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Density Differences (density + difference)
Selected AbstractsEffect of Volume Fraction of Material on Separation by Density Difference in a Liquid-Fluidized Bed of Inert ParticlesCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 7 2010Y. Tatemoto Abstract A liquid-fluidized bed was used to separate a pure material from a mixture. A quantity of relatively large sized material was immersed in an inert-particle fluidized bed and the behavior of materials was examined for different liquid velocities. In particular, the volume fraction of the material was varied and its effect on the separation characteristics was examined. The material floats on the inert-particle fluidized bed when the density of the material is lower than the apparent density of the bed, regardless of the volume fraction of the material. The apparent density of the bed can be adjusted by changing the liquid velocity. The materials in the upper portion of the bed affect the properties of the bed below them, i.e., the void fraction decreases and the apparent density increases in the inert-particle suspension when materials are present in the upper portion of the bed. Therefore, the materials float on the bed although the apparent density of the inert-particle suspension obtained from the case without material is less than the density of the material at a relatively high volume fraction of material. This phenomenon occurs more easily for lighter and smaller materials. This means that small inert particles and low liquid velocities are the optimum operating conditions for the separation. [source] Equations of state for basin geofluids: algorithm review and intercomparison for brinesGEOFLUIDS (ELECTRONIC), Issue 4 2002J. J. Adams ABSTRACT Physical properties of formation waters in sedimentary basins can vary by more than 25% for density and by one order of magnitude for viscosity. Density differences may enhance or retard flow driven by other mechanisms and can initiate buoyancy-driven flow. For a given driving force, the flow rate and injectivity depend on viscosity and permeability. Thus, variations in the density and viscosity of formation waters may have or had a significant effect on the flow pattern in a sedimentary basin, with consequences for various basin processes. Therefore, it is critical to correctly estimate water properties at formation conditions for proper representation and interpretation of present flow systems, and for numerical simulations of basin evolution, hydrocarbon migration, ore genesis, and fate of injected fluids in sedimentary basins. Algorithms published over the years to calculate water density and viscosity as a function of temperature, pressure and salinity are based on empirical fitting of laboratory-measured properties of predominantly NaCl solutions, but also field brines. A review and comparison of various algorithms are presented here, both in terms of applicability range and estimates of density and viscosity. The paucity of measured formation-water properties at in situ conditions hinders a definitive conclusion regarding the validity of any of these algorithms. However, the comparison indicates the versatility of the various algorithms in various ranges of conditions found in sedimentary basins. The applicability of these algorithms to the density of formation waters in the Alberta Basin is also examined using a high-quality database of 4854 water analyses. Consideration is also given to the percentage of cations that are heavier than Na in the waters. [source] Theoretical study on the second-order nonlinear optical properties of nonconjugated D-,-A chromophoresINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 7 2009Guochun Yang Abstract Density functional theory calculations have been carried out on nonconjugated D-,-A chromophores to investigate the different electron donors and conjugated bridges effects on the molecular nonlinear optical response. The results show that the large second-order polarizability values can be achieved through careful combination of available electron donors, conjugated bridges for our studied nonconjugated D-,-A chromophores. The calculations also provide a clear explanation for the second-order polarizability changes from the standpoint of transition energies, oscillator strengths, electron density difference, and bond length alternation. Solvent effect has great influence on the second-order polarizability and electronic absorption spectrum. It is hoped that the results presented in this article will give some hints to the interrelated studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009 [source] Variation of crustal thickness in the Philippine Sea deduced from three-dimensional gravity modelingISLAND ARC, Issue 3 2007Takemi Ishihara Abstract Crustal thickness of the northern to central Philippine Sea was gravimetrically determined on the simple assumption of four layers: seawater, sediments, crust and lithospheric mantle, with densities of 1030, 2300, 2800 and 3300 kg/m3, respectively. As for the correction of the regional gravity variation, a 15 km difference of the lithospheric thickness with a density difference of 50 kg/m3 against the asthenosphere below between both sides of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge was taken into consideration. Mantle Bouguer anomalies were calculated on the assumption of constant crustal thickness of 6 km, and then the