Home About us Contact
|
Home About us Contact | ||
|
|
||
Del
Terms modified by Del Selected AbstractsCytogenetic effects of commercial formulations of deltamethrin and/or isoproturon on human peripheral lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cellsENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS, Issue 8 2007Lalit K.S. Chauhan Abstract The cytogenetic effects of deltamethrin (DEL) and/or isoproturon (ISO) were examined in human lymphocytes and mouse bone marrow cells. Peripheral lymphocytes were exposed to DEL (2.5, 5, 10, or 20 ,M), ISO (25, 50, 100, or 200,M), or DEL + ISO (2.5 + 25, 5 + 50, 10 + 100, or 20 + 200 ,M) and cytogenic effects were evaluated via chromosomal aberrations (CA) and the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay (CBMN). Mice were orally gavaged to single dose of DEL (6.6 mg/kg), ISO (670 mg/kg), or DEL+ISO (6.6 + 670 mg/kg) for 24 hr or to DEL (3.3 mg/kg/day), ISO (330 mg/kg/day), or DEL + ISO (3.3 + 330 mg/kg/day) for 30 days and analyzed for CA. DEL induced a significant frequency of CA at 10 ,M whereas ISO (25,100,M) alone, or in combination with DEL, did not show any significant effect. Micronucleus (MN) induction was observed to be concentration-dependent though significant frequencies were observed at 5 ,M DEL, 100 ,M ISO, or 5 + 50 ,M DEL + ISO. In mice, DEL inhibited the mitotic index (MI) significantly (P < 0.001) at 24 hr while ISO alone, or in combination with DEL, did not cause any statistically significant effect. Following a 24 hr exposure, DEL and ISO alone induced significant (P < 0.01) frequencies of CA, whereas DEL + ISO in combination did not. Furthermore, 30 days exposure of ISO significantly inhibited the MI (P < 0.02 or < 0.01) and induced CA while DEL alone, or in combination with ISO, resulted in no significant effect on CA or the MI. The present findings indicate that the in vitro and in vivo exposure of a commercial formulation of DEL can cause genotoxic effects in mammals. However, the coexposure of DEL and ISO did not show additive effects, but instead demonstrated somewhat reduced genotoxicity. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Transient response of cardiac angiosarcoma to paclitaxelEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER CARE, Issue 5 2010E. CASTILLA md CASTILLA E., PASCUAL I., RONCALÉS F., AGUIRRE E. & RÍO A. DEL (2010) European Journal of Cancer Care19, 699,700 Transient response of cardiac angiosarcoma to paclitaxel Malignant tumours of the heart are a group of tumours with low incidence but very high mortality. Delays in diagnosis are common because of their multiple forms of presentation, and 80% present with metastases, further reducing the possibility for cure. We present here the case of a patient with primary cardiac angiosarcoma that highlights the misdiagnosis at clinical presentation, current diagnostic modalities and a possible new treatment using paclitaxel for cardiac angiosarcoma. [source] FIAT represses bone matrix mineralization by interacting with ATF4 through its second leucine zipperJOURNAL OF CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY, Issue 3 2008Vionnie W.C. Yu Abstract We have characterized FIAT, a 66 kDa leucine zipper (LZ) protein that dimerizes with activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) to form inactive dimers that cannot bind DNA. Computer analysis identifies three putative LZ motifs within the FIAT amino acid sequence. We have used deletion- and/or site-specific mutagenesis to individually inactivate these motifs in order to identify the functional LZ that mediates the FIAT,ATF4 interaction. Amino acids 194,222 that encode the FIAT LZ2 were deleted (mutant FIAT ZIP2 DEL). We inactivated each zipper individually by replacing two or three leucine residues within each zipper by alanine residues. The engineered mutations were L142A/L149A (mutant M1, first zipper), L208A/L215A/L222A (mutant M2, second zipper), and L441A/L448A (mutant M3, third zipper). MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells with an integrated 1.3 kb mouse osteocalcin gene promoter fragment driving expression of luciferase were transfected with expression vectors for ATF4 and the various FIAT deletion- or site-specific mutants. Inhibition of ATF4-mediated transcription was compared between wild-type (WT) and LZ FIAT mutants. The deletion mutant FIAT ZIP2 DEL and the sequence-specific M2 mutant did not interact with ATF4 and were unable to inhibit ATF4-mediated transcription. The M1 or M3 mutations did not affect the ability of FIAT to contact ATF4 or to inhibit its transcriptional activity. Stable expression of WT FIAT in osteoblastic cells inhibited mineralization, but not expression of the FIAT ZIP2 DEL and M2 mutants. This structure,function analysis reveals that FIAT interacts with ATF4 and modulates its activity through its second leucine zipper motif. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 859,865, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] MICA-STR, HLA-B haplotypic diversity and linkage disequilibrium in the Hunan Han population of southern ChinaINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS, Issue 4 2006W. Tian Summary Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related gene A (MICA) is located 46 kb centromeric to HLA-B and encodes a stress-inducible protein. MICA allelic variation is thought to be associated with disease susceptibility and immune response to transplants. This study was aimed to investigate the haplotypic diversity and linkage disequilibrium between human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B and (GCT)n short tandem repeat in exon 5 of MICA gene (MICA-STR) in a southern Chinese Han population. Fifty-eight randomly selected nuclear families with 183 members including 85 unrelated parental samples were collected in Hunan province, southern China. HLA-B generic typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction,sequence-specific priming (PCR,SSP), and samples showing novel HLA-B-MICA-STR linkage were further typed for HLA-B allelic variation by high-resolution PCR,SSP. MICA-STR allelic variation and MICA gene deletion (MICA*Del) were detected by fluorescent PCR,size sequencing and PCR,SSP. Haplotype was determined through family segregation analysis. Statistical analysis was applied to the data of the 85 unrelated parental samples. Nineteen HLA-B specificities and seven MICA-STR allelic variants were observed in 85 unrelated parental samples, the most predominant of which were HLA-B*46, -B60, -B*13, and -B*15, and MICA*A5, MICA*A5.1 and MICA*A4, respectively. Genotype distributions of HLA-B, MICA-STR loci were consistent with Hardy,Weinberg proportions. The HLA-B-MICA-STR haplotypic phases of all 85 unrelated parental samples were unambiguously assigned, which contained 30 kinds of HLA-B, MICA-STR haplotypic combinations, nine of them have not been reported in the literature. Significant positive linkage disequilibria between