DBP showed very high correlations (r = 0.90 and r = 0.80, respectively), and the other pairs showed moderate relationships, which reflected how structurally close they are to each other. The analysis of six functional groups of genes (enzymes, signaling, proliferation, transcription, transport, and others) indicated that the genes belonging to the enzyme, transcription, and other functional groups showed common responses to phthalate esters and E2. Although the effect of BBP was similar to that of E2, the other phthalate esters showed different types of effects. These results indicate that the structure of estrogenic chemicals is strongly related to their estrogenic activity and can be evaluated by appropriate grouping of the responsive genes by focused microarray analysis. [source] Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint: Part 1EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009Miss S. G. Dakin Summary Reasons for performing study: Osseous abnormalities. associated with collateral ligament (CL) injury of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint have been documented using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) but there is currently limited information about the frequency of osseous pathology associated with CL injury. Objectives: To determine the frequency of occurrence of osseous abnormality coexistent with CL injury of the DIP joint and describe the distribution and character of osseous lesions; and to establish if there was an association between osseous abnormality and increased radiopharmaceutical uptake (IRU). Hypotheses: There would be a higher incidence of osseous abnormality at the insertion of an injured CL than at the origin; and a relationship between the presence of osseous abnormality and duration of lameness. Materials and methods: Magnetic resonance images of 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence and type of osseous abnormality in the middle and distal phalanges. Scintigraphic images were examined and the presence of IRU in the middle or distal phalanges recorded. Results: Osseous abnormalities were detected in 143 (45.7%) feet, 27 (18.8%) of which had osseous and CL injury alone, while the remaining 116 had CL related osseous injury and multiple injuries within the hoof capsule. Entheseous new bone and endosteal irregularity of the middle and distal phalanges were the most frequent types of osseous abnormality. There was a higher incidence of osseous abnormalities medially than laterally and at the ligament insertion than at the origin. There was a significant association between presence of IRU and osseous injury. Conclusions: A variety of osseous lesions of differing severity are associated with CL injury. Normal radiopharmaceutical uptake does not preclude significant osseous pathology associated with CL injury. Clinical relevance: Further studies are necessary in order to determine if osseous abnormalities associated with CL injury influence prognosis for return to performance. [source] Osseous abnormalities associated with collateral desmopathy of the distal interphalangeal joint.EQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 8 2009Part 2: Treatment, outcome Summary Reasons for performing study: There are currently few long-term follow-up data relating to recovery from injury of a collateral ligament (CL) of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and limited information about the effect of associated osseous injury on prognosis. Objectives: To describe long-term follow-up results for horses with CL injury, with and without associated osseous injury; and to determine the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ECSWT) or radial pressure wave therapy (RPWT) on outcome. Hypotheses: Prognosis for return to performance for horses with CL-related osseous injury would be worse than for horses with CL injury alone. Methods: Magnetic resonance images from 313 feet of 289 horses with foot pain and a definitive diagnosis of collateral desmopathy of the DIP joint were analysed retrospectively for presence of osseous abnormality associated with the ligament origin or insertion and the middle and distal phalanges. Horses were assigned to groups according to the combination of their injuries. Type of treatment was recorded and follow-up information obtained. Thirty-two horses with additional sources of lameness were excluded from analysis of outcome. Results: Follow-up data were available for 182 horses, 55 of which had follow-up information for up to 2 years after presentation. Twenty-seven percent of horses with CL injury alone and 34% of horses with CL related osseous injury returned to their previous performance level. Prognosis for a combination of injuries to multiple soft tissue and osseous structures within the hoof capsule was substantially worse. There was no effect of ECSWT or RPWT on outcome. Conclusions: The presence of mild to moderate CL related osseous injury does not appear to influence prognosis compared with CL injury alone. Clinical relevance: Further studies of a larger number of horses are necessary in order to ascertain if specific types of osseous pathology influence return to performance levels. [source] Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of 264 horses with foot pain: The podotrochlear apparatus, deep digital flexor tendon and collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal jointEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2007S. DYSON Summary Reasons for performing study: To improve understanding of the interrelationships between injuries of the podotrochlear apparatus and deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT). Hypotheses: