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Deprivation
Kinds of Deprivation Terms modified by Deprivation Selected AbstractsNO COMMUNITY IS AN ISLAND: THE EFFECTS OF RESOURCE DEPRIVATION ON URBAN VIOLENCE IN SPATIALLY AND SOCIALLY PROXIMATE COMMUNITIES,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2006DANIEL P. MEARS The link between resource deprivation and urban violence has long been explored in criminological research. Studies, however, have largely ignored the potential for resource deprivation in particular communities to affect rates of violence in others. The relative inattention is notable because of the strong theoretical grounds to anticipate influences that extend both to geographically contiguous areas and to those that, though not contiguous, share similar social characteristics. We argue that such influences,what we term spatial and social proximity effects, respectively,constitute a central feature of community dynamics. To support this argument, we develop and test theoretically derived hypotheses about spatial and social proximity effects of resource deprivation on aggregated and disaggregated homicide counts. Our analyses indicate that local area resource deprivation contributes to violence in socially proximate communities, an effect that, in the case of instrumental homicides, is stronger when such communities are spatially proximate. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories focused on community-level social processes and violence, and for policies aimed at reducing crime in disadvantaged areas. [source] ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION AND CHANGES IN HOMICIDE ARREST RATES FOR WHITE AND BLACK YOUTHS, 1967,1998: A NATIONAL TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS,CRIMINOLOGY, Issue 3 2001STEVEN F. MESSNER Using time-series techniques with national data for 1967,98, we model the effects on changes in age-race-specific arrest rates of changes in indicators of economic deprivation. A measure of child poverty is positively related to juvenile arrest rates for both races, whereas changing unemployment (lagged) yields a surprising negative effect on youth offending. Measures of intraracial income inequality are also associated with changes in juvenile arrest rates, but the effects differ by race. Between-race inequality is unrelated to changes in arrest rates for both races. Our general conclusion is that fluctuations in juvenile homicide offending over recent decades can be understood, at least in part, with reference to the macro-economic environment confronting young people and their families. [source] MATERIAL DEPRIVATION, THE ,POVERTY RATE' AND HOUSEHOLD EXPENDITURE IN MODERN AMERICA1ECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 3 2007Nicholas Eberstadt The official US ,poverty rate' appears to be a problematic descriptor of poverty trends and levels. Reported results from the ,poverty rate' do not track well with other indicators that would ordinarily be expected to bear directly on living conditions. Over the past 30 years, the relationship between the official poverty rate and these other indicators has been perversely discordant. This article outlines the basis of the poverty rate and the problems it now encounters as a reliable measure of material deprivation. [source] EFFECT OF NUTRIENT DEPRIVATION AND RESUPPLY ON METABOLITES AND ENZYMES RELATED TO CARBON ALLOCATION IN GRACILARIA TENUISTIPITATA (RHODOPHYTA),JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Pi Nyvall Collén The starch content of red algae normally increases during nitrogen limitation. Based on this we hypothesized that nutrient deprivation would result in an increased activity of starch-synthesizing enzymes and a decrease in the activity of starch-degrading enzymes, with the opposite scenario when nutrients were sufficient. We therefore examined the effect of the nutrient status of Gracilaria tenuistipitata Chang et Xia on the content of starch and floridoside and on the activity of enzymes involved in the allocation of carbon into starch, floridoside, and agar; floridoside phosphate synthase and ,-galactosidase involved in synthesis and degradation of floridoside; starch synthase and starch phosphorylase involved in the metabolism of starch; uridine 5,-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose pyrophosphorylase; adenosine 5,-diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase; UDP-glucose 4-epimerase; and phosphoglucomutase. During the period of nutrient limitation the starch and floridoside content increased, as did dry weight and C/N ratio, whereas growth rate and protein content decreased. A general decrease in the enzyme activities during nutrient limitation was also observed, indicating a decrease in overall cellular metabolism. The addition of nutrients caused an increase in enzyme activities and a decrease in the contents of starch and floridoside. Of the enzymes examined, only the activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase increased during nutrient limitation and decreased abruptly after nutrient addition. This implies a regulatory role for this enzyme in the supply of UDP-glucose for starch synthesis. It also supports our suggestion that UDP-glucose is the substrate for starch synthesis in red algae. This assertion is further strengthened by the observation that of the potential starch synthases only the UDP-glucose starch synthase could support the observed rate of starch synthesis. [source] I. INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF EARLY INSTITUTIONAL DEPRIVATION ON DEVELOPMENT: BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH STRATEGY OF THE ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN ADOPTEES (ERA) STUDYMONOGRAPHS OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2010Michael Rutter First page of article [source] DEPRIVATION, INEQUALITY AND WELFARE,THE JAPANESE ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2009SATYA R. CHAKRAVARTYArticle first published online: 5 JUN 200 Welfare ranking of income distributions involves a trade-off between equity and efficiency. A person's feeling of deprivation about higher incomes may be of a relative or absolute type. We consider an intermediate notion of deprivation, a convex mix of relative and absolute deprivations. We then look at the problem of welfare ranking of income distributions when welfare