crustal thickness was obtained by three-dimensional gravity inversion method. The results show occurrence of thin crust areas with a thickness of approximately 5 km in the southern part and at the western margin of the Shikoku Basin and also of thick crust areas in the northwestern and northeastern parts of the Parece Vela Basin. We suggest that these are because of the variation of magma supply at the time of sea floor spreading in the Shikoku and Parece Vela Basins, which is possibly related to the variation of spreading rate and enhanced magmatism near the past arc volcanic fronts. The results further show the occurrence of crust thinner than 5 km in the northeastern part of the West Philippine Basin, of crust thicker than 15 km in the Amami Plateau, the Daito and Oki-Daito Ridges, and also in the northern part of Kyushu-Palau Ridge, whereas the southern part of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge the crust is thicker than 10 km. It was also inferred that small basins in the Daito Ridge province have the thinnest oceanic crust of less than 5 km in the Kita-Daito Basin. [source] USING RESERVES TO PROTECT FISH AND WILDLIFE SIMPLIFIED MODELING APPROACHESNATURAL RESOURCE MODELING, Issue 2 2005OLA FLAATEN ABSTRACT. This paper investigates theoretically to what extent a nature reserve may protect a uniformly distributed population of fish or wildlife against negative effects of harvesting. Two objectives of this protection are considered: avoidance of population extinction and maintenance of population, at or above a given precautionary population level. The pre-reserve population is assumed to follow the logistic growth law and two models for post-reserve population dynamics are formulated and discussed. For Model A by assumption the logistic growth law with a common carrying capacity is valid also for the post-reserve population growth. In Model B, it is assumed that each sub-population has its own carrying capacity proportionate to its distribution area. For both models, migration from the high-density area to the low-density area is proportional to the density difference. For both models there are two possible outcomes, either a unique globally stable equilibrium, or extinction. The latter may occur when the exploitation effort is above a threshold that is derived explicitly for both models. However, when the migration rate is less than the growth rate both models imply that the reserve can be chosen so that extinction cannot occur. For the opposite case, when migration is large compared to natural growth, a reserve as the only management tool cannot assure survival of the population, but the specific way it increases critical effort is discussed. [source] A study of the Coriolis effect on the fluid flow profile in a centrifugal bioreactorBIOTECHNOLOGY PROGRESS, Issue 4 2009Christopher J. Detzel Abstract Increasing demand for tissues, proteins, and antibodies derived from cell culture is necessitating the development and implementation of high cell density bioreactors. A system for studying high density culture is the centrifugal bioreactor (CCBR), which retains cells by increasing settling velocities through system rotation, thereby eliminating diffusional limitations associated with mechanical cell retention devices. This article focuses on the fluid mechanics of the CCBR system by considering Coriolis effects. Such considerations for centrifugal bioprocessing have heretofore been ignored; therefore, a simpler analysis of an empty chamber will be performed. Comparisons are made between numerical simulations and bromophenol blue dye injection experiments. For the non-rotating bioreactor with an inlet velocity of 4.3 cm/s, both the numerical and experimental results show the formation of a teardrop shaped plume of dye following streamlines through the reactor. However, as the reactor is rotated, the simulation predicts the development of vortices and a flow profile dominated by Coriolis forces resulting in the majority of flow up the leading wall of the reactor as dye initially enters the chamber, results are confirmed by experimental observations. As the reactor continues to fill with dye, the simulation predicts dye movement up both walls while experimental observations show the reactor fills with dye from the exit to the inlet. Differences between the simulation and experimental observations can be explained by excessive diffusion required for simulation convergence, and a slight density difference between dyed and un-dyed solutions. Implications of the results on practical bioreactor use are also discussed. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009 [source] Herpetofaunal Diversity and Abundance in Tropical Upland Forests of Cameroon and Panama,BIOTROPICA, Issue 1 2001Ulrich Hofer ABSTRACT Two tropical upland forests, Mount Kupe in Cameroon and Bosque Protector Palo Seco in Panama, were compared in terms of herpetofaunal species richness and density of individuals. Based on rarefaction, whereby samples are standardized for abundance, Palo Seco had significantly more species of frogs and lizards. Extrapolations to total local species richness, by fitting the Michaelis,Menten equation to the species accumulation curves and by using Chao's estimator, yielded divergent results: more lizard species on Mount Kupe, and an equal number of frogs at both sites. These disparities can be accounted for by differences in evenness, which was higher in Palo Seco. Frog