There is a difference in frequency of different types of lesions at different anatomical sites of the DDFT. Lesions of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL), distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and navicular bursa are seen in association with lesions of the navicular bone. Methods: The magnetic resonance (MR) images of 264 horses with unilateral or bilateral foot pain were analysed and graded. Descriptive statistics were performed to establish the frequency of occurrence of DDFT lesion types at different anatomical levels, and lesions of the CSL, DSIL, navicular bursa, DIP joint and collateral ligaments (CLs) of the DIP joint. A Chi-square test was used to test for a difference in the proportion of navicular bone grades between limbs with and without DDFT lesions at each level, and to compare navicular bone grades for limbs with and without each of DSIL, CSL, navicular bursa or DIP joint lesions. Results: Lesions of the DDFT occurred in 82.6% of limbs, occurring most commonly at the level of the CSL (59.4%) and the navicular bone (59.0%). Core lesions predominated at the level of the proximal phalanx (90.3%), whereas at the level of the CSL and navicular bone core lesions, sagittal splits and dorsal abrasions were most common. There was a positive association between DDFT lesions and navicular bone pathology involving all aspects of the bone. Lesions of the DSIL (38.2% limbs) were more common than those of the CSL (10.5%), but the presence of either was associated with abnormalities of the navicular bone, especially involving the proximal or distal borders and the medulla. Conclusions and clinical relevance: There are close interactions between injuries of the components of the podotrochlear apparatus, the DDFT, the navicular bursa and the DIP joint. Further knowledge about the biomechanical risk factors for injury may have importance for both disease prevention and management. [source] The effects of local anaesthetic solution in the navicular bursa of horses with lameness caused by distal interphalangeal joint painEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2003JOHN SCHUMACHER Summary Reasons for performing study: Analgesia of the palmar digital (PD) nerves has been demonstrated to cause analgesia of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint as well as the sole. Because the PD nerves lie in close proximity to the navicular bursa, we suspected that that analgesia of the navicular bursa would anaesthetise the PD nerves, which would result in analgesia of the DIP joint. Objectives: To determine the response of horses with pain in the DIP joint to instillation of local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa. Methods: Lameness was induced in 6 horses by creating painful synovitis in the DIP joint of one forefoot by administering endotoxin into the joint. Horses were videorecorded while trotting, before and after induction of lameness, at three 10 min intervals after instilling 3.5 ml local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa and, finally, after instilling 6 ml solution into the DIP joint. Lameness scores were assigned by grading the videorecorded gaits subjectively. Results: At the 10 and 20 min observations, median lameness scores were not significantly different from those before administration of local anaesthetic solution into the navicular bursa (P,0.05), although lameness scores of 3 of 6 horses improved during this period, and the 20 min observation scores tended toward significance (P = 0.07). At the 30 min observation, and after analgesia of the DIP joint, median lameness scores were significantly improved (P,0.05). Conclusions: These results indicate that pain arising from the DIP joint can probably be excluded as a cause of lameness, when lameness is attenuated within 10 mins by analgesia of the navicular bursa. Potential relevance: Pain arising from the DIP joint cannot be excluded as a cause of lameness when lameness is attenuated after 20 mins after analgesia of the navicular bursa. [source] Dewetting of an Organic Semiconductor Thin Film Observed in Real-time,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 4 2009Stefan Kowarik We study the growth and the post-growth dewetting process of the organic semiconductor diindenoperylene (DIP) using real-time X-ray reflectivity measurements. We show that a DIP monolayer deposited in UHV onto silicon oxide dewets via the formation of bilayer islands. From the time resolved structural data we estimate the rate constant for interlayer diffusion of DIP molecules. Post-growth AFM measurements confirm the conclusions from the X-ray data and show the morphology of the dewetted film. [source] Customized Electronic Coupling in Self-Assembled Donor,Acceptor NanostructuresADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 22 2009Dimas G. de Oteyza Abstract Charge transfer processes between donor,acceptor complexes and metallic electrodes are at the heart of novel organic optoelectronic devices such as solar cells. Here, a combined approach of surface-sensitive microscopy, synchrotron radiation spectroscopy, and state-of-the-art ab initio calculations is used to demonstrate the delicate balance that exists between intermolecular and molecule,substrate interactions, hybridization, and charge transfer in model donor,acceptor assemblies at metal-organic interfaces. It is shown that charge transfer and chemical properties of interfaces based on single component layers cannot be naively extrapolated to binary donor,acceptor assemblies. In particular, studying the self-assembly of supramolecular nanostructures on