certain HLA-B and MICA-STR alleles, including HLA-B*13 and MICA*A4, HLA-B*38 and MICA*A9, HLA-B*58 and MICA*A9, HLA-B*46 and MICA*A5, HLA-B*51 and MICA*A6, HLA-B*52 and MICA*A6, and HLA-B60 and MICA*A5.1, were observed. HLA-B*48 was linked to MICA*A5, MICA*A5.1 and MICA*Del. HLA-B*5801-MICA*A10 linkage was found in a family. Our data indicated a high degree of haplotypic diversity and strong linkage disequilibrium between MICA-STR and HLA-B in a southern Chinese Han population, the data will inform future studies on anthropology, donor,recipient HLA matching in clinical transplantation and HLA-linked disease association. [source] An 85-Year-Old Japanese Woman with Philadelphia Chromosome,Positive Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with Del (5q) Successfully Treated by Intermittent Imatinib TherapyJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 10 2004Toyoki Maeda MD No abstract is available for this article. [source] Analysis of RHD genes in Taiwanese RhD-negative donors by the multiplex PCR methodJOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS, Issue 3 2003Y.-L. Lee Abstract The determination of the RhD phenotype is important in transfusion medicine. However, due to the complexity of D antigen expression, the routine serological method cannot differentiate all RhD variants. In addition, the induction of the anti-D antibody is still the major cause of severe hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN). Therefore, it is important to understand RHD gene profiles. To analyze the RHD gene profiles of Taiwanese RhD-negative donors, the multiplex PCR method was applied to amplify RHD specific exons 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9. Based on the PCR results, the 156 RhD-negative donors were divided into 12 groups according to the different expression patterns of the RHD gene. These 12 groups were further divided into three categories: type I=Rh Del (21.8%); type II = partial D, containing some exons (9.0%); and type III = true RhD-negative (69.2%). The results indicated that 21.8% of RhD-negative donors in Taiwan were RhDel, and 9% carried a part of the RHD gene. Six defined RhD variants were found in this study: four ROHar, one DVa, and two DIVb. However, no true RhD-negative or RhDel donor with the CcdEe phenotype was found in this analysis. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:80,84, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Is There a Two-Humped Stage in the Embryonic Development of the Dromedary?ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 5 2010J. Kinne Summary It has been postulated that the one-humped (Arabian) dromedary and the two-humped (Bactrian) camel originated from a single ancestor. Consequently, the dromedary was considered a breed of the two-humped camel, based on an anatomical study by Lombardini L, 1879: Ann. Del. Universita Toscane, 259, 147, who described a reduced second hump like structure in foetal and adult dromedaries. To resolve this lingering issue, we analysed dromedary foetuses and calves. In contrast to the situation in two-humped camels, we never observed any rudimentary second hump in the dromedary foetuses or calves. [source] An in vitro study on reproductive toxicology of Deltamethrin on rat spermatozoaANDROLOGIA, Issue 4 2010F. Ben Abdallah Summary Recent findings indicate that synthetic pyrethroid insecticide may induce toxic manifestations by enhancing the production of reactive oxygen species and disrupting the balance between pro-oxidants and antioxidants as a result of lipid peroxidation (LP) of cell membranes. The aim of the study was to examine the potency of Deltamethrin (Del) to induce oxidative stress response in rat spermatozoa in vitro. Spermatozoa were incubated with different concentrations (0, 10, 50, 100 and 200 ,m) of Del for 3 h at 37 °C. After that, sperm parameters (motility, viability and abnormal morphology), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels were determined. We found that in vitro exposure to Del caused a significant decline of sperm motility and viability and increase of abnormal sperm morphology, MDA, SOD and CAT levels at different concentrations of Del. This study demonstrated that Del caused deterioration in sperm motility and viability, and induction in LP, abnormal morphology of spermatozoa and antioxidants enzyme activities. [source] Elemental abundance analyses with DAO spectrograms: XXX.ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 4 20102 Ceti (B9 III), 21 Aquilae (B8 II-III), Aquilae (B5 III), Delphini (A2V), The middle B through early A stars Abstract This series of high quality elemental abundance analyses of mostly main-sequence band normal and peculiar B, A, and F stars defines their properties and provides data for the comparison with the analyses of somewhat similar stars and with theoretical predictions. Most use high dispersion and high S/N (, 200) spectrograms obtained with CCD detectors at the long camera of the Coudé spectrograph of the 1.22-m Dominion Astrophysical Observatory telescope. Here we reanalyze 21 Aql with better quality spectra and increase the number of stars consistently analyzed in the spectral range B5 to A2 by analyzing three new stars for this series. In the early A stars the normal and non-mCP stars have abundances with overlapping ranges. But more stars are needed especially in the B5 to B9 range. ,2 Cet on average has a solar composition with a few abundances outside the solar range while both 21 Aql and , Aql have abundances marginally less than solar. The abundances of , Del are greater than solar with a few elements such as Ca being less than solar. It is an Am star (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Del(9q) acute myeloid leukaemia: clinical and cytological characteristics and prognostic implicationsBRITISH JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2005Daniel Catovsky No abstract is available for this article. [source] The Northwest Forest Plan as a Model for Broad-Scale Ecosystem Management: a Social PerspectiveCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2006SUSAN CHARNLEY conservación y desarrollo; comunidades rurales; gestión forestal; monitoreo socioeconómico Abstract:,I evaluated the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management to achieve social and economic goals in communities located around federal forests in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. My assessment is based on the results of socioeconomic monitoring conducted to evaluate progress in achieving the plan's goals during its first 10 years. The assessment criteria I used related to economic development and social justice. The Northwest Forest Plan incorporated economic development and social justice goals in its design. Socioeconomic monitoring results indicate that plan implementation to achieve those goals met with mixed success, however. I hypothesize there are two important reasons the plan's socioeconomic goals