increases under a globally equitable redistribution and under an income increase that keeps intermediate deprivation fixed. All deprivation indices can be regarded as inequality indices but the converse is not true. We also provide a numerical illustration of our results. [source] Olfactory association learning and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in an animal model of early deprivationDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Betty Zimmerberg Abstract Animal models can serve to explore neural mechanisms underlying the effects of stressful early experiences on behaviors supporting attachment. Neonatal rats primarily use olfaction for attachment, and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) may be a key transcription target in olfactory association learning. In this experiment, neonatal male and female rats were isolated individually for 3 hr daily in the first week of life while their dams were left with partial litters (Early Deprivation, ED) or remained undisturbed (Control). At 1 week of age, subjects were tested using a 2-day classical conditioning paradigm. The conditioned group (O/M) was exposed to a novel odor paired with a milk infusion. Three additional groups included an unpaired odor and milk exposure group (O/M unP), an odor exposure alone group (O/NM), and neither an odor nor a milk group (NO/NM). Learning the odor association, as revealed in a position preference for the novel odor, was accompanied by an increase in hippocampal BDNF in O/M subjects from undisturbed Control litters. BDNF levels were also positively related to degree of preference for the odor in the O/M Control group. ED subjects did not make the classically conditioned odor association and did not show an increase in hippocampal BDNF. ED increased BDNF levels in the olfactory bulb compared to Controls regardless of training group; individual levels were not correlated with performance because samples were pooled. These results suggest that changes in the transcription of BDNF may underlie some of the long-term consequences of the early stress of maternal separation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 333,344, 2009. [source] Deprivation and Type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalenceDIABETIC MEDICINE, Issue 11 2000N. J. Beeching No abstract is available for this article. [source] The impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on cue,reactivity in smokersADDICTION, Issue 2 2010Steffani R. Bailey ABSTRACT Aims This experiment was conducted to determine the impact of cigarette deprivation and cigarette availability on reactivity measures to cigarette cues. Participants Smokers were recruited who were 18 years of age or older, not attempting to quit or cut down on their smoking, smoked at least 20 cigarettes daily, had been smoking regularly for past year and had an expired carbon monoxide level of at least 10 parts per million. Design Smokers were assigned randomly to abstain from smoking for 24 hours (n = 51) or continue smoking their regular amount (n = 50). Twenty-four hours later, they were exposed to trials of either a lit cigarette or a glass of water with a 0, 50 or 100% probability of being able to sample the cue on each trial. Craving, mood, heart rate, skin conductance, puff topography and latency to access door to sample the cue were measured. Findings Both exposure to cigarette cues and increasing availability of those cues produced higher levels of craving to smoke. Deprivation produced a generalized increase in craving. There was no consistent evidence, however, that even under conditions of high cigarette availability, deprived smokers were sensitized selectively to presentations of cigarette cues. Conclusions The data suggest that, even under conditions of immediate cigarette availability, deprivation and cue presentations have independent, additive effects on self-reported craving levels in smokers. [source] Caloric restriction for longevity: I. Paradigm, protocols and physiological findings in animal researchEUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW, Issue 5 2004Kelly M. Vitousek Abstract The initial article in this series reviews basic findings in the field of caloric restriction for longevity (CRL). To eating disorder specialists, the data are disconcerting. The chronic dieting and subnormal weight we endeavour to prevent and treat in humans appear highly beneficial when imposed on animals. In the laboratory, organisms from nematodes to monkeys thrive when forced to undereat, as long as they receive sufficient micronutrients. The most remarkable results are obtained through the most extreme measures: mice, for example, do best if limited to a third of expected caloric intake, beginning soon after weaning and continuing throughout adulthood. Deprivation can be achieved through an ,anorexic' protocol of steady underconsumption or a ,bulimic' pattern in which periods of fasting alternate with bouts of binge eating. The benefits of such regimens include delayed senescence, postponement and/or attenuation of age-related disease and dramatic increases in average and maximum lifespan. Although some biological functions are impaired (including growth, reproduction and perhaps resistance to certain stressors), the cost/benefit ratio clearly favours CRL when calculated on the basis of physical outcomes in late age. Advocacy of comparable regimens for people, however, is ill-considered. Enthusiasm for CRL can be sustained only by detaching deprivation from the context of daily life, ignoring psychological effects, and dismissing data on human semi-starvation and eating disorders. The experiences of participants in Biosphere 2 and individuals with anorexia nervosa suggest that the price of CRL is unacceptably high when a wider range of outcome variables is examined. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association. [source] Effect of Losartan on Sodium Appetite of Hypothyroid Rats Subjected to Water and Sodium Depletion and Water, Sodium and Food DeprivationEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 5 2001D. Badauê-Passos Jr The involvement of angiotensin AT1 receptors in sodium appetite was studied in hypothyroid rats treated with the angiotensin II antagonist losartan. Losartan was administered chronically by the oral route or acutely by the subcutaneous route after water and sodium depletion or water, sodium and food deprivation. Three days after addition of losartan to the food at the dose of 1.0 mg g,1, the rats significantly reduced (P < 0.02) their spontaneous intake of 1.8% NaCl. Increasing the dose of losartan to 2.0 and 4.0 mg g,1 did not reduce NaCl intake; in contrast, the intensity of the sodium appetite gradually returned to previous levels. The simultaneous administration of captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, and losartan significantly increased (P < 0.05) NaCl intake and after captopril removal NaCl intake returned to the levels observed with losartan treatment alone. The administration of losartan 4 days after the beginning of captopril treatment significantly reduced (P < 0.0001) NaCl intake. Following acute administration of losartan, water- and sodium-depleted rats significantly reduced their NaCl and water intake (P < 0.001). The administration of losartan also induced a significant reduction in NaCl and water intake in water, NaCl and food-deprived rats (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The present results show that chronic treatment with oral losartan inhibited spontaneous sodium appetite in hypothyroid rats. Continuation of treatment rendered rats resistant to the blockade of AT1 receptors. Water and sodium depletion and water, NaCl and food deprivation induced sodium appetite, which in the short term depends on cerebral angiotensinergic activity mediated by the activation of AT1 receptors. [source] Getting the Smaller Picture: Small-Area Analysis of Public Expenditure Incidence and Deprivation in Three English CitiesFISCAL STUDIES, Issue 2 2000Glen Bramley Abstract This paper examines public expenditure incidence at small-area level in cities. The motivations for such research are briefly reviewed. The article reports on an attempt at measuring public expenditure across the majority of programmes down to the level of Census wards and the actual results obtained for three urban local authorities in England. The relationship between spending, income and deprivation is examined overall and for particular spending programmes, using a number of approaches including regression-based expenditure models. The conclusions suggest that spending is indeed targetted on poorer areas but raise questions about both the strength of this relationship and how best to measure deprivation and the need to spend. [source] A Theory of Migration as a Response to Relative DeprivationGERMAN ECONOMIC REVIEW, Issue 2 2000Oded Stark We model migration as a response to relative deprivation. We present a specific configuration of incomes in which the process of migration in response to relative deprivation reaches a steady state. However, for the general configuration of incomes we show that it is impossible to prove the existence of a steady state. We study the social welfare implications of the two cases and show that if individuals are left to pursue their betterment, the resulting state falls short of the best social outcome. We present several implications of the model including federalism and the demand for secession. [source] Social deprivation and the outcomes of crisis resolution and home treatment for people with mental health problems: a historical cohort studyHEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY, Issue 5 2010Richard Kingsford BA (Hons) MA DipSW MSc Abstract The development of crisis resolution and home treatment (CRHT) teams has been central to the UK Government's objective of reducing reliance on hospital-based care and is supported by a growing body of evidence. However, there has been no research specifically exploring the relationship between social deprivation and CRHT teams, in spite of evidence of an association between social deprivation and increased pressure on inpatient services. This article reports a study which tested the hypothesis that social deprivation is associated with the outcome of CRHT interventions. Using a historical cohort study design, we examined a total of 260 accepted referrals to a CRHT. Social deprivation was measured by the Index of Multiple Deprivation (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister 2004) as a predictor of CRHT interventions outcomes. CRHT outcomes were dichotomised into successful and unsuccessful and were defined with reference to the CRHT operational policy. Univariate analysis found that people who lived in more socially deprived areas had a poorer outcome, as did older people and those referred from the enhanced community mental health team (CMHT). Logistic regression analysis found that age and referral source were independently associated with outcome. Analysis of the demographic data also suggested a non-significant trend towards men having less successful outcomes. Further analysis exploring the characteristics of the different referral sources to the CRHT found that those referred from the enhanced CMHT were significantly more likely to be from the most deprived area. This suggested a relationship between an enhanced level of mental health need, social deprivation and poor outcome of CRHT intervention. [source] Nutrients Released by Gastric Epithelial Cells Enhance Helicobacter pylori GrowthHELICOBACTER, Issue 6 2004Karin Van Amsterdam ABSTRACT Background.,Helicobacter pylori survives and proliferates in the human gastric mucosa. In this niche, H. pylori adheres to the gastric epithelial cells near the tight junctions. In vitro, H. pylori proliferated well in tissue-culture medium near gastric epithelial cells. However, in the absence of epithelial cells, growth of H. pylori could only be established in tissue-culture medium when, prior to the experiment, it was preincubated near gastric epithelial cells. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether diffusion of nutrients derived from epithelial cells was required for H. pylori growth in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's minimal essential medium (DMEM) cell culture medium. Materials and Methods., Cell culture conditions essential for H. pylori growth in vitro were determined with gastric epithelial HM02 cells. Results., Deprivation of iron in cell-culture-conditioned DMEM resulted in a growth arrest of H. pylori. However, near gastric epithelial cells, growth of H. pylori was resistant to iron deprivation. Evidently, when residing close to epithelial cells, H. pylori was able to fulfil its iron requirements, even when the DMEM was deprived of iron. Nevertheless, supplementation with iron alone did not restore H. pylori growth in DMEM, hence other nutrients were deficient as well in the absence of epithelial cells. Growth of H. pylori in DMEM was restored when hypoxanthine, l -alanine and l -proline were added to the DMEM. Conclusions, Diffusion of (precursors of) these nutrients from the gastric epithelial cells is essential for H. pylori growth in vitro. We hypothesize that in vivo, H. pylori favors colonization near the tight junctions, to gain maximal access to the nutrient(s) released by gastric epithelial cells. [source] Effects of estrogen and androgen deprivation on the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in male Sprague,Dawley ratsHEPATOLOGY RESEARCH, Issue 9 2009Yanjun Mu Aim:, We studied the mechanisms of estrogen/androgen involvement in the induction of NASH by treating Sprague,Dawley (SD) rats fed with a normal or high fat (HF) diet by depriving them of endogenous estrogens/androgens. Methods:, Male adult SD rats (n = 10/group) on normal or HF diets were treated for 75 days either with tamoxifen (Tam) or flutamide (Flu) or Tam + Flu in order to induce NASH. We analyzed histopathologically the liver samples from the treated groups for NASH, checked the serum biochemical and lipid profile markers and finally analyzed the signal pathways underlying the molecular mechanisms for the induction process of NASH. Results:, Deprivation of endogenous estrogens and/or androgens (Tam or Flu or Tam + Flu) without the HF diet did not induce NASH. Tam or Tam + Flu induced NASH, compared to milder lesions without fibrosis in HF diet and Flu-treated liver. Serum alanine aminotransferase or lipid profile markers further proved the Tam, Flu or Tam + Flu effects on the induction of NASH in conjunction with a HF diet. Tam treatment predominantly downregulated the ER, and FAS and upregulated UCP2 and TNF-,. Conclusions:, Deprivation of endogenous estrogen/androgens in conjunction with a HF diet may induce NASH where the downregulated ER, and FAS, and upregulated UCP2 and TNF-, could be involved in their molecular pathomechanism pathways. These results could suggest the potential negative roles of estrogenic/androgenic depriving compounds in the induction of NASH, along with obesity. [source] The effect of economic deprivation on oesophageal and gastric cancer in a UK cancer networkINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 6 2009J. A. Gossage Summary Aims:, The National Health Service (NHS) Cancer Plan aims to eliminate economic inequalities in healthcare provision and cancer outcomes. This study examined the influence of economic status upon the incidence, access to treatment and survival from oesophageal and gastric cancer in a single UK cancer network. Methodology:, A total of 3619 patients diagnosed with either oesophageal or gastric cancer in a London Cancer Network (population = 1.48 million) were identified from the Thames Cancer Registry (1993,2002). Patients were ranked into economic quintiles using the income domain of the Multiple Index of Deprivation. Statistical analysis was performed using a ,2 test. Survival analysis was performed using a Cox's proportional hazards model. Results:, Between 1993,1995 and 2000,2002, the incidence of oesophageal cancer in the most affluent males rose by 51% compared with a 2% rise in the least affluent males. The incidence of gastric cancer in most affluent males between 1993,1995 and 2000,2002 fell by 32% compared with a 7% fall in the least affluent males. These changes were less marked in females. Economic deprivation had no effect on the proportion of patients undergoing either resectional surgery or chemotherapy; the least affluent oesophageal cancer patients with a higher incidence of squamous cell carcinoma received significantly more radiotherapy. Economic deprivation had no effect upon survival for either oesophageal or gastric cancer. Conclusions:, There has been an increase in oesophageal cancer and a decrease in gastric cancer incidence among more affluent males in the last 10 years. Economic status did not appear to influence access to treatment or survival. [source] Is there an association between referral population deprivation and antibiotic prescribing in primary and secondary care?INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 4 2008Christopher Curtis head of pharmaceutical services Objective The study was designed to explore the presence of any relationship between NHS secondary care antibiotic prescribing rates or primary care antibiotic prescribing rates and the levels of deprivation experienced within the referred primary care population. The study also aimed to determine whether the antibiotic prescribing rates for each care sector were correlated. Method The study was conducted in 12 English hospital trusts of mixed size and case-mix. Antibiotic usage data (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) category J01) for the financial year, ending March 2001/2002 were used to calculate hospital trust prescribing rates (using the defined daily dose/finished consultant episode indicator). Primary care antibiotic prescribing data were obtained from the Prescription Pricing Authority (antibiotic items prescribed per 1000 residents) for the year 2001/2002. Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) 2000 deprivation data were obtained from the regional public health observatory websites for each of the primary care trusts within the relevant study areas. Key findings No correlation could be established between the weighted index of multiple deprivation of the treated population and antibiotic prescribing rates at each hospital trust. Primary care antibiotic prescribing rates were not found to correlate with antibiotic prescribing rates in the geographically associated hospital trust. Data from all 12 sites showed that the IMD 2000 measures and primary care prescribing rates were weakly correlated, with higher antibiotic prescribing rates being generally observed in areas of primary care exhibiting the worst levels of deprivation Conclusions The likely explanations for the present findings are that deprivation-related illnesses are principally treated within primary care, whereas hospital antibiotic prescribing principally results from procedures isolated within secondary care or through the additional