Cu(111), composed of fluorinated copper-phthalocyanines (F16CuPc) and diindenoperylene (DIP), it is found that, in reference to the associated single component layers, the donor (DIP) decouples electronically from the metal surface, while the acceptor (F16CuPc) suffers strong hybridization with the substrate. [source] Balancing Intermolecular and Molecule,Substrate Interactions in Supramolecular AssembliesADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 2 2009Dimas G. de Oteyza Abstract Self-assembly of functional supra-molecular nanostructures is among the most promising strategies for further development of organic electronics. However, a poor control of the interactions driving the assembling phenomena still hampers the tailored growth of designed structures. Here exploration of how non-covalent molecule-substrate interactions can be modified on a molecular level is described. For that, mixtures of DIP and F16CuPc, two molecules with donor and acceptor character, respectively are investigated. A detailed study of their structural and electronic properties is performed. In reference to the associated single-component layers, the growth of binary layers results in films with strongly enhanced intermolecular interactions and consequently reduced molecule-substrate interactions. This new insight into the interplay among the aforementioned interactions provides a novel strategy to balance the critical interactions in the assembly processes by the appropriate choice of molecular species in binary supra-molecular assemblies, and thereby control the self-assembly of functional organic nanostructures. [source] Architecture and performance of mesoporous silica-lipase hybrids via non-covalent interfacial adsorptionAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 2 2010Shan Lu Abstract To investigate the effects of surface property of mesoporous supports on the lipase immobilization and the performance of immobilized lipase, the mesoporous molecular sieve SBA-15 is functionalized with three organic moieties, dimethyl (DM), diisopropyl (DIP), and diisobutyl (DIB), respectively, by post-synthesis grafting and one-pot synthesis methods. Porcine pancreas lipase (PPL) is immobilized on SBA-15 supports through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction. The hydrophobic adsorption involves no active sites of PPL, and neither hyper-activation nor total inactivation occurs. The study on the intrinsic stability of PPL, including thermal stability, pH stability, and storage stability, indicates that the entrapment in mesoporous supports, and especially in organic-functionalized supports, makes PPL more resistant to temperature increment but more sensitive to pH change. The reusability investigation shows that the organic modification of mesoporous surface inhibits the enzyme leaching to some extent, resulting in a better operational stability. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010 [source] PULSES OF PHOSPHATE PROMOTE DOMINANCE OF THE TOXIC CYANOPHYTE CYLINDROSPERMOPSIS RACIBORSKII IN A SUBTROPICAL WATER RESERVOIR,JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 3 2009Amanda J. Posselt The role of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in promoting dominance of the toxic nitrogen (N)-fixing cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Wo,osz.) Seenayya et Subba Raju was examined in a subtropical water reservoir, Lake Samsonvale (=North Pine reservoir). A novel in situ bioassay approach, using dialysis tubing rather than bottles or bags, was used to determine the change in C. raciborskii dominance with daily additions of DIP. A statistically significant increase in dominance of C. raciborskii was observed when DIP was added at two concentrations (0.32 ,M and 16 ,M) in a daily pulse over a 4 d period in three separate experiments in the summer of 2006/2007. There was an increase in both C. raciborskii cell concentrations and biovolume in two DIP treatments, but not in the ammoniacal N + DIP treatment. In addition, overall phytoplankton cell concentrations increased with DIP addition, indicating that Lake Samsonvale was DIP limited at the time of experiments. Given the bioassay response, it is likely that dominance of C. raciborskii could increase in Lake Samsonvale with periodic injections of DIP such as inflow events. [source] Measuring Quality of Life in Stroke Subjects Receiving an Implanted Neural Prosthesis for Drop FootARTIFICIAL ORGANS, Issue 5 2010Anke I. Kottink Abstract The aim was to determine if the treatment of a drop foot by means of an implantable two-channel peroneal nerve stimulator improves health-related quality of life (HRQoL). All subjects were measured at baseline and after a follow-up period of 12 and 26 weeks. Twenty-nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiplegia with drop foot who fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the present randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received an implantable two-channel peroneal nerve stimulator for correction of their drop foot. The control group continued using their conventional walking device, consisting of an ankle-foot orthosis, orthopedic shoes, or no device. HRQoL was assessed in two different ways: (i) by taking descriptive measures, that is, the Short Form-36 (SF-36; generic measure) and the Disability Impact Profile (DIP; specific measure); and (ii) by obtaining preference-based utilities both measured with the time trade-off (direct way) and by calculating them from the EuroQol (EQ-5D) and SF-36. A significant positive effect of the implantable device was found on the physical functioning domain, the general health