were not fully met: some of the key assumptions underlying the implementation strategies were flawed and agency institutional capacity to achieve the goals was limited. To improve broad-scale ecosystem management in the future, decision makers should ensure that natural-resource management policies are socially acceptable; land-management agencies have the institutional capacity to achieve their management goals; and social and economic management goals (and the strategies for implementing them) are based on accurate assumptions about the relations between the resources being managed and well-being in local communities. One of the difficulties of incorporating economic development and social justice goals in conservation initiatives is finding ways to link conservation behavior and development activities. From a social perspective, the Northwest Forest Plan as a model for ecosystem management is perhaps most valuable in its attempt to link the biophysical and socioeconomic goals of forest management by creating high-quality jobs for residents of forest communities in forest stewardship and ecosystem management work, thereby contributing to conservation. Resumen:,Evalué el Plan Forestal del Noroeste como un modelo para la gestión de ecosistemas para alcanzar metas sociales y económicas en comunidades localizadas alrededor de bosques federales en el Pacífico Noroeste de E.U.A. Mi evaluación se basa en los resultados del monitoreo socioeconómico desarrollado para evaluar el progreso en el logro de las metas del plan durantes sus 10 primeros años. Los criterios de evaluación que utilicé se relacionan con el desarrollo económico y la justicia social. El diseño del Plan Forestal del Noroeste incorporó metas de desarrollo económico y de justicia social. Sin embargo, los resultados del monitoreo socioeconómico indican que éxito en la implementación del plan para alcanzar esas metas fue combinado. Postulé la hipótesis de que hay dos razones importantes por las que las metas socioeconómicas del plan no se cumplieron totalmente: algunas de las suposiciones clave en las estrategias de implementación fueron deficientes y la capacidad institucional de la agencia para alcanzar las metas era limitada. Para mejorar la gestión de ecosistemas a gran escala en el futuro, los tomadores de decisiones deberán asegurarse que las políticas de gestión de recursos naturales sean aceptables socialmente; que las agencias de gestión de tierras tengan la capacidad institucional para cumplir sus metas de gestión; y que las metas de gestión sociales y económicas (y las estrategias para su implementación) se basen en suposiciones precisas de las relaciones entre los recursos a gestionar y el bienestar de las comunidades locales. La manera de vincular comportamiento de conservación y actividades de desarrollo es una de las dificultades para la incorporación de metas de desarrollo económico y de justicia social en las iniciativas de conservación. Desde una perspectiva social, el Plan Forestal del Noroeste como modelo para la gestión de ecosistemas quizás es más valioso por su intento de vincular las metas biofísicas y socioeconómicas de la gestión forestal mediante la creación de empleos de alta calidad para residentes de las comunidades en labores de regulación y supervisión forestal y de gestión de ecosistemas, por lo tanto contribuye a la conservación. [source] Conservation Alliances with Indigenous Peoples of the AmazonCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2005STEPHAN SCHWARTZMAN The future of Amazonian indigenous reserves is of strategic importance for the fate of biodiversity in the region. We examined the legislation governing resource use on indigenous lands and summarize the history of the Kayapo people's consolidation of their >100,000 km2 territory. Like many Amazonian indigenous peoples, the Kayapo have halted the expansion of the agricultural frontier on their lands but allow selective logging and gold mining. Prospects for long-term conservation and sustainability in these lands depend on indigenous peoples' understandings of their resource base and on available economic alternatives. Although forest conservation is not guaranteed by either tenure security or indigenous knowledge, indigenous societies' relatively egalitarian common-property resource management regimes,along with adequate incentives and long-term partnerships with conservation organizations,can achieve this result. Successful initiatives include Conservation International's long-term project with the A'ukre Kayapo village and incipient large-scale territorial monitoring and control in the Kayapo territory, and the Instituto SocioAmbiental (ISA) 15-year partnership with the peoples of the Xingu Indigenous Park, with projects centered on territorial monitoring and control, education, community organization, and economic alternatives. The recent agreement on ecological restoration of the Xingu River headwaters between ranchers and private companies, indigenous peoples, and environmentalists, brokered by ISA, marks the emergence of an indigenous and conservation alliance of sufficient cohesiveness and legitimacy to negotiate effectively at a regional scale. Resumen:,Las alianzas actuales entre indígenas y organizaciones de conservación en el Amazonas Brasileño han ayudado a obtener el reconocimiento oficial de ,1 millón de km2 en áreas indígenas. El futuro del as reservas indígenas amazónicas es de importancia estratégica para el futuro de la biodiversidad en la región. Examinamos la legislación que rige a la utilización de recursos en zonas indígenas y sintetizamos la historia de la consolidación del territorio > 100,000 km2 de la etnia Kayapo. Como muchos grupos Amazónicos, los Kayapo han detenido la expansión de la frontera agrícola en sus tierras pero permiten actividades madereras y mineras selectivas. Las perspectivas de conservación y sustentabilidad a largo plazo en estas tierras dependen del entendimiento de su base de recursos y de las alternativas económicas disponibles por parte de los grupos indígenas. A pesar de que ni la seguridad en la posesión ni el conocimiento indígena garantizan la conservación de los bosques, los regímenes indígenas de gestión de recursos de propiedad común relativamente igualitarios en conjunto con incentivos adecuados y asociaciones con organizaciones de conservación pueden obtener este resultado. Iniciativas exitosas incluyen el proyecto a largo plazo de Conservation International con el pueblo A'ukre Kayapo y el incipiente monitoreo y control territorial a gran escala en el territorio Kayapo y la asociación durante 15 años del Instituto Socioambiental (ISA) con habitantes del Parque Indígena Xingu, con proyectos enfocados al monitoreo y control territorial, a la educación, a la organización comunitaria y a alternativas económicas. El reciente acuerdo, negociado por ISA, entre rancheros y compañías privadas, grupos indígenas y ambientalistas para la restauración ecológica del Río Xingu marca