density was significantly higher on Mount Kupe, snake density significantly higher in Palo Seco, and lizards exhibited no density difference. Overall, the results revealed a less consistent pattern and more moderate differences than what is known from southeast Asian,-Central American comparisons. This outcome is discussed in the light of available knowledge, but quantitative data from African forests are too sparse to allow general conclusions. Se comparó la herpetofauna de dos bosques tropicales húmedos ubicados en las montañas, Mount Kupe en Camerún y Bosque Protector Palo Seco en Panamá, en relación a la riqueza especifica y la densidad de individuos. Con base en el método de rarefacción, en el cual los muestreos se estandarizan en base a su abudancia, Palo Seco presenta significativamente mas especies de anuros y lagartos. Extrapolaciones con respecto a la riqueza especifica total de los sitios, mediante un ajuste de la ecuación de Michaelis-Menten a las curvas de acumulación de especies, y utilizando el índice de Chao, produjeron resultados divergentes: más especies de lagartos en Mount Kupe, y el mismo número de especies de anuros en ambos sitios. Dichas diferencias pueden resultar de una equitatividad más alta en Palo Seco. La densidad de anuros resultó significativamente más alta en Mount Kupe, mientras que la densidad de serpientes fue significativamente más alta en Palo Seco, y no se encontró una diferencia entre k densidad de lagartos en ambos sitios. En general los resultados muestran patrones menos consistentes y diferencias mis moderadas de las que se conocen entre el Sureste de Asia y Centroamerica. Se discuten los resultados con base en la información disponible, sin embargo, la existencia de datos cuantitativos para bosques africanos es demasiado escaza como para permitir conclusiones generales. RESUMES Se comparó la herpetofauna de dos bosques tropicales húmedos ubicados en las montañas, Mount Kupe en Camerún y Bosque Protector Palo Seco en Panamá, en relación a la riqueza especifica y la densidad de individuos. Con base en el método de rarefacción, en el cual los muestreos se estandarizan en base a su abudancia, Palo Seco presenta significativamente mas especies de anuros y lagartos. Extrapolaciones con respecto a la riqueza especifica total de los sitios, mediante un ajuste de la ecuación de Michaelis-Menten a las curvas de acumulación de especies, y utilizando el índice de Chao, produjeron resultados divergentes: más especies de lagartos en Mount Kupe, y el mismo número de especies de anuros en ambos sitios. Dichas diferencias pueden resultar de una equitatividad más alta en Palo Seco. La densidad de anuros resultó significativamente más alta en Mount Kupe, mientras que la densidad de serpientes fue significativamente más alta en Palo Seco, y no se encontró una diferencia entre k densidad de lagartos en ambos sitios. En general los resultados muestran patrones menos consistentes y diferencias mis moderadas de las que se conocen entre el Sureste de Asia y Centroamerica. Se discuten los resultados con base en la información disponible, sin embargo, la existencia de datos cuantitativos para bosques africanos es demasiado escaza como para permitir conclusiones generales. [source] A statistical model for unwarping of 1-D electrophoresis gelsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 22 2005Chris Glasbey Professor Abstract A statistical model is proposed which relates density profiles in 1-D electrophoresis gels, such as those produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), to databases of profiles of known genotypes. The warp in each gel lane is described by a trend that is linear in its parameters plus a first-order autoregressive process, and density differences are modelled by a mixture of two normal distributions. Maximum likelihood estimates are computed efficiently by a recursive algorithm that alternates between dynamic time warping to align individual lanes and generalised-least-squares regression to ensure that the warp is smooth between lanes. The method, illustrated using PFGE of Escherichia coli O157 strains, automatically unwarps and classifies gel lanes, and facilitates manual identification of new genotypes. [source] Seasonal and inter-stream variations in the population dynamics, growth and secondary production of an algivorous fish (Pseudogastromyzon myersi: Balitoridae) in monsoonal Hong KongFRESHWATER BIOLOGY, Issue 9 2009GRACE Y. YANG Summary 1.,Balitorid loaches are widespread and highly diverse in Asian streams, yet their life history and ecology have received little attention. We investigated seasonal (wet versus dry season) and spatial variation in populations of algivorous Pseudogastromyzon myersi in Hong Kong, and estimated the magnitude of secondary production by this fish in pools in four streams (two shaded and two unshaded) over a 15-month period. 2.,Mean population densities of P. myersi ranged from 6.0 to 23.2 individuals m,2, constituting more than half (and typically >70%) of benthic fishes censused. Abundance was c. 25% greater in the wet season, when recruitment occurred. Significant density differences among streams were not related to shading conditions and were evident despite small-scale variations in P. myersi abundance among pools. Mean biomass varied among streams from 0.85 to 3.87 g ash-free dry weight (AFDW) m,2. Spatial and seasonal patterns in biomass and density were similar, apart from some minor disparities attributable to differences in mean body size among populations. 