domain, and the physical component summary score of the SF-36. For the DIP, a significant improvement was found on the domains mobility, self-care, and psychological status in the intervention group. Regarding the preference-based utility measures, a significant effect was found for the utility index calculated from the EQ-5D. The implantable two-channel peroneal nerve stimulator seems to be efficient to improve HRQoL, mainly the domains related to physical functioning. A relation was present between the utility indexes calculated from the EQ-5D and SF-36. [source] Maternal and neonatal outcomes in the Torres Strait Islands with a sixfold increase in type 2 diabetes in pregnancy over six yearsAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 2 2010Henrik FALHAMMAR Background:, Torres Strait Islander population has a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Aims:, To review pregnancy data of women and their newborns living in the Torres Strait area. Methods:, All medical charts of mothers and their neonates delivered in two one-year periods (1999 and 2005/2006) were reviewed. The initial screening test for diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) was a random blood glucose level followed by an oral glucose challenge test in 1999 and from 2000 an oral glucose tolerance test. Results:, Diabetes in pregnancy increased by 4.3,13.3% and T2DM by 0.8,4.6%. During the two periods, 258 and 196 mothers delivered respectively 84,92% by midwives/general practitioners at the local hospital and 7,16% by midwives/obstetricians at the regional hospital; in 2005/2006, 58% of women with DIP delivered at the regional hospital. Screening increased from 89.2 to 99.5%. DIP mothers were older and heavier with more hypertension and previous miscarriages. Parity decreased in the DIP mother during the two periods. Caesarean section was five times more common for DIP in 2005/2006 versus non-DIP, while in 1999, there was no difference. In 1999, the DIP infants were heavier, longer (P = 0.053) and had a larger head circumference not seen 2005/2006. There was more neonatal trauma, hypoglycaemia and IV dextrose in the DIP infants. Breastfeeding numbers increased in DIP. In 2005/2006, follow-up of gestational diabetes occurred in 47% (all normal). Conclusion:, A massive increase in DIP was seen. The neonatal outcomes improved slightly. There is need for improvement in follow-up of gestational diabetes. [source] Maternal and neonatal outcomes following diabetes in pregnancy in Far North Queensland, AustraliaAUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Bronwyn DAVIS Background: Diabetes in pregnancy (DIP) is increasing and is associated with a number of adverse consequences for both the mother and the child. Aims: To compare local maternal and neonatal outcomes with state and national data. Methods: Chart audit of all DIP delivered during 2004 at a regional teaching hospital and compare outcomes with national benchmark, Queensland and national Indigenous data. Results: The local DIP frequency was 6.7%. The local compared to benchmark and state data demonstrated a higher frequency of Indigenous mothers (43.6% vs 6.8% vs 5.5%), caesarean sections (50.7% vs 26% vs 32.0%), hypoglycaemia (40.7% vs 19.5% vs 2.7%) and respiratory distress (16.6% vs 4.5% vs 2.3%) in infants, fewer normal birthweights (64.8% vs 82.6% vs 80.4%) and full-term deliveries. More local mothers compared to benchmark had type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (15.4% vs 8.7%) but fewer used insulin (31.0% vs 46.6%); compared to state data, fewer women had gestational diabetes (79.5% vs 91.2%), however, insulin use was higher (22.8%). Furthermore, Aborigines had fewer pregnancies compared to Torres Strait Islanders (3.0 vs 5.0) and less insulin use (21.9% vs 59.3%) (P = 0.008,0.024). In contrast, non-Indigenous versus Indigenous women showed fewer pregnancies, less T2DM (7.8% vs 23.7%), better glycaemic control, longer babies, more full-term deliveries and less severe neonatal hypoglycaemia. Comparing local and national Indigenous data, local showed poorer outcomes, however, only 11.8% had diabetes or hypertension nationally. Conclusion: The local cohort had poorer outcomes probably reflecting a more disadvantaged. Few differences were found between local Indigenous groups. [source] EXTENDING SHELF LIFE OF FRESH-CUT PERSIMMON BY HONEY SOLUTION DIPSJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 1 2010MUHARREM ERGUN ABSTRACT Ripe persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L) cv. "Hachiya" were diced, then treated with 10,20% w/v diluted honey solution or water as the control, followed by cold storage at 4C until loss of acceptable quality. The persimmon cubes were subject to assessments during the storage of organoleptic and visual quality, softness and exuding juice, soluble solids content (SSC), and absorbance at 436, 440, 675 and 760 nm, respectively. Honey treatments prevented off-aroma development and delayed jelling. Softness and exuding juice of the fresh-cut persimmon cubes increased with time, with the increase in both parameters being significantly suppressed by honey solution dips. Changes in SSC, pH and the absorbance at 436, 440, 675 and 760 nm, respectively, during storage were minor and there was little effect of the honey treatments on these parameters. Overall, the shelf life of fresh-cut persimmon cubes was extended by honey solution dips, which delayed off-aroma development, firmness loss and jelling. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS New products and changing trends make today's food marketplace alive, and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables seem to be on top of list of these products. Although fresh-cut produce has been on the market for a long time, preserving their quality attributes has not been completely successful especially in the case of fruit. This study focuses on a new alternative fresh-cut produce, fresh-cut persimmon, with adapting a potentially safe organic method, use of honey dips. The present study demonstrated that honey solution dip treatments could preserve the fresh-like quality of typical flavor or aroma of persimmon fruit by causing no changes in aroma and taste attributes and extending shelf life. Therefore, honey dip treatment may be used, depending on commodity, to preserve and extend shelf life of fresh-cut produce in fresh-cut processing industry. [source] RADIO FREQUENCY-HOT WATER DIPS FOR POSTHARVEST CODLING MOTH CONTROL IN APPLES,JOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESSING AND PRESERVATION, Issue 6 2006J.D. HANSEN ABSTRACT A combination radio frequency-hot water dip method was examined as a potential quarantine treatment against fifth instars of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in apples, Malus sylvestris (L.) var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., which were intended for export to Japan. The apples were initially exposed to 27.12-MHz radio frequency energy at 12 kW for 2.75 min and were then submerged in a range of hot water dips (48,50C) for different durations. Efficacious tests were at 48C for >2 h, at 49C for >50 min and at 50C for >40 min. Fruit quality tests indicated that the best hot water parameters were at 50C for 40 min. Fruit quality after 2 weeks was cultivar dependent where "Fuji" apples tolerated heat treatment better than "Delicious" and "Gala" apples. None of the treated fruits were acceptable after 60 days. Regardless of cultivar, heat treatment resulted in loss of both peel and fresh colors, coupled with reduced firmness and increased external and internal damage. [source] Generation and Reactions of Overcrowded Diaryldilithiostannane and DiaryldipotassiostannaneEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF INORGANIC CHEMISTRY, Issue 21 2005Tomoyuki Tajima Abstract Exhaustive reduction of an overcrowded dibromostannane bearing two bulky aromatic substituents, Tbt(Dip)SnBr2 {Tbt = 2,4,6-tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl; Dip = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl}, with an excess amount of lithium naphthalenide in THF at ,78 °C gave the corresponding dilithiostannane, Tbt(Dip)SnLi2, the generation of which was confirmed by trapping experiments with some electrophiles together with 119Sn and 7Li NMR spectroscopy. The diaryldilithiostannane was found to be stable in solution under an inert gas below ,25 °C. The potassium analogue, Tbt(Dip)SnK2, was also generated by the reduction of the dibromostannane in THF at ,78 °C by the use of KC8 as a reductant. The reactions of dilithiostannane and dipotassiostannane obtained with o -dibromobenzene did not give a stannacyclopropabenzene derivative but an unexpected cyclization product, a stannacyclobutabenzene derivative, in contrast to thereactions of the corresponding dilithiosilane and dilithiogermane, Tbt(Dip)ELi2 (E = Si, Ge), with o -dibromobenzene leading to the formation of the corresponding metallacyclopropabenzenes as stable crystalline compounds. A preliminary result of the synthesis of a tin,tellurium double-bond compound from the dilithiostannane is also presented. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005) [source] Reduction of Oil Absorption in Deep-Fried, Battered, and Breaded Chicken Patties Using Whey Protein Isolate as a Postbreading Dip: Effect on Flavor, Color, and TextureJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 1 2009E. Mah ABSTRACT:, The effect of the application of whey protein isolate (WPI) solution as a postbreading dip to reduce oil absorption in deep-fried, battered, and breaded chicken patties on sensory properties was investigated. Chicken patties were battered, breaded with either crackermeal (CMP) or Japanese breadcrumbs (JBP), and dipped into WPI solutions at varying protein concentrations (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%[w/w] WPI) and pH levels (pH 2, 3, and 8). A trained descriptive sensory panel evaluated the patties for 16 attributes relating to appearance, texture, and flavor. Instrumental analysis on the color and texture of the patties was also performed. The only perceivable changes in treated patties were related to color, hardness, and crunchiness. Increasing WPI concentration caused darkening of JBP but made CMP lighter. Patties treated at pH 8 were significantly darker across all WPI concentrations. The presence of WPI increased hardness and crust fracture for CMP but not JBP. Variations in pH levels did not affect texture. Thus, JBP that showed the highest lipid reduction (10% WPI at pH 2) were observed to be darker, less yellow, but did not produce any perceivable changes in hardness or crunchiness, while CMP with the lowest lipid content (5% WPI at pH 2) were lighter, more yellow, harder, and crunchier. [source] Effect of Sequential Treatment of Warm Water Dip and Low-dose Gamma Irradiation on the Quality of Fresh-cut Green OnionsJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 3 2005Hyun Jung Kim ABSTRACT: The effect of warm water dip in combination with irradiation on quality of fresh-cut green onions was studied. Fresh-cut green onions were treated with and without warm water (50°C for 20 s) and packaged prior to irradiation at 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 kGy, then stored