el surgimiento de una alianza indígena y de conservación con la cohesión y legitimidad suficientes para negociar efectivamente a escala regional. [source] Effects of Human Exclusion on Parasitism in Intertidal Food Webs of Central ChileCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005GÉRALDINE LOOT Fissurella crassa; intermareal rocoso; parasitismo; Proctoeces lintoni; reservas marinas Abstract:,Numerous ecological studies have demonstrated the dramatic effects that humans have on coastal marine ecosystems. Consequently, marine reserves have been established to preserve biodiversity. Recent reviews show that this strategy has paid off because inside reserves, most species have rapidly increased in size and abundance. Even though these studies focused on free-living organisms and paid little attention to parasite populations, numerous authors support the hypothesis that parasitism levels could be good indicators of ecosystem stability. We examined harvesting effects on the dynamics of a parasitic trematode ( Proctoeces lintoni) that completes its life cycle in intertidal mussels ( Perumytilus purpuratus), keyhole limpets (Fissurella crassa), and clingfish ( Sicyases sanguineus). All of these species are directly or indirectly affected by humans. Prevalence and abundance of the trematode P. lintoni in the three host species were compared in four study sites that differed in the intensity of human harvest. Parasitism infection in limpets and mussels was significantly higher in areas protected from human harvesting than in open-access areas, which suggests a significant change in parasite dynamics inside reserves. Yet the average parasitic biomass found in the gonads of F. crassa did not differ between protected and open-access areas. These results show, then, that the parasite system responded by increasing infection rates in marine protected areas without implication for reproductive success of the intermediate host. Our findings show that the indirect effects of harvesting by humans on the embedded parasite communities of littoral ecosystems require further scientific investigation. Resumen:,Numerosos estudios ecológicos han demostrado los efectos dramáticos de la actividad humana sobre ecosistemas marinos costeros. Consecuentemente, se han establecido las reservas marinas para preservar la biodiversidad. Revisiones recientes muestran que esta estrategia es adecuada porque la mayoría de las especies dentro de las reservas han incrementado en tamaño y abundancia rápidamente. Aunque, estos estudios se han concentrado en organismos de vida libre y han puesto poca atención a poblaciones de parásitos, numerosos autores apoyan la hipótesis de que los niveles de parasitismo pueden ser buenos indicadores de la estabilidad del ecosistema. Examinamos los efectos de pesquería artesanal sobre la dinámica de un trematodo parásito ( Proctoeces lintoni) que completa su ciclo de vida en mitíldos intermareales ( Perumytilus purpuratus), lapas ( Fissurella crassa) y Sicyases sanguineus, los cuales son afectados por humanos directa o indirectamente. La prevalencia y abundancia del trematodo P. lintoni en las tres especies de hospedadores fueron comparadas en cuatro sitios de estudio que difieren en la intensidad de recolecta por humanos. La infección parasitaria en lapas y mitíldos fue significativamente mayor en áreas protegidas que en áreas de libre acceso, lo que sugiere un cambio significativo en la dinámica del parásito dentro de las reservas, pero, la biomasa promedio de parásitos en gónadas de F. crassa no fue diferente entre áreas protegidas y de libre acceso. Por lo tanto, los resultados muestran que el sistema parásito respondió incrementando tasas de infección en áreas marinas protegidas sin consecuencias sobre el éxito reproductivo del ho spedador intermediario. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que se requiere más investigación científica de los efectos indirectos de los humanos sobre las comunidades de parásitos en ecosistemas litorales. [source] Effectiveness of Conservation Targets in Capturing Genetic DiversityCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Maile C. Neel We used empirical data from four rare plant taxa to assess these consequences in terms of how well allele numbers ( all alleles and alleles occurring at a frequency openface>0.05 in any population ) and expected heterozygosity are represented when different numbers of populations are conserved. We determined sampling distributions for these three measures of genetic diversity using Monte Carlo methods. We assessed the proportion of alleles included in the number of populations considered adequate for conservation, needed to capture all alleles, and needed to meet an accepted standard of genetic-diversity conservation of having a 90,95% probability of including all common alleles. We also assessed the number of populations necessary to obtain values of heterozygosity within ±10% of the value obtained from all populations. Numbers of alleles were strongly affected by the number of populations sampled. Heterozygosity was only slightly less sensitive to numbers of populations than were alleles. On average, currently advocated conservation intensities represented 67,83% of all alleles and 85,93% of common alleles. The smallest number of populations to include all alleles ranged from 6 to 17 ( 42,57% ), but <0.2% of 1000 samples of these numbers of populations included them all. It was necessary to conserve 16,29 ( 53,93% ) of the sampled populations to meet the standard for common alleles. Between 20% and 64% of populations were needed to reliably represent species-level heterozygosity. Thus, higher percentages of populations are needed than are currently considered adequate to conserve genetic diversity if populations are selected without genetic data. Resumen: Cualquier acción de conservación que preserve algunas poblaciones y no otras tendrá consecuencias genéticas. Utilizamos datos empíricos de cuatro taxones de plantas raras para evaluar estas consecuencias en términos de lo bien representados que están los números de alelos ( todos los alelos ocurriendo a una frecuencia>0.05 en cualquier población ) y la heterocigosidad esperada cuando se conservan diferentes números de poblaciones. Las distribuciones de muestreo de estas tres medidas de la diversidad genética fueron determinadas utilizando métodos Monte Carlo. Evaluamos la proporción de alelos incluida en números de poblaciones: consideradas adecuadas para la conservación; requeridas para capturar todos los alelos; y las requeridas para alcanzar un estándar de conservación de diversidad genética aceptable del 90,95% de probabilidad de incluir todos los alelos comunes. También evaluamos el número de poblaciones necesarias para obtener valores de heterocigosidad que caigan dentro de ±10% del valor obtenido de todas las poblaciones. Los números de alelos fueron afectados significativamente por el número de poblaciones muestreadas. La