influence of nosocomial infection. Therefore, medicines management measures geared to controlling antibiotic prescribing in secondary care should not focus upon the levels of deprivation in the referred population, whereas those in primary care should. [source] Comparison of medication-prescribing patterns for patients in different social groups by a group of doctors in a general practiceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE, Issue 4 2005Mrs. Jenifer Anne Harding Primary care pharmacist Objective This study was designed to compare medication-prescribing patterns of five general practitioners (GPs) who served patients living in two different communities, one of which is more economically deprived. Method The study focused on cardiovascular and antibiotic prescribing. Practice population data including history of cardiovascular disease and records of medication prescribed were considered with public health and socio-economic statistics for each community. Setting The study practice serves 8300 patients in two clinics, Tipton and Gornal, 4 miles apart. Each has similar numbers of registered patients. Tipton is in one of England's most deprived areas, ranked 16 out of 354 in the Indices of Multiple Deprivation 2004, compared with Gornal which is situated in an area ranked 109. Key findings For each Tipton patient, mean prescribing costs were 37% higher and mean number of prescription items were 16% higher over the study period compared with Gornal. Although a higher incidence might be expected in Tipton, little difference in identified cardiovascular disease (CVD) was found between Tipton and Gornal, and prescribing rates of aspirin and statins were similar. Tipton patients with CVD were less likely to be prescribed antihypertensives especially calcium channel blockers (P = 0.003) and diuretics (P = 0.02). Tipton patients received on average 3.27 different cardiovascular drugs compared with 3.80 in Gornal (P = 0.004). In those aged 65 years and over, this reduced to 3.08 in Tipton compared with 3.82 in Gornal (P = 0.001). Tipton patients generally, and children specifically, were significantly more likely to receive antibiotic prescriptions (P <0.0001). Conclusion This study suggested that some prescribing patterns differed at the two clinics, which may reflect different behaviours by the GPs when prescribing in the two communities of different population need. [source] Neighborhood Deprivation, Individual Socioeconomic Status, and Cognitive Function in Older People: Analyses from the English Longitudinal Study of AgeingJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 2 2008Iain A. Lang PhD OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between cognitive function, socioeconomic status, and neighborhood deprivation (lack of local resources of all types, financial and otherwise). DESIGN: Nationally representative cross-section. SETTING: The English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). PARTICIPANTS: Seven thousand one hundred twenty-six community-dwelling individuals aged 52 and older and resident in urban areas. MEASUREMENTS: Individual cognitive function score and index of multiple deprivation (IMD) at the Super Output Area level, adjusting for health, lifestyle, and sociodemographic confounders. Analyses were conducted separately according to sex and age group (52,69 and ,70). RESULTS: IMD affected cognitive function independent of the effects of education and socioeconomic status. For example, in fully adjusted models, women aged 70 and older had a standardized cognitive function score (z -score) that was 0.20 points (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.01,0.39) lower in the bottom 20% of wealth than the top 20%, 0.44 points (95% CI=0.20,0.69) lower in the least-educated group than in the most educated, and 0.31 points (95% CI 0.15,0.48) lower if resident lived in an area in the bottom 20% of IMD than in the top 20%. CONCLUSION: In community-based older people in urban neighborhoods, neighborhood deprivation,living in a neighborhood with high levels of deprivation, compared with national levels,is associated with cognitive function independent of individual socioeconomic circumstances. The mechanisms underlying this relationship are unclear and warrant further investigation. [source] Major elective joint replacement surgery: socioeconomic variations in surgical risk, postoperative morbidity and length of stayJOURNAL OF EVALUATION IN CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 3 2010Jennifer Hollowell PhD Abstract Background, Patient deprivation is associated with greater need for total hip and knee replacement surgery (THR/TKR) and a higher prevalence of risk factors for surgical complications. Our aim was to examine associations between deprivation and aspects of the inpatient episode for patients undergoing these procedures. Methods, We analysed socioeconomic variations in preoperative surgical risk, postoperative morbidity and length of stay for 655 patients undergoing elective THR/TKR at a large metropolitan hospital. Surgical risk was assessed using the orthopaedic version of the POSSUM scoring system, postoperative morbidity was assessed using the postoperative morbidity survey, and socioeconomic status was measured using the Index of Multiple Deprivation. We adjusted for age, sex, surgical site and primary vs. revision surgery. Results, We found only a modest, clinically insignificant socioeconomic gradient in preoperative surgical risk and no socioeconomic gradient in postoperative morbidity. There was a strong socioeconomic gradient in length of stay, but only for patients undergoing TKR. This was due to deprived patients being more likely to remain in hospital without morbidity following TKR. Conclusions, Our findings suggest differential selection of healthier patients for surgery. Hospitals serving deprived communities may have excess, unfunded costs because of the increased length of stay of socioeconomically disadvantaged patients. [source] Nutritional Deprivation of ,-Linolenic Acid Decreases but Does Not Abolish Turnover and Availability of Unacylated Docosahexaenoic Acid and Docosahexaenoyl-CoA in Rat BrainJOURNAL OF NEUROCHEMISTRY, Issue 6 2000Miguel A. Contreras Abstract: We applied our in vivo fatty acid method to examine concentrations, incorporation, and turnover rates of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3) in