at 4°C for 14 d. Color, texture, decay percentage, electrolyte leakage, sensory qualities, and total aerobic count (TAC) were measured at 1,4,8, and 14 d of storage. The warm water treatment reduced the TAC by 0.9 log initially but the beneficial effect disappeared during storage. With the test conditions used in this study, the warm water treatment did not provide added benefits for quality improvements. Irradiation at all tested doses reduced TAC and the development of decay and off-odor, improved visual quality, and preserved green color. [source] Laser monitoring of non-Newtonian liquids during dip coatingAICHE JOURNAL, Issue 12 2009Alexandre F. Michels Abstract Dip coated films, widely used in the coating industry, are usually measured by capacitive methods with micrometric precision. In this work, interferometric determination of thickness evolution in real time, for the first time to our best knowledge, is applied to volatile non-Newtonian liquids with several viscosities and distinct dip withdrawing speeds. Thickness evolution during the process depends on time as predicted by a power law model. Comparison with measured results (uncertainty of ± 0.007 ,m) showed very good agreement after initial steps of the process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009 [source] Retail Shelf-Life of Pork Dipped in Organic Acid before Modified Atmosphere or Vacuum PackagingJOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 8 2005Nai-Yun Huang ABSTRACT Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) is increasingly popular for meat, but raw, chilled pork in vacuum or anoxic environments has a purple color. The retail shelf-life of pork chops dipped in 500 ppm ascorbic acid, 250 ppm citric acid, or no acid dip and stored at 1 °C before simulated retail display in MAP with gas exchange or air-permeable packaging after vacuum pouch storage was determined. The 80% N2:20% CO2 in MAP was exchanged with 80% O2:20% CO2, and chops were removed from vacuum packages and overwrapped with permeable film (VP-PVC) on the 7th day before simulated retail display at 4 °C. Shelf-life traits were determined at 1, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14 d postpackaging. The pH values changed with time, but returned to post-dipped, prepackaged levels at the end of simulated retail storage. Weight loss of chops increased (P < 0.05) in VP-PVC compared with MAP. The a* values increased (P < 0.05) and L* and b* values decreased during simulated retail display, with higher L*, a*, and b* color values for chops in MAP than VP-PVC. Log numbers of psychrotrophic microorganisms were higher (P < 0.05) on VP-PVC samples than for chops in MAP on days 12 and 14. Psychrotrophic counts on ascorbic acid-treated samples were decreased compared with citric acid or no dipping on pork during simulated retail display. Pork chops in MAP with gas exchange had lighter and redder color, increased weight retention, decreased psychrotrophic counts, and increased lipid oxidation compared with conventional vacuum and overwrap packaging systems. [source] Slope development reconstruction at two sites in the Bohemian Forest MountainsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 4 2010Filip Hartvich Abstract Although the Bohemian Forest is generally considered to be geomorphologically a rather stable region, there are localities which bear proof of a surprisingly high intensity of recent and even present day processes. A multidisciplinary methodology based on the analysis of slope systems was used for researching the present and past dynamics of two hillslopes. Using the results of direct dilatometric monitoring (the slow creep of rock blocks reached a maximum of 1,mm year,1), GPS field mapping, sedimentology, geodetic measurements and DEM analyses, several common rules have been observed for the behaviour of two model localities and a likely polycyclic development established, with recurrence of mass-wasting cycles related to material supply thresholds. Radiometric dating of debris flow activity showed that the cycles span approximately 4000 years. In this area of rather stable bedrock conditions, at least two factors that decrease slope stability need to act together to activate slope processes: i.e. a favourable structural predisposition (dip of major joint or bedding planes) and an increase in relief through either glaciation or river incision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cerebral perfusion in the elderly with nocturnal blood pressure fallEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 7 2007A. Siennicki-Lantz Cerebrovascular disease may be linked with vascular autoregulation in aging. The aim of this study was to examine relation between nocturnal blood pressure (BP) fall and cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in elderly men. The prospective ,Men born in 1914' cohort study has been in progress since 1968 and included 809 subjects. After 14 years from the last follow up, 97 subjects reached the age of 82 and underwent CBF measurement and 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Diastolic BP at night decreased in 84 subjects with median 12.7% and increased in 13 subjects with median 3.7%. Relative diastolic BP fall at night was negatively associated to CBF in temporal and infero-parietal areas. Higher proportion of subjects with increasing systolic BP during the 14-year period was observed in the subgroup with extreme nocturnal diastolic BP dip, irrespectively of BP values or prevalence of hypertension. Extreme nocturnal diastolic BP fall in a cohort of elderly men is correlated with focal changes in CBF. Further studies could explain