heterocigosidad solo fue ligeramente menos sensible a los números de poblaciones de lo que fueron los alelos. Las intensidades de conservación propugnadas actualmente representaron en promedio el 67,83% de todos los alelos y el 85,93% de los alelos comunes. El menor número de poblaciones para incluir a todos los alelos varió de 6 a 17 ( 42,57% ), pero <0.2% de 1000 muestras de esos números de poblaciones los incluyó a todos. Fue necesario conservar de 16 a 29 ( 53,93% ) de las poblaciones muestreadas para alcanzar el estándar para los alelos comunes. Se requirió entre 20% y 64% de las poblaciones para representar la heterocigosidad a nivel de especie confiablemente. Por lo tanto, se requieren mayores porcentajes de poblaciones que los actualmente considerados adecuados para conservar la diversidad genética si las poblaciones son seleccionadas sin datos genéticos. [source] An interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 in a case of a first episode of psychosisACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 1 2002J. Takhar Objective:,Case of an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 21 presenting with first episode of psychosis. Method:,A case report. Results:,A 16-year-high school student of Somalian origin presented with a first episode of psychosis, mild mental retardation and dysmorphic features. Chromosome analysis revealed an interstitial deletion in the long arm of chromosome 21, described as 46, XX del (21) (q21q22.1). Conclusion:,First episode of psychosis occurred in combination with neurobiological vulnerability and a complex genetic inheritance. The occurrence of psychosis in our case may be attributable to genes located within the region 21q21q22.1. The possibility that other loci exist on chromosome 21, which predispose to schizophrenia has to be considered. Identification of susceptibility genes will greatly facilitate investigation of factors that contribute to the disease process and may lead to early intervention and prevention. [source] Assessment of residency and movement of the endangered bullhead (Cottus gobio) in two Flemish riversECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER FISH, Issue 4 2004G. Knaepkens Abstract,,, Residency and movement of bullheads (Cottus gobio) were assessed by mark-recapture from November 2001 to June 2002 in two Flemish rivers [Steenputbeek (SPB), Laarse Beek (LB)]. Although the majority of the recaptured bullheads (SPB: 66%; LB: 55%) was found in their initial tagging site before the spawning season, some fish had covered distances between 10,100 m (mean: 17 ± 2 m) and 10,70 m (mean: 18 ± 7 m), respectively. During the spawning season, the proportion of fish that moved (SPB: 58%; LB: 75%) and the distances travelled (SPB: between 10 and 90 m, mean 26 ± 3 m; LB: between 30 and 260 m, mean 133 ± 3 m) were significantly larger. In addition, analysis of individual movement behaviour of multiple recaptured bullheads showed that some fish were either always resident or mobile, while others switched between both behaviours. In general, our results suggest that not all bullheads exhibit sedentary behaviour but that the populations under study consist of both stationary and mobile individuals. Resumen 1. Desde Noviembre del año 2001 hasta Junio del 2002, evaluamos la residencia y los movimientos de Cottus gobio a través de técnicas de marcado-recaptura en dos ríos flamencos: Steenputbeek (SPB) y Laarse Beek (LB). Aunque antes de la estación reproductiva, la mayoría de los individuos re-capturados (66% en SPB y 55% en LB) fueron encontrados en las mismas localidades de marcado, algunos peces habían cubierto distancias entre 10 y 100 metros (media = 17.2 ± 2 m) y entre 10 y 70 m (media = 18.0 ± 7 m) en SPB y LB, respectivamente. Durante la estación reproductiva, tanto la proporción de individuos que se movieron (58% en SPB y 75% en LB), como las distancias recorridas fueron significativamente mayores: en SPB, entre 10 y 90 m, media = 26.0 ± 3 m y en LB entre 30 y 260 m, media = 133.0 ± 3 m. 2. Análisis del comportamiento entre múltiples individuos mostró que algunos individuos fueron o residentes o móviles mientras que otros individuos cambiaron entre ambos comportamientos. En general, nuestros resultados sugieren que no todos los individuos muestran comportamiento sedentario sino que la población incluye individuos estacionarios y móviles. [source] Novel SDHD germ-line mutations in pheochromocytoma patientsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION, Issue 7 2007C. Neumayer Abstract Background,SDHD germ-line mutations predispose to pheochromocytoma (PCC) and paraganglioma (PGL). Material and methods, The incidence and types of SDHD germ-line mutations are determined in 70 patients with apparently sporadic adrenal and extra-adrenal PCC. Results,SDHD sequence variants were identified in the germ line of five patients. Two of three novel mutations were in exon 1 and one in exon 3. One patient had a codon 1 missense mutation (M1K) and a concurrent 3-bp deletion in intron 1. Three of 10 family members had only the exon 1 mutation, whereas one had only the intron 1 mutation. The other exon 1 mutation resulted from a deletion of nucleotides 28,33 with a 12-bp in-frame insertion (c.28_33 del ins TAGGAGGCCCTA). This mutation generated a premature stop codon after codon 9 and was also present in the brother who had a bilateral PCC. The third patient with a carotid body tumour, with an abdominal and a thoracic PGL had a 12-bp deletion in exon 3 (codons 91,94, c.271_282 del). Her father carried the same mutation and had bilateral carotid body tumours. Two further patients, one with six PGL, carried a previously described H50R polymorphism, whose disease-specific relevance is currently unclear. The three patients with bona fide SDHD mutations were younger than those without germ-line mutations. Conclusion,SDHD germ-line mutations are rare in patients with PCC, but their identification is an important prerequisite for the clinical care and appropriate management of affected individuals and their families. [source] Evaluation of the genetic basis of phenotypic heterogeneity in north Indian patients with Thalassemia majorEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2010Nidhi Sharma Abstract Objectives: To assess the molecular basis of phenotypic heterogeneity in north Indian patients with thalassemia major (TM). Methods: To determine the clinical severity, 130 patients of TM were studied for the age of first presentation and frequency of blood transfusion. The type of beta mutations, Xmn,1G, polymorphism and G6PD Mediterranean mutation was characterized. Analysis of the phenotypic presentation and the genotype was performed. Results: Majority (83.8%) presented before 1 year of age (mean 8.8 months). The caste distribution showed 41.6% were Aroras and 32.3% were migrants from Pakistan. IVS1-5(G,C) was commonest (32.7%) and the common five Indian mutations comprised of 88.4% of alleles. The mean age of