3.,All four P. myersi populations bred once a year in June and July, and life spans varied from 24 to 26 months. Populations consisted of three cohorts immediately after recruitment but, for most of the study period, only two cohorts were evident. Cohort-specific growth rates did not differ significantly among streams but, in all streams, younger cohorts had higher cohort-specific growth rates. 4.,Secondary production of P. myersi estimated by the size-frequency (SF) method was 2.7,11.5 g AFDW m,2 year,1 and almost twice that calculated by the increment-summation (IS) method (1.2,6.6 g AFDW m,2 year,1). Annual P/B ratios were 1.17,2.16 year,1 (IS) and 2.73,3.22 year,1 (SF). Highest production was recorded in an unshaded stream and the lowest in a shaded stream, but site rankings by production did not otherwise match shading conditions. Wet-season production was six times greater than dry-season production, and daily production fell to almost zero during January and February. Cool temperatures (<17 °C) may have limited fish activity and influenced detectability during some dry-season censuses. Estimates of abundance and annual production by P. myersi are therefore conservative. 5.,Comparisons with the literature indicate that the abundance and production of P. myersi in Hong Kong was high relative to other benthic fishes in tropical Asia, or their temperate counterparts in small streams. Manipulative experiments are needed to determine the influence of P. myersi, and algivorous balitorids in general, on periphyton dynamics and energy flow in Asian streams. [source] Contemporary kinematics of the southern Aegean and the Mediterranean RidgeGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 3 2004Corné Kreemer SUMMARY This study focuses on the kinematics of the southern Aegean and the Mediterranean Ridge (MR). A quantification of the deformation of the MR is essential for both evaluating physical models of accretionary wedges in general and for obtaining a self-consistent model of the surface deformation over the entire Nubia,Eurasia (NU,EU) plate boundary zone in the eastern Mediterranean. Previous kinematic studies have not properly considered the deformation field south of the Hellenic arc. Although this study focuses on the deformation field of the MR, we also discuss the kinematics of the southern Aegean, because the geometry and movement of the Hellenic arc determine to a large extent the kinematic boundary conditions for kinematic studies of the MR. We calculate a continuous velocity and strain rate field by interpolating model velocities that are fitted in a least-squares sense to published Global Positioning System (GPS) velocities. In the interpolation, we use information from a detailed data set of onshore and offshore active faulting to place constraints on the expected style and direction of the model strain rate field. In addition, we use the orientations of tracks left by seamounts travelling into the wedge to further constrain the offshore deformation pattern. Our model results highlight the presence of active shear partitioning within the Mediterranean ridge. High compressional strain rates between the ridge crest and the deformation front accommodate approximately 60,70 per cent of the total motion over the wedge, and the outward growth rate of the frontal thrust is , 4 mm yr,1. Strain partitioning within the wedge leads to 19,23 mm yr,1 of dextral motion at the wedge,backstop contact of the western MR, whereas the Pliny and Strabo trenches in the eastern MR accommodate 21,23 mm yr,1 of sinistral motion. The backstop of the western MR is kinematically part of the southern Aegean, which moves as a single block [the Aegean block (AE)] at 33,34 mm yr,1 in the direction of S24°W ± 1° towards stable Nubia (NU). Our model confirms that there is a clear divergence between the western and eastern Hellenic arc and we argue for a causal relation between the outward motion of the arc and the gradient in the regional geoid anomaly. Our results suggest that a significant driving source of the surface velocity field lies south of the Hellenic arc and only for the southeastern Aegean could there be some effect as a result of gravitational collapse associated with density differences within the overriding plate. [source] Multi-material incompressible flow simulation using the moment-of-fluid method,INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 8 2010Samuel P. Schofield Abstract This paper compares the numerical performance of the moment-of-fluid (MOF) interface reconstruction technique with Youngs, LVIRA, power diagram (PD), and Swartz interface reconstruction techniques in the context of a volume-of-fluid (VOF) based finite element projection method for the numerical simulation of variable-density incompressible viscous flows. In pure advection tests with multiple materials MOF shows dramatic improvements in accuracy compared with the other methods. In incompressible flows where density differences determine the flow evolution, all the methods perform similarly for two material flows on structured grids. On unstructured grids, the second-order MOF, LVIRA, and Swartz methods perform similarly and show improvement over the first-order Youngs' and PD methods. For flow simulations with more than two materials, MOF shows increased accuracy in interface positions on coarse meshes. In most cases, the convergence and accuracy of the computed flow solution was not strongly affected by interface reconstruction method. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Habitat availability, hunting or poaching: what affects distribution and density of large mammals in western Tanzanian woodlands?AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2009Matthias Waltert Abstract Game reserves (GR) in Tanzania have been found to support similar or lower densities of large mammals compared with National parks (NP). But as these areas usually differ considerably not only in regard to management but also to environmental factors, we assessed the relative importance of vegetation cover, species-specific habitat preferences and legal (trophy hunting) and illegal off-take for observed differences in species-specific densities. In the Katavi ecosystem, open habitats were characteristic elements of Katavi NP, while Rukwa GR was dominated by miombo forest. In an inter-specific comparison, density differences were moderately correlated with preferences for open habitats, and with estimates of combined legal and illegal off-take but not with one of these separately. In a multiple linear regression, open habitat preference was found to explain 39.6% of the density differences between the two protected areas. This analysis suggests that the broad-scale pattern of most species' distributions is governed by differing vegetation cover but that several species are overexploited by illegal (elephant, giraffe, buffalo, bush pig, warthog) or combined off-take (hippopotamus, eland, waterbuck), thus emphasizing the need for quota readjustments and a more efficient anti-poaching control. Résumé En Tanzanie, on a découvert que les réserves de chasse, comparées aux parcs nationaux, abritaient des densités semblables ou inférieures de grands mammifères. Mais étant donné que ces zones diffèrent d'habitude considérablement, en termes non seulement de gestion mais aussi de facteurs environnementaux, nous avons évalué l'importance relative de la couverture végétale, des préférences spécifiques des espèces en matière d'habitat, et des prélèvements légaux (chasse aux trophées) et illégaux dans les différences constatées des densités spécifiques. Dans l'écosystème de Katavi, les habitats ouverts sont des éléments caractéristiques du Parc National de Katavi (PN) alors que la Réserve de Chasse de Rukwa (RC) est dominée par la forêt à miombo. Dans une comparaison interspécifique, les différences de densitéétaient modérément liées à la préférence pour des habitats ouverts et aux estimations de prélèvements légaux et illégaux combinés, mais pas avec les estimations séparées des uns ou des autres. Dans une régression linéaire multiple, on a découvert que la préférence pour un habitat ouvert expliquait 39.6% des différences de densité entre les deux aires protégées. Cette analyse suggère que le schéma, à grande échelle, de la distribution de la plupart des espèces est régi par une différence de couverture végétale, mais que plusieurs espèces semblent être surexploitées par les prélèvements illégaux (éléphants, girafes, buffles, potamochères, phacochères) ou combinés (hippopotames, élands, waterbucks), ce qui souligne la nécessité de réajuster les quotas et d'exercer des contrôles anti-braconnage plus efficaces. [source] Structure,property relationships for film-forming copoly(amide imide)sPOLYMERS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES, Issue 2 2003Valery P. Privalko Abstract Thin films of copoly(amide imide)s (coPAIs) from dichloro-dianhydride of trimellitimide- N -acetic acid and mixtures of diphenylmethane diamine (DPA) and cardo 9,9,-bis-phenylfluorene diamine (CDA) cast from solutions in dimethylacetamide (DMAA) were characterized by wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS and SAXS), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) (temperature interval: 293,703,K, frequency range: 1,100,Hz), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) (nitrogen flux, temperature interval: 303,973 K). The mean interchain spacings (WAXS) smoothly increased with the CDA/DPA molar ratio from 0.55,nm for CDA/DPA,=,0/1 up to 0.60,nm for CDA/DPA,=,1/0. The smooth patterns of the SAXS curves for all coPAIs were explained by the smearing-out of electron density differences between densely-packed and loosely-packed microregions of coPAIs due to the wide dispersion of their sizes. The step-like patterns of the TGA traces in the temperature intervals below and above 600,K were associated with successive weight losses due to the evaporation of residual water and of DMAA, and to the thermal degradation of diamine and dianhydride chain fragments, respectively. As could be inferred from the TGA data, the loosely-packed regions comprise about 25,35% of the total volume of studied coPAIs. The mechanical relaxations observed in all coPAIs at T,,<,T,,,<,T, (DMA) were attributed to the onset of non-cooperative segment motion in loosely-packed regions, of cooperative segment motion in loosely-packed regions, and of cooperative segment motion in densely-packed regions, respectively. At constant frequency, the sub-glass relaxations were roughly composition-independent, while chain-stiffening effect was assumed to be responsible for the smooth increase of T,, and T,, as well as of the corresponding apparent activation energies with the CDA/DPA ratio. 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