if increasing BP in the elderly is a cause or result of pathological autoregulation, and if antihypertensive treatment increases nocturnal BP dip. [source] Negative Strain-rate Sensitivity in a Nanostructured Aluminum Alloy,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 10 2006Q. Han The influence of strain rate in the range of 10,1 to 10,5 s,1 on the compression behavior of a cryomilled 5083 Al alloy is studied. The compression flow stress remains constant after an initial short strain hardening and a small stress dip, which indicates a dynamic saturation of dislocations. It is found that the compression flow stress increases with decreasing strain rate, which is believed to be attributed to dynamic strain aging. [source] Factors affecting fluid flow in strike,slip fault systems: coupled deformation and fluid flow modelling with application to the western Mount Isa Inlier, AustraliaGEOFLUIDS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 1 2009A. FORD Abstract Deformation and focused fluid flow within a mineralized system are critical in the genesis of hydrothermal ore deposits. Dilation and integrated fluid flux due to coupled deformation and fluid flow in simple strike,slip fault geometries were examined using finite difference analysis in three dimensions. A series of generic fault bend and fault jog geometries consistent with those seen in the western Mount Isa Inlier were modelled in order to understand how fault geometry parameters influence the dilation and integrated fluid flux. Fault dip, fault width, bend/jog angle, and length were varied, and a cross-cutting fault and contrasting rock types were included. The results demonstrate that low fault dips, the presence of contrasts in rock type, and wide faults produce highest dilation and integrated fluid flux values. Increasing fault bend lengths and angles increases dilation and integrated fluid flux, but increasing fault jog length or angle has the opposite effect. There is minimal difference between the outputs from the releasing and restraining fault bend and jog geometries. Model characteristics producing greater fluid flows and/or gradients can be used in a predictive capacity in order to focus exploration on regions with more favorable fault geometries, provided that the mineralized rocks had Mohr,Coulomb rheologies similar to the ones used in the models. [source] The tectonic regime along the Andes: Present-day and Mesozoic regimesGEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, Issue 1 2010Victor A. Ramos Abstract The analyses of the main parameters controlling the present Chile-type and Marianas-type tectonic settings developed along the eastern Pacific region show four different tectonic regimes: (1) a nearly neutral regime in the Oregon subduction zone; (2) major extensional regimes as the Nicaragua subduction zone developed in continental crust; (3) a Marianas setting in the Sandwich subduction zone with ocean floored back-arc basin with a unique west-dipping subduction zone and (4) the classic and dominant Chile-type under compression. The magmatic, structural and sedimentary behaviours of these four settings are discussed to understand the past tectonic regimes in the Mesozoic Andes based on their present geological and tectonic characteristics. The evaluation of the different parameters that governed the past and present tectonic regimes indicates that absolute motion of the upper plate relative to the hotspot frame and the consequent trench roll-back velocity are the first order parameters that control the deformation. Locally, the influences of the trench fill, linked to the dominant climate in the forearc, and the age of the subducted oceanic crust, have secondary roles. Ridge collisions of seismic and seismic oceanic ridges as well as fracture zone collisions have also a local outcome, and may produce an increase in coupling that reinforces compressional deformation. Local strain variations in the past and present Andes are not related with changes in the relative convergence rate, which is less important than the absolute motion relative to the Pacific hotspot frame, or changes in the thermal state of the upper plate. Changes in the slab dip, mainly those linked to steepening subduction zones, produce significant variations in the thermal state, that are important to generate extreme deformation in the foreland. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The 1933 Ms= 7.3 Baffin Bay earthquake: strike-slip faulting along the northeastern Canadian passive marginGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2002Allison L. Bent Summary The 1933 November 20 (Ms= 7.3) Baffin Bay earthquake is one of the largest instrumentally recorded passive margin earthquakes. Analysis of seismograms of this earthquake shows strong evidence for strike-slip faulting, which contrasts with the generally accepted belief that Baffin Bay is dominated by thrust faulting. The best-fitting solution consists of a large strike-slip subevent (strike 172°, dip 82°, rake 6°) followed by two smaller oblique-thrust subevents (strike 190°, dip 30°, rake 62°). All subevents occur at a depth of about 10 km. An instrumental moment magnitude of 7.4 was determined. Preliminary analysis of subsequent large (magnitude , 6.0) earthquakes in Baffin Bay finds additional evidence for strike-slip faulting in the region. The results for Baffin Bay, together with those for other passive margin earthquakes, suggest strike-slip faulting may be more prevalent in these regions than was previously believed. [source] Anomalous seaward dip of the lithosphere,asthenosphere boundary beneath northeastern USA detected using