presentation with IVS1-5(G,C), Fr 8/9, (+G) 619-bp del and IVS1-1(G,T) homozygosity was 4.3, 6, 3.4 and 9.1 months respectively. Xmn,1G, status showed ,/, in 66.9%, +/, in 26.1% and +/+ in 6.9% patients. Xmn,1G,,/, presented before 1 year of age. The mean age of presentation with +/+ was 18.3 months. Six hemizygous boys and one heterozygous girl with G6PD Mediterranean were found (prevalence 5.3%). Eight patients could be reclassified as thalassemia intermedia on follow up. Conclusions: This study showed that majority of TM in north India present before 1 year of age and homozygous 619-bp deletion presents the earliest. The presence of Xmn-1G, polymorphism delays the presentation, is associated with the IVS 1-1 (G,T) and shows variable improvement with hydroxyurea therapy. Based on the results of genotyping, reevaluation of patients can improve the outcome in a few patients. [source] Conventional cytogenetics in myelofibrosis: literature review and discussionEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 5 2009Kebede Hussein Abstract The clinical phenotype of myelofibrosis (MF) is recognized either de novo (primary) or in the setting of polycythemia vera (post-PV) or essential thrombocythemia (post-ET). Approximately one-third of patients with primary MF (PMF) present with cytogenetic abnormalities; the most frequent are del(20q), del(13q), trisomy 8 and 9, and abnormalities of chromosome 1 including duplication 1q. Other less frequent lesions include ,7/del(7q), del(5q), del(12p), +21 and der(6)t(1;6)(q21;p21.3). In general, cytogenetic abnormalities are qualitatively similar among PMF, post-ET MF and post-PV MF although their individual frequencies may differ. Based on prognostic effect, cytogenetic findings in MF are classified as either ,favorable' or ,unfavorable'. The former include normal karyotype or isolated del(20q) or del(13q) and the latter all other abnormalities. Unfavorable cytogenetic profile in both PMF and post-PV/ET MF confers an independent adverse effect on survival; it is also associated with higher JAK2V617F mutational frequency. In addition to their prognostic value, cytogenetic studies in MF ensure diagnostic exclusion of other myeloid neoplasms that are sometimes associated with bone marrow fibrosis (e.g. BCR-ABL1 -positive or PDGFRB -rearranged) and also assist in specific treatment selection (e.g. lenalidomide therapy is active in MF associated with del(5q). [source] Redefining monosomy 5 by molecular cytogenetics in 23 patients with MDS/AMLEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007Angèle Herry Abstract Deletion of the long arm of chromosome 5 [del(5q)] or loss of a whole chromosome 5 (,5) is a common finding, arising de novo in 10% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and in 40% of patients with therapy-related MDS or AML. We investigated by molecular cytogenetics 23 MDS/AML patients for whom conventional cytogenetics detected a monosomy 5. Monosomy 5 was redefined as unbalanced or balanced translocation and ring of chromosome 5. Loss of 5q material was identified in all 23 patients, but one. One copy of EGR1(5q31) or CSF1R(5q33,34) genes was lost in 22 of the 23 patients. Chromosome 5p material was a constant chromosomal component of derivative chromosomes or rings in all patients, but one. Sequential fluorescent in situ hybridization studies with whole chromosome paints and region-specific probes, used as a complement to conventional cytogenetic analysis, allow a better interpretation of karyotypes in MDS/AML patients. [source] The prognostic significance of cytogenetic aberrations in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia.EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 6 2007A study of the Swiss Paediatric Oncology Group (SPOG) Abstract In childhood-onset acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) the clinical value of karyotypic aberrations is now acknowledged, although there is still debate concerning the prognostic significance of some events. To add to this knowledge, cytogenetic analysis was performed on a consecutive series of 84 childhood AML patients diagnosed in Switzerland. A result was obtained for all patients, with 69 (82%) showing a clonal karyotypic aberration. In the remaining 15 (18%), no karyotypic aberration was seen by either conventional or fluorescence in situ hybridisation analyses. The most frequent aberrations observed were t(11q23) (19% of all patients), t(8;21) (12%) and +8 (11%). Except for cytogenetics, no clinical parameter was shown to be significantly associated with outcome. The analysis of individual cytogenetic subgroups demonstrated that aberrations involving chromosome 16q were the strongest predictor of a good prognosis, while +8 and complex karyotypes represented the strongest predictors of a poor prognosis. It was also noteworthy that patients with the rare aberrations of del(11q) (n = 4) and t(16;21)(p11;q22) (n = 3) had a poor outcome. The results support the importance of cytogenetic analysis in childhood AML, but show that further work is required in the classification of the poor prognosis aberrations. [source] Distribution and frequency of , -thalassemia mutations in northwestern and central GreeceEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HAEMATOLOGY, Issue 2 2003I. Georgiou Abstract: Objectives : , -Thalassemia is a common autosomal recessive disorder resulting from over 200 different mutations of the , -globin genes. The spectrum of , -thalassemia mutations in Greece has been previously described in the population of the capital city of Athens, or in , -thalassemia patients having transfusion therapy. The aim of the present study was to identify the distribution of the most common , -thalassemia mutations in the population of northwestern and central Greece. Methods : The data for this study were derived from a total of 1130 unrelated subjects including 46 , -thalassemia major, three , -thalassemia intermedia and 1081 carriers identified in our antenatal screening program. , -Thalassemia mutations were identified by ARMS, DGGE and Reverse Dot Blot. Results : The most common mutation, IVS-I-110, is followed, in order of frequency, by the mutations Cd-39, IVS-I-1, IVS-II-1, Cd-6, IVS-I-6, IVS-I-5, IVS-II-745, Cd-5 and 44 bp del. IVS-I-110 and Cd-39 frequencies are similar with those found in other Balkan countries. Significant differences in regional distribution were observed. The results showed a clear drift of the distribution of the most frequent IVS-I-110 mutation in the south,north (29.4, 40.0, 44.6 and 61.7%) and the east,west axis (31.8 and 44.6%). Conclusions : Population screening and prenatal diagnosis are significantly facilitated by these data. Furthermore, the detailed distribution tables of , -thalassemia mutations are essential for counseling and extraction of genetic diversity estimates for population genetic studies in other inherited disorders. [source] Improved detection of chromosomal abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia by conventional cytogenetics using CpG oligonucleotide and interleukin-2 stimulation: A Belgian multicentric study,GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 10 2009Natalie Put We performed a multicentric study to assess the impact of two different culture procedures on the detection of chromosomal abnormalities in 217 consecutive unselected cases with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) referred for routine analysis either at the time of diagnosis (n = 172) or during disease evolution (n = 45). Parallel cultures of peripheral blood or bone marrow were set up with the addition of either the conventional B-cell mitogen 12- O -tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) or a combination of CpG oligonucleotide (CpG) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Cytogenetic analyses were performed on both cultures. Clonal abnormalities were identified in 116 cases (53%). In 78 cases (36%), the aberrant clone was detected in both cultures. Among these, the percentages of aberrant metaphases were similar in both conditions in 17 cases, higher in the CpG/IL-2 culture in 43 cases, and higher in the TPA culture in 18 cases. Clonal aberrations were detected in only one culture, either in CpG/IL-2 or TPA in 33 (15%) and 5 (2%) cases, respectively. Taken together, abnormal karyotypes were observed in 51% with CpG/IL-2 and 38% with TPA (P < 0.0001). Application of FISH (n = 201) allowed the detection of abnormalities not visible by conventional cytogenetic analysis in 80 cases: del(13q) (n = 71), del(11q) (n = 5), +12 (n = 2), del(14q) (n = 1), and del(17p) (n = 1). In conclusion, our results confirm that CpG/IL-2 stimulation increases the detection rate of chromosomal abnormalities in CLL compared with TPA and that further improvement can be obtained by FISH. However, neither conventional cytogenetics nor FISH detected all aberrations, demonstrating the complementary nature of these techniques. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] DNA repair polymorphisms associated with cytogenetic subgroups in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia,GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 9 2009Christina Ganster Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes can affect the risk of developing different forms of cancer. Therefore, we have studied the putative association of seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five DNA repair genes with the incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We included 461 CLL patients and the same number of age- and sex-matched controls. As chromosomal aberrations are important prognostic markers in CLL, we additionally correlated the SNPs with the occurrence of favorable and unfavorable cytogenetic aberrations in CLL patients. Patients with del(13q) as a sole aberration were allocated to the favorable cytogenetic risk group, and patients with del(17p) and/or del(11q) to the unfavorable cytogenetic risk group. All investigated SNPs were equally distributed between patients with the favorable cytogenetic aberration and controls. However, differences were observed in the distribution of rs13181 in ERCC2 between all CLL patients and controls. Moreover, the clearest differences were found for rs13181 in ERCC2 and rs25487 in XRCC1 between CLL patients with unfavorable cytogenetic aberrations and controls. These data suggest that inborn genetic polymorphisms may predict the outcome of CLL. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Alteration of enhancer of polycomb 1 at 10p11.2 is one of the genetic events leading to development of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphomaGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 9 2009Shingo Nakahata Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is a malignant tumor caused by latent human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) infection. We previously identified a common breakpoint cluster region at 10p11.2 in acute-type ATLL by spectral karyotyping. Single nucleotide polymorphism array comparative genomic hybridization analysis of the breakpoint region in three ATLL-related cell lines and four patient samples revealed that the chromosomal breakpoints are localized within the enhancer of polycomb 1 (EPC1) gene locus in an ATLL-derived cell line (SO4) and in one patient with acute-type ATLL. EPC1 is a human homologue of the E(Pc) enhancer of polycomb gene of Drosophila. Inappropriate expression of the polycomb group gene family has been linked to the loss of normal gene silencing pathways, which can contribute to the loss of cell identity and malignant transformation in many kinds of cancers. In the case of the SO4 cell line, which carried a der(10)t(2;10)(p23;p11.2) translocation, EPC1 was fused with the additional sex combs-like 2 (ASXL2) gene at 2p23.3 (EPC1/ASXL2). In the case with an acute-type ATLL, who carried a der(10)del(10)(p11.2)del(10)(q22q24) translocation, a putative truncated EPC1 gene (EPC1tr) was identified. Overexpression of EPC1/ASXL2 enhanced cell growth in T-leukemia cells, and a GAL4-EPC1/ASXL2 fusion protein showed high transcriptional activity. Although a GAL4-EPC1tr fusion protein did not activate transcription, overexpression of EPC1tr accelerated cell growth in leukemia cells, suggesting that the EPC1 structural abnormalities in the SO4 cell line and in the patient with acute-type ATLL may contribute to leukemogenesis. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] FISH studies identify the i(20q,) anomaly as a der(20)del(20)(q11q13)idic(20)(p11)GENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 6 2006Tianyu Li Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed on six of seven patients who had been reported in 2004 to have an i(20q,) anomaly expressed as ider(20)(q10)del(20)(q11q13). The i(20q,) was investigated with a series of probes: a centromere-specific probe for chromosome 20, two paint probes for 20p and 20q, and a panel of locus-specific probes prepared from BAC/PAC clones mapped to 20p. The results showed that: (1) i(20q,) was a dicentric chromosome; (2) both of its arms comprised a deleted 20q and a small part of 20p near the centromere of chromosome 20; and (3) the breakpoints and reunion sites of i(20q,) differed, residing in the region 20p11.21,20p11.22 delineated by BAC/PAC clones RP11-96L6 and RP13-401N8. Thus, i(20q,) could be more precisely described as a der(20)del(20)(q11q13)idic(20)(p11). © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Spectral karyotyping in patients with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype shows hidden aberrations, including recurrent overrepresentation of 21q, 11q, and 22qGENES, CHROMOSOMES AND CANCER, Issue 2 2002Krzysztof Mrózek We used spectral karyotyping (SKY) to study 29 adults with acute myeloid leukemia and a complex karyotype containing one to nine abnormalities that were not fully identifiable by G-banding. SKY showed