brains of rats subject to a dietary deficiency of ,-linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) for three generations. Adult deficient and adequate rats of the F3 generation were infused intravenously with [4,5- 3H]docosahexaenoic acid over 5 min, after which brain uptake and distribution of tracer were measured. Before infusion, the plasma 22:6 n-3 level was 0.2 nmol ml -1 in 18:3 n-3-deficient compared with 10.6 nmol ml -1 in control rats. Brain unesterified 22:6 n-3 was not detectable, whereas docosahexaenoyl-CoA content was reduced by 95%, and 22:6 n-3 content in different phospholipid classes was reduced by 83-88% in deficient rats. Neither plasma or brain arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) level was significantly changed with diet. Docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-6) reciprocally replaced 22:6 n-3 in brain phospholipids. Calculations using operational equations from our model indicated that 22:6 n-3 incorporation from plasma into brain was reduced 40-fold by 18:3 n-3 deficiency. Recycling of 22:6 n-3 due to deacylation-reacylation within phospholipids was reduced by 30-70% with the deficient diet, but animals nevertheless continued to produce 22:6 n-3 and docosahexaenoyl-CoA for brain function. We propose that functional brain effects of n-3 deficiency reflect altered ratios of n-6 to n-3 fatty acids. [source] Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Recovery: Effects on the Hypothalamic,Pituitary,Adrenal Axis Activity, Energy Balance and Body Composition of RatsJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 4 2006D. C. Hipólide Abstract Numerous studies indicate that sleep deprivation alters energy expenditure. However, this conclusion is drawn from indirect measurements. In the present study, we investigated alterations of energy expenditure, body composition, blood glucose levels, plasma insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels immediately after 4 days of sleep deprivation or after 4 days of sleep recovery. Rats were sleep deprived or maintained in a control environment (groups sleep-deprived/deprivation and control/deprivation). One half of these animals were sacrificed at the end of the deprivation period and the other half was transported to metabolic cages, where they were allowed to sleep freely (groups sleep-deprived/recovery and control/recovery). At the end of the sleep recovery period, these rats were sacrificed. After sleep deprivation, sleep-deprived rats exhibited loss of body weight, augmented energy expenditure and reduced metabolic efficiency compared to control rats. These alterations were normalised during the sleep recovery period. The body composition of sleep-deprived rats was altered insofar as there was a loss of fat content and gain of protein content in the carcass compared to control rats. However, these alterations were not reversed by sleep recovery. Finally, plasma levels of insulin were reduced during the sleep deprivation period in both control and sleep deprived groups compared to the recovery period. After the deprivation period, plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were increased in sleep-deprived rats compared to control rats, and although ACTH levels were similar between the groups after the sleep recovery period, corticosterone levels remained elevated in sleep-deprived rats after this period. By means of direct measurements of metabolism, our results showed that sleep deprivation produces increased energy expenditure and loss of fat content. Most of the alterations were reversed by sleep recovery, except for corticosterone levels and body composition. [source] Differential and Age-Dependent Effects of Maternal Deprivation on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of Brown Norway Rats from Youth to SenescenceJOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, Issue 7 2001J. O. Workel Abstract In this study, the hypothesis was tested that infants deprived from maternal care show persistent changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity. For this purpose, we studied the effect of maternal deprivation in one cohort of the healthy ageing Brown Norway rat strain showing still more than 80% survival rate at 32 months of age. Three-day-old male Brown Norway rats were either maternally deprived for 24 h or remained with the dam. In 3, 12 and 30,32 months (young, adult, senescent) deprived rats and their nondeprived littermates (controls), we determined basal resting and stress-induced plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone as well as corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in hippocampus and PVN were also assessed using in vitro cytosol binding and in situ hybridization. The effect of ageing per se showed that in the control nondeprived Brown Norway rats, basal corticosterone and ACTH concentrations did not change during life. However, with age, the corticosterone response to novelty stress became progressively attenuated, but prolonged, while there was an age-related increase in the ACTH response. CRH mRNA expression in PVN decreased with age. Hippocampal MR binding and MR mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus were reduced at senescence, as were the GR binding capacities in hippocampus and hypothalamus. Maternal deprivation did not affect survival rate, body weight, nor adrenal weight of the ageing Brown Norway rats. Basal corticosterone and ACTH levels were not affected by deprivation, except for a rise in basal corticosterone concentrations at 3 months. At this age, the corticosterone output in response to novelty was attenuated in the deprived rats. In contrast, a striking surge in novelty stress-induced corticosterone output occurred at midlife while, at senescence, the corticosterone and ACTH responses were attenuated again in the deprived animals, particularly after the more severe restraint stressor. CRH mRNA expression was reduced only during adulthood in the deprived animals. After maternal deprivation, the MR mRNA in dentate gyrus showed a transient midlife rise. GR binding in hypothalamus and hippocampus GR binding was reduced in young rats while, in the senescent deprived animals, a reduced GRmRNA expression was observed in PVN and hippocampal CA1. In conclusion, in the Brown Norway rat, ageing causes a progressive decline in corticosterone output after