differential-array measurements of Rayleigh wavesGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 2 2002William Menke Summary Rayleigh wave phase velocities and azimuth anomalies in the period range of 30,100 s are measured for a set of four triangular arrays of broad-band seismometers in coastal northeastern USA. This is a region in which a strong upper mantle slow shear velocity anomaly (a ,New England Anomaly'), crosses the continental margin. Earthquakes from a wide range of directions are used to detect the variation of parameters with azimuth, ,, of propagation. No lateral heterogeneity in phase velocity is detected at these periods between stations at the centre and the edge of the Anomaly. However, large (10,20; per cent) azimuthal variations occur, and have a cos(1,) dependence, which is indicative of a dipping structure in the upper mantle. Corresponding azimuth variations, with a magnitude of ±5°, are also detected. This behaviour is consistent with a southeasterly (N150°E) dip of the lithosphere,asthenosphere boundary beneath New England. This dip is associated with the shoaling of the New England Anomaly beneath the Adirondack mountains, west of the array. It is opposite to the dip associated with lithospheric thickening toward the interior of the craton. [source] Improved microseismic event location by inclusion of a priori dip particle motion: a case study from EkofiskGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 5 2010G.A. Jones ABSTRACT Microseismic monitoring in petroleum settings provides insights into induced and naturally occurring stress changes. Such data are commonly acquired using an array of sensors in a borehole, providing measures of arrival times and polarizations. Events are located using 1D velocity models, P- and S-wave arrival times and the azimuths of P-wave particle motions. However in the case of all the sensors being deployed in a vertical or near-vertical borehole, such analysis leads to an inherent 180° ambiguity in the source location. Here we present a location procedure that removes this ambiguity by using the dip of the particle motion as an a priori information to constrain the initial source location. The new procedure is demonstrated with a dataset acquired during hydraulic fracture stimulation, where we know which side of the monitoring well the events are located. Using a 5 -step location procedure, we then reinvestigate a microseismic data set acquired in April 1997 at the Ekofisk oilfield in the North Sea. Traveltimes for 2683 candidate events are manually picked. A noise-weighted analytic-signal polarization analysis is used to estimate the dip and azimuth of P-wave particle motions. A modified t-test is used to statistically assess the reliability of event location. As a result, 1462 events are located but 627 are deemed to be statistically reliable. The application of a hierarchal cluster analysis highlights coherent structures that cluster around wells and inferred faults. Most events cluster at a depth of roughly 3km in the Ekofisk chalk formation but very little seismicity is observed from the underlying Tor chalk formation, which is separated from the Ekofisk formation by an impermeable layer. We see no evidence for seismicity in the overburden but such events may be too distant to detect. The resulting picture of microseismicity at Ekofisk is very different from those presented in previous studies. [source] Constrained tomography of realistic velocity models in microseismic monitoring using calibration shotsGEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING, Issue 5 2010T. Bardainne ABSTRACT The knowledge of the velocity model in microseismic jobs is critical to achieving statistically reliable microseismic event locations. The design of microseismic networks and the limited sources for calibration do not allow for a full tomographic inversion. We propose optimizing a priori velocity models using a few active shots and a non-linear inversion, suitable to poorly constrained systems. The considered models can be described by several layers with different P- and S-wave velocities. The velocities may be constant or have 3D gradients; the layer interfaces may be simple dipping planes or more complex 3D surfaces. In this process the P- and S- wave arrival times and polarizations measured on the seismograms constitute the observed data set. They are used to estimate two misfit functions: i) one based on the measurement residuals and ii) one based on the inaccuracy of the source relocation. These two functions are minimized thanks to a simulated annealing scheme, which decreases the risk of converging to a local solution within the velocity model. The case study used to illustrate this methodology highlights the ability of this technique to constrain a velocity model with dipping layers. This was performed by jointly using sixteen perforation shots recorded during a multi-stage fracturing operation from a single string of 3C-receivers. This decreased the location inaccuracies and the residuals by a factor of six. In addition, the retrieved layer dip was consistent with the pseudo-horizontal trajectories of the wells and the background information provided by the customer. Finally, the theoretical position of each calibration shot was contained in the uncertainty domain of the relocation of each shot. In contrast, single-stage inversions provided different velocity models that were neither consistent between each other nor with the well trajectories. This example showed that it is essential to perform a multi-stage inversion to derive a better updated velocity model. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||