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Detailed Dissection (detailed + dissection)

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Life Sciences	100%

Selected Abstracts

Positional relationships between the masticatory muscles and their innervating nerves with special reference to the lateral pterygoid and the midmedial and discotemporal muscle bundles of temporalis

JOURNAL OF ANATOMY, Issue 2 2000
KEIICHI AKITA
For an accurate assessment of jaw movement, it is crucial to understand the comprehensive formation of the masticatory muscles with special reference to the relationship to the disc of the temporomandibular joint. Detailed dissection was performed on 26 head halves of 14 Japanese cadavers in order to obtain precise anatomical information of the positional relationships between the masticatory muscles and the branches of the mandibular nerve. After complete removal of the bony elements, the midmedial muscle bundle in all specimens and the discotemporal muscle bundle in 6 specimens, derivatives of the temporalis, which insert into the disc were observed. On the anterior area of the articular capsule and the disc of the temporomandibular joint, the upper head of the lateral pterygoid, the midmedial muscle bundle of temporalis and the discotemporal bundle of temporalis were attached mediolaterally, and in 3 specimens the posterosuperior margin of the zygomaticomandibularis was attached to the anterolateral area of the disc. It is suggested that these muscles and muscle bundles contribute to various mandibular movements. Although various patterns of the positional relationships between the muscles and muscle bundles and the their innervating nerves are observed in the present study, relative positional relationships of the muscles and muscle bundles and of nerves of the mandibular nerve are consistent. A possible scheme of the developmental formation of the masticatory muscles based on the findings of the positional relationships between the muscles and the nerves is presented. [source]

Hypolocomotion, anxiety and serotonin syndrome-like behavior contribute to the complex phenotype of serotonin transporter knockout mice

GENES, BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR, Issue 4 2007
A. V. Kalueff
Although mice with a targeted disruption of the serotonin transporter (SERT) have been studied extensively using various tests, their complex behavioral phenotype is not yet fully understood. Here we assess in detail the behavior of adult female SERT wild type (+/+), heterozygous (+/,) and knockout (,/,) mice on an isogenic C57BL/6J background subjected to a battery of behavioral paradigms. Overall, there were no differences in the ability to find food or a novel object, nest-building, self-grooming and its sequencing, and horizontal rod balancing, indicating unimpaired sensory functions, motor co-ordination and behavioral sequencing. In contrast, there were striking reductions in exploration and activity in novelty-based tests (novel object, sticky label and open field tests), accompanied by pronounced thigmotaxis, suggesting that combined hypolocomotion and anxiety (rather than purely anxiety) influence the SERT ,/, behavioral phenotype. Social interaction behaviors were also markedly reduced. In addition, SERT ,/, mice tended to move close to the ground, frequently displayed spontaneous Straub tail, tics, tremor and backward gait , a phenotype generally consistent with ,serotonin syndrome'-like behavior. In line with replicated evidence of much enhanced serotonin availability in SERT ,/, mice, this serotonin syndrome-like state may represent a third factor contributing to their behavioral profile. An understanding of the emerging complexity of SERT ,/, mouse behavior is crucial for a detailed dissection of their phenotype and for developing further neurobehavioral models using these mice. [source]

Alternative approaches for regional ulnar nerve blockade: A cadaveric study

CLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 5 2004
N. Lizamore
Abstract Wrist blockade is a safe and effective alternative to general anesthesia in surgery of hand injuries. With regard to the ulnar nerve, the volar approach is used, where the needle passes through or medial to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon; however, the ulnar artery is at risk because the needle may accidentally penetrate it, causing profuse bleeding. Alternatively, the wrist may be approached medially, the ulnar approach, and the needle tip placed posterior to the flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. To determine which of these methods may be preferable for avoiding ulnar artery injury, needles were inserted into the wrist area of cadaver hands (n = 57) using the volar and ulnar approaches; detailed dissection of the region around the inserted needles was subsequently carried out. The position of the ulnar nerve relative to the ulnar artery and injury to the artery was documented. Damage to the ulnar artery using the volar approach was 36.8% (21/57 cases) compared to no (0%) injury observed using the ulnar approach. At the level of the wrist crease just proximal to the pisiform bone, the ulnar nerve was medial to the artery in 92.9% (53/57) of cases, medial and posterior in 5.3% (3/57), and anterior to the artery in 1.8% (1/57) of cases. This study suggests that in cases where ulnar artery pulsation is not reliable, the ulnar approach may be preferable for ulnar nerve blockade due to an increased incidence of ulnar artery penetration with the volar approach. Clin. Anat. 17:373,377, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Penetration of muscles by branches of the mandibular nerve: A possible cause of neuropathy

CLINICAL ANATOMY, Issue 1 2004
Takashi Shimokawa
Abstract We carried out detailed dissections of the branches of the mandibular nerve and muscles innervated by these branches to investigate their positional relationships. We made the following observations: 1) small branch of the auriculotemporal nerve penetrated the lateral pterygoid muscle; 2) the entire lingual nerve penetrated the medial pterygoid muscle; and 3) branch of the mylohyoid nerve penetrated the mylohyoid muscle and communicated with the submandibular ganglion. No detailed descriptions of these nerve branches have been reported previously. The existence of these nerve branches that penetrate muscles might result in the neuralgic pain in the trigeminal region when such pain is of unknown origin. Clin. Anat. 17:2,5, 2004. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]