stress, which is paralleled at senescence by decreased MR and GR mRNA expression in hippocampus and hypothalamus. The long-term effects of maternal deprivation become manifest differently at different ages and depend on test conditions. The deprivation effect culminates in a midlife corticosterone surge and results at senescence in a strongly reduced corticosterone output. [source] Influence of Age at Drinking Onset on Long-Term Ethanol Self-Administration With Deprivation and Stress PhasesALCOHOLISM, Issue 7 2005Sören Siegmund Background: Onset of alcohol use during adolescence has potentially long-lasting consequences, e.g., prospective alcohol dependence. To obtain new insight into the effects of early chronic ethanol consumption, we compared the drinking behavior of two adult male Wistar rat groups: one that initiated alcohol consumption during adolescence (adolescent group) and the other that initiated their drinking during adulthood (adult group) in a model of long-term alcohol self-administration. We investigated the magnitude of the effects of deprivation and stress on alcohol intake and the influence of these events on the alcohol drinking behavior across time. Methods: Heterogeneous Wistar rats aged 31 days (adolescents) and 71 days (adults) were given ad libitum access to water, as well as 5% and 20% ethanol solutions during an observation period of 30 wk. A deprivation phase of 14 days was instituted after eight wk of access to alcohol. After 16 and 26 wk of alcohol access, all animals were subjected for three consecutive days to forced swimming and electric foot shocks, respectively. Results: At the onset of drinking, adolescent animals consumed less alcohol and showed lower preference than adults. The deprivation phase was followed by increased intake of highly concentrated ethanol solution without appreciable differences between age groups. Repeated swim stress produced a slight increase in ethanol consumption in both animal groups; however, alcohol intake was not significantly different between groups, whereas the foot shock stress-induced increase in alcohol intake was significantly higher in the animal group that initiated alcohol consumption during adolescence. After swim stress, the drinking behavior of the adolescent group resembled that of the adult group. In particular, the adolescent group increased their preference for 20% ethanol solution for the remainder of the experiment. Conclusions: Age of voluntary alcohol drinking onset does not appear to be a strong predictor for prospective alcohol intake and relapse-like drinking behavior under the present experimental conditions. However, male Wistar rats that initiated alcohol consumption during adolescence seem to be more susceptible to acute stressor-specific effects in terms of alcohol consumption. [source] Effects of Periodic Feed Deprivation on Growth, Feed Efficiency, Processing Yield, and Body Composition of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatusJOURNAL OF THE WORLD AQUACULTURE SOCIETY, Issue 4 2005Menghe H. Li Two studies were conducted in 110-L flow-through aquaria and 0.4-ha ponds to evaluate effects of periodic feed deprivation on the growth performance of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Fish were deprived of feed 0, 1, 2, or 3 consecutive d/wk, l d per 5-d period, or 3 consecutive d per 10-d period and fed to satiation on days fish were fed. In Experiment 1, fish fed less frequently than daily consumed significantly less feed (over the experimental period) and gained significantly less weight than fish fed daily, except that feed consumption of fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk was not significantly different from that of fish fed daily. Compared with fish fed daily, fish deprived of feed 2 d/wk had significantly lower feed conversion ratio (FCR). Visceral fat of fish deprived of feed 1 or 2 d/wk was similar to that of fish fed daily, but fish deprived of feed for longer periods had significantly lower visceral fat than fish fed daily. Regression analysis indicated that feed consumption, weight gain, and visceral fat increased linearly as the number of days that fish were fed increased. In Experiment 2, there were no significant differences in the amount of feed fed between fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk and those fed daily. Net production of fish deprived of feed 1 or 2 d/wk or 1 d per 5-d period was not significantly different from that of fish fed daily, but fish deprived of feed for longer periods had significantly lower net production than fish fed daily. Visceral fat of fish deprived of feed 1 d/wk or 1 d per 5-d period was similar to that of fish fed daily, but fish on other treatments had significantly lower visceral fat than fish fed daily. Regression analysis showed that as the number of days fed increased the amount of feed fed and net production increased quadratically. Feed conversion ratio, carcass yield, visceral fat, and fillet fat increased, while fillet moisture decreased linearly as the number of days fed increased. Although feeding less frequently than daily may improve feed efficiency, and fish deprived of feed may demonstrate compensatory growth when a full feeding regime is resumed, it may be difficult to provide enough feed to satiate all size-classes of fish under a multiple-batch cropping system without causing water quality problems. Under normal economic conditions, fish should be fed daily to apparent satiation without waste and without causing water quality problems. However, during periods of unfavorable economic conditions, channel catfish raised from advanced fingerlings to market size may be fed less frequently than daily to reduce production cost. Results from the present study indicated that feeding channel catfish to satiation 5 or 6 d/wk (not feeding on one or two weekend days) could provide some benefits in reducing production cost through reduced feed and labor costs for food-sized channel catfish during periods of low fish prices and high feed prices. [source] Politics of God or Politics of Man?POLITICAL STUDIES, Issue 3 2007Deprivation in Predicting Support for Political Violence in Israel, The Role of Religion This study examines the associations between religious affiliation and religiosity and support for political violence through a nationwide sample of Israeli Jews and Muslims. Based on structural equation