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Demographic Aspects (demographic + aspect)
Selected AbstractsDemographic aspects of sympatric Praomys jacksoni and P. stella in a tropical lowland forest in Kakamega, KenyaAFRICAN JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY, Issue 2 2004Catherine W. Waweru Abstract Populations of coexisting tropical forest rodents Praomys jacksoni and P. (Hylomyscus) stella were investigated to test whether lower relative densities in regenerating forest compared with mature forest were because of poor health and/or reduced chances for females to breed. Relative frequencies, litter size, mass, length of embryos, presence or absence of ecto- and/ or endoparasites, and liver condition were recorded and analysed. Higher numbers of either species occurred in the mature compared with regenerating forest. Mottled livers and endoparasites were associated with heavier rodents; litter size related positively to mass of pregnant females in both species. Litter size, embryo size, sex ratios, liver condition, and infestation of ecto- and endoparasites were independent of forest and species. Apparently, reduced female density in regenerating forest had no breeding cost on individual females occurring there. Résumé Les populations de rongeurs coexistants en forêt tropicale Praomys jacksoni et P. (Hylomyscus) stella ont étéétudiées pour vérifier si les densités relatives, plus faibles dans les forêts en voie de régénération que dans les forêts mâtures, étaient dues à une moins bonne santé et/ou à de plus faibles chances de se reproduire pour les femelles. On a noté et analysé les fréquences relatives, la taille des portées, le poids, la taille des embryons, la présence ou l'absence d'ecto- et/ou d'endoparasites et l'état du foie. On a constaté des nombres plus importants des deux espèces dans les forêts mâtures que dans les forêts en voie de règénération. Des foies tachetés et des endoparasites étaient associés à des rongeurs plus lourds; la taille des portées était positivement liée au poids des femelles pleines dans les deux espèces. La taille de la portée, le poids des petits, le sex-ratio, l'état du foie et l,infestation par des ecto- et endoparasites étaient indépendants de la forêt et de l'espèce. Apparemment, la densité réduite des femelles dans la forêt en voie de régénération n'avait aucun impact sur la reproduction locale des femelles prises individuellement. [source] Innovation, Entrepreneurship und DemographiePERSPEKTIVEN DER WIRTSCHAFTSPOLITIK, Issue 2008Dietmar Harhoff A number of high-technology industries have established themselves in Germany only slowly over the last decades. Innovation policy has tried to support the startup of high technology enterprises, e.g., by improvements for certain types of finance, incentives for founders and the reform of technology commercialization at universities. However, these measures have been counteracted by the German tax system which affects innovation adversely in some parts. Moreover, the emerging shifts in the age structure of the German population could affect innovation incentives and entrepreneurship negatively. Another important demographic aspect is the dominance of men in science and technology. Stronger participation by women in male-dominated scientific and technical professions could compensate partially for the effects of changes in the age structure. [source] Cutaneous mastocytosis: demographic aspects and clinical features of 55 patientsJOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY & VENEREOLOGY, Issue 8 2006G Akoglu Abstract Background, Mastocytosis is a rare, heterogeneous group of disorder with abnormal increase of mast cells in one or more organ systems. Objective, To evaluate the demographic and clinical features of cutaneous mastocytosis (CM). Methods, Records of 55 patients with cutaneous mastocytosis were retrospectively analysed. Results, Of the 22 females and 33 males, 80% had urticaria pigmentosa/maculopapular CM and 20% had mastocytoma. Of all cases, 81.8% had first lesions in childhood. The most common presentation was involvement of trunk together with extremities. Thirteen (23.6%) patients had history of bulla; Darier's sign was positive in 34 of 38 patients. Itching was the most common complaint, provocated by hot weather/bath. Conclusion, Clinical presentations of urticaria pigmentosa/maculopapular CM and mastocytoma are similar regarding gender, age of onset, age of diagnosis, and presence of Darier's sign and history of bulla. In contrast to mastocytoma, urticaria pigmentosa/maculopapular CM lesions were frequently located on trunk together with extremities. [source] Effects of socioeconomic status on presentation with acute lower respiratory tract disease in children in Salvador, Northeast BrazilPEDIATRIC PULMONOLOGY, Issue 4 2002Cristiana M. Nascimento-Carvalho MD Abstract Two different socioeconomic groups of children with pneumonia were studied, and their clinical and demographic aspects were evaluated. The diagnosis of pneumonia was based on findings of cough and tachypnea, or on crackles on auscultation or on radiologically confirmed infiltrate. This was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Professor Hosannah de Oliveira Pediatric Center, which cares for children of lower socioeconomic status (PHOPC), and at one private hospital which cares for children from middle to high socioeconomic status (Aliança Hospital, AH). Demographics and clinical differences were assessed by the Pearson chi-square test or Fisher's exact test as appropriate; means of continuous variables were compared by Mann-Whitney U-test. In a 26-month period, 3,431 cases were recruited. The 2,476 cases identified at the PHOPC were younger than the 955 identified at AH (2.2,±,2.3 vs. 4.5,±,3.1 years, P,<,0.0001) and had higher scores for severity (3.5,±,1.5 vs. 2.7,±,1.7, P,<,0.0001), duration of hospitalization (days) (10.9,±,12.1 vs. 6.2,±,7, P,<,0.0001), frequency of tobacco smoker in the household (48% vs. 31%, P,<,0.0001), cardiopathy (15.3% vs. 5.9%, P,=,0.003), fever (44.4% vs. 36.3%, P,=,0.0001), tachypnea (67.6% vs. 32.3%, P,<,0.0001), crackles (69.5% vs. 64.9%, P,=,0.02), somnolence (19.9% vs. 10.4%, P,<,0.0001), malnutrition (13.7% vs. 5%, P,<,0.0001), hospitalization rate (27.4% vs. 22.5%, P,=,0.003), and death (0.9% vs. 0.1%, P,=,0.009). However, other features were more frequent among AH cases: parent's university level of education (38.2% vs. 1.0%, P,<,0.0001), underlying chronic illness (40.6% vs. 28.5%, P,<,0.0001), asthma (62.7% vs. 50.8%, P,=,0.01), rhinitis (9.2% vs. 0.4%, P,<,0.0001), previous use of antibiotics (34.3% vs. 27.1%, P,=,0.001), and wheezing (53.1% vs. 42.2%, P,<,0.0001). Children of lower socioeconomic status have more serious lower respiratory tract disease, whereas children with pneumonia of middle to high socioeconomic status have more allergic diseases (rhinitis, asthma) and wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:244,248. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||