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Desired Application (desired + application)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Chemistry75%

Selected Abstracts

Subsidiarity in the Area of EU Justice and Home Affairs Law,A Lost Cause?

EUROPEAN LAW JOURNAL, Issue 3 2009
Ester Herlin-Karnell
This article intends to highlight the concept of subsidiarity in the area of the third pillar and EU criminal law more generally. In doing so, the article tries to show that criminal law could and should be seen as imbued with ,subsidiarity' and, more specifically, that it could be viewed as an expression of the principle of ultima ratio,a minimalism approach,in criminal law. Accordingly, the article asks why subsidiarity appears to be forgotten in third pillar matters despite its important function in this area. Moreover, the article confronts such a desired application of subsidiarity in the context of established EC law doctrine, by questioning whether it is possible simply to transplant the supranational discussion into the terrain of criminal law. Further, the article explores the function of Article 47 EU as the watchdog of the supranational sphere and discusses also briefly the phenomenon of enhanced cooperation in relation to the principle of subsidiarity in the domain of EU Justice and Home Affairs. [source]

The Effect of Protein Particle Size Reduction on the Physical Properties of CO2 -Precipitated Casein Films

JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 4 2006
Kirsten L. Dangaran
ABSTRACT:, Casein precipitated with high pressure-CO2 (CO2CAS) has unique properties compared to commercial acid-precipitated casein. CO2CAS is less water-soluble and films made from it are less susceptible to high humidity environments; however, the films are also opaque and hazy. The appearance of CO2CAS films is important especially if applied as a food coating. To improve the appearance properties, the particle size of CO2CAS film plasticized with glycerol was reduced. The effect of protein particle size reduction on tensile properties, water vapor permeability (WVP), and gloss was studied using ASTM methodology. As particle size of the CO2CAS was reduced from 126 ,m to 111 ,m, tensile strength and modulus of the films increased, while WVP decreased. With the same particle reduction, gloss increased from 55.3 gloss units on average to 73 gloss units, but films were still hazy. With a particle size less than 86 ,m, CO2CAS films were glossy and transparent, however, tensile strength decreased and WVP increased. Depending on desired application, the properties of CO2CAS films can be optimized by changing particle size. [source]

The determination of urea in wine , a review

AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF GRAPE AND WINE RESEARCH, Issue 2 2006
PAUL S. FRANCIS
Abstract The concentration of urea in wine is not routinely measured in Australian laboratories, but has been examined in studies of yeast metabolism and the formation of ethyl carbamate, a known carcinogen. For alcoholic beverages that may contain high levels of urea, steps have been taken to reduce the concentration of urea and therefore prevent ethyl carbamate production. Methods for the determination of urea in wine can be grouped into three categories that indicate how selectivity for urea is achieved; those based on colour-forming reactions, enzymatic hydrolysis and chromatographic separation. The two dominant methods used by research groups over the past fifteen years for the determination of urea in wine are based on the urea/ammonia test kit available from Boeringer Mannheim/R-Biopharm and the reaction of urea with 1-phenyl-1,2-propanedione-2-oxime; both are time-consuming and labour-intensive, but involve relatively straightforward and well-established procedures. However, other options are available that may be better suited to the desired application and the instrumentation available in any particular laboratory. [source]

Sustainable Preparation of Supported Metal Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Catalysis

CHEMSUSCHEM CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABILITY, ENERGY & MATERIALS, Issue 1 2009

Abstract Metal nanoparticles have attracted much attention over the last decade owing to their unique properties as compared to their bulk metal equivalents, including a large surface-to-volume ratio and tunable shapes. To control the properties of nanoparticles with particular respect to shape, size and dispersity is imperative, as these will determine the activity in the desired application. Supported metal nanoparticles are widely employed in catalysis. Recent advances in controlling the shape and size of nanoparticles have opened the possibility to optimise the particle geometry for enhanced catalytic activity, providing the optimum size and surface properties for specific applications. This Review describes the state of the art with respect to the preparation and use of supported metal nanoparticles in catalysis. The main groups of such nanoparticles (noble and transition metal nanoparticles) are highlighted and future prospects are discussed. [source]