modeling, the findings show that by and large Muslims are more supportive of political violence than Jews and more religious persons are less supportive of political violence. Deprivation, however, was found to mediate these relations, showing that the more deprived , whether Muslims or Jews, religious or non-religious persons , are more supportive of political violence. The explanatory strength of religion and deprivation combined in this manner was found to be stronger than any of these variables on their own. The findings cast doubt on negative stereotypes both of Islam and of religiosity as promoting political violence. They suggest that governments which want peace at home, in Israel as elsewhere, would do well to ensure that ethnic and religious differences are not translated into, and compounded by, wide socio-economic gaps. [source] Children adopted from China: a prospective study of their growth and developmentTHE JOURNAL OF CHILD PSYCHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY AND ALLIED DISCIPLINES, Issue 4 2008Nancy J. Cohen Background:, China has become a lead country for international adoption because of the relatively young age of the children and reported positive conditions of the orphanages. This study examined the process and outcome of growth and development of children adopted from China over their first two years with their adoptive families. Method:, Seventy infant girls adopted from China at 8 to 21 months of age (Mean age = 13 months) were examined on arrival in Canada and 6, 12, and 24 months later. Comparisons were made with non-adopted Canadian girls of similar age and from a similar family background as adoptive parents on indices of growth and standardized measures of mental, psychomotor, and language development. Results:, At arrival, children adopted from China were smaller physically and exhibited developmental delays compared to current peers. Children adopted from China were functioning in the average range on physical and developmental measures within the first 6 months following adoption. However, they were not performing as well as current peers until the end of their second year after adoption. Even then, there was developmental variation in relation to comparison children and continuation of relatively smaller size with respect to height, weight, and head circumference. Physical measurement was related to outcomes at various points on all developmental measures. Conclusions:, Deprivation in experience in the first year of life has more long-lasting effects on physical growth than on mental development. The variable most consistently related to development was height-to-age ratio. As a measure of nutritional status, the findings reinforce the critical importance of early nutrition. [source] ORIGINAL RESEARCH,BASIC SCIENCE: Effect of Estrogen Deprivation on the Expression of Aquaporins and Nitric Oxide Synthases in Rat VaginaTHE JOURNAL OF SEXUAL MEDICINE, Issue 6 2009Sun-Ouck Kim MD ABSTRACT Introduction., The expression of aquaporin (AQP) water channels in rat vagina was recently reported. Aim., The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of 17,-estradiol on the expression of the AQP-1 and AQP-2 water channels and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in rat vagina. Methods., Female Sprague-Dawley rats (230,240 g, N = 90) were divided into three groups: control (N = 30), bilateral ovariectomy (N = 30), and bilateral ovariectomy, followed by subcutaneous injections of 17,-estradiol (50 µg/kg/day, N = 30). After 4 weeks, genital hemodynamics and vaginal secretions were measured after pelvic nerve stimulation, and the animals were then killed. The expression and cellular localization of AQP-1, AQP-2, endothelial NOS (e-NOS), and neuronal NOS (n-NOS) were determined in each group by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Main Outcome Measures., The expression and cellular localization of AQPs and NOS isoforms after estrogen deprivation. Results., Estimated vaginal secretions (mg, mean ± standard error) were significantly lower in the ovariectomized group (2.9 ± 0.62) than in the control group (5.7 ± 1.25) and returned to the control value in the group after treatment with 17,-estradiol (6.5 ± 1.22) (P < 0.05). Both AQP-1 and e-NOS immunoreactivities were localized in the capillaries and venules of the lamina propria of the vagina, and n-NOS was expressed in the nerve fibers of the subepithelial lamina propria. The expression of AQP-2 was localized solely in the superficial layer of the vaginal epithelium. The protein expressions of AQP-2, e-NOS, and n-NOS were significantly lower after ovariectomy and were restored to the control level after 17,-estradiol treatment. However, there was no significant change in AQP-1 expression. Conclusions., Decreased vaginal secretion after estrogen deprivation may be partly due to functional changes in both AQPs and NOS isoforms in the vagina. The potential role of AQPs in water transport in the vagina might differ according to the type of AQP. Kim S-O, Lee H-S, Ahn K, and Park K. Effect of estrogen deprivation on the expression of aquaporins and nitric oxide synthases in rat vagina. J Sex Med 2009;6:1579,1586. [source] Conceptions Of Liberty DeprivationTHE MODERN LAW REVIEW, Issue 5 2006Liora Lazarus This article adopts a theoretical and comparative perspective on the prisoner's legal status in England and Wales. Applying the principles of human rights, legality and proportionality, it argues that the prisoner's legal status must rest on a divisible conception of liberty. Such a conception must distinguish clearly between the liberty lost, and the rights restricted, by the imposition of the custodial sentence as opposed to the administration of prisons (the key distinction). In order for this to be achieved, the conception of the prisoner's legal status must also establish the purpose or purposes of the custodial sanction as distinct from the purpose of prison administration. Through comparison with Germany, the article demonstrates that the common law concept of the prisoner's legal status is unstable. Vacillating between a divisible and indivisible conception of the prisoner's liberty, the English conception of the prisoner's legal status lacks a foundation firm enough to satisfy the principles of human rights, legality and proportionality. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||