the origin of rings and unidentified material in unbalanced translocations in all cases and the origin of markers in most, allowing reinterpretation of 136 aberrations and discovery of three aberrations hidden in normal chromosomes. SKY confirmed 10 and refined the interpretation of three balanced aberrations recognized by G-banding and identified another nine balanced aberrations, including a novel translocation involving the RUNX1 gene. Eleven of 32 deletions found by G-banding were shown to be cryptic translocations or insertions, including three of four chromosome 3 deletions, two of three del(7q), and two of 12 del(5q). Of the 92 chromosomes deemed lost entirely by G-banding, 63 (68%) were shown to be involved in structural aberrations. This was especially true for ,21 (eight of eight patients), ,5 (five of six patients), ,20 (seven of nine patients), and ,18 (six of 12 patients). Unexpectedly, SKY uncovered a hidden overrepresentation of segments from at least one chromosome in 21 patients. The most frequently overrepresented was 21q, found in eight patients, including four with high-level 21q amplification. Fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the RUNX1 gene was not the target of amplification in seven of these patients. Also frequently gained were 11q (in seven patients, including three with high-level MLL gene amplification) and 22q (in seven patients). We conclude that SKY considerably enhances the accuracy of karyotype interpretation, and that amplification of chromosomal material may play a greater role in leukemogenesis than has been recognized. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Environmental factors during seed development of narrow-leaved bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus tenuis) influences subsequent dormancy and germinationGRASS & FORAGE SCIENCE, Issue 4 2003A. A. Clua Abstract Narrow-leaved bird's-foot-trefoil (Lotus tenuis) is a perennial forage legume adapted to waterlogged and heavy and infertile soils and can replace alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in areas with these soils in Argentina. Its seeds are hard and water-impermeable but the effects of environmental factors on seed dormancy and germination are not known. The objective was to evaluate the hypothesis that water availability during seed development and maturation affects the degree of hardseededness in L. tenuis by changing seed coat properties, conditioning water uptake through the seed coat; and subsequently affecting dormancy, germination and speed of germination. Seeds were harvested in December/January and in February in both 1993/1994 and 1994/1995 from a permanent pasture of L. tenuis growing in a Hapludol soil in San Miguel del Monte province of Buenos Aires. Environmental conditions of each anthesis-harvest period were determined. Seeds of each harvest were subjected to chilling, washing and mechanical scarification. After 12 months seeds from each harvest were observed in a scanning electron microscope. The water deficit of the soil and relative humidity were greater in the second than the first anthesis-harvest period in both seasons. In 1993/1994 the control treatment in December had a higher germination rate than the February control seeds (0·40 vs. 0·20) and a faster germination rate. Mechanical scarification and chilling significantly enhanced the germination rate (0·95) and its speed in seeds of both harvests. Low temperatures significantly enhanced germination rate, starting after 60 d for the seeds harvested in December, and 90 d for the seeds harvested in February. In 1994/1995 the results were similar but both the January and February control treatments had higher germination rates (0·60 vs. 0·40) than in the previous year. Seeds harvested in February were more dormant in both years. These differences could be explained by the conditions in February anthesis-harvest period in both years that could have hastened the natural dehydration process of seed, changing integument structure and enhancing its impermeability. [source] Variable structure robust state and parameter estimatorINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, Issue 2 2001Alex S. Poznyak Abstract The problem of simultaneous robust state and parameters estimation for a class of SISO non-linear systems under mixed uncertainties (unmodelled dynamics as well as observation noises) is addressed. A non-linear variable structure robust ,observer,identifier' is introduced to obtain the corresponding estimates. Lie derivative technique is used to obtain the observability conditions for the equivalent extended non-linear system. It is shown that, in general, the extended system can lose the global observability property and a special procedure is needed to work well in this situation. The suggested adaptive observer has the non-linear high-gain observer structure with adjusted parameters that provides ,a good' upper bound for the identification error performance index. The van der Monde transformation is used to derive this bound which turns out to be tight. Three examples dealing with a simple pendulum, the Duffing equation and the van del Pol oscillator are considered to illustrate the effectiveness of the suggested approach. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] International Labour Migrants' Return to Meiji-era Yamaguchi and Hiroshima: Economic and Social EffectsINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2008Jonathan Dresner International labour migration from Meiji era (1868,1912) Japan was intensely concentrated: over 60 per cent of the 29,000 participants in the government-managed Hawai'i emigration programme (kan'yaku imin, 1885,1894) came from seven coastal counties around the Hiroshima-Yamaguchi prefectural border in southwest Japan. Almost half of the emigrants became long-term settlers instead of returning to their hometowns, but this paper examines what happened to returning emigrants and to their home communities. Since the migration was primarily economic in nature, the effect of migrant earnings was carefully monitored and is frequently cited by scholars. Surveys showed high rates of debt repayment and savings, and improved living conditions, but investment and entrepreneurship were limited. High-emigration regions rarely became economic centers of any importance. Less carefully studied are non-economic effects, partially because the labour programme was structured to minimize contact with Hawaiian or Caucasian culture, and thus returnees had little cultural experience to transfer to their hometowns. Local officials in Yamaguchi seemed proud of the lack of social change. Even long-term sojourners, who returned due to family needs after a decade or more overseas, exhibited no readjustment difficulties. Returnees, particularly in Yamaguchi, sometimes moved on to Japanese colonial territories, creating multilateral and complex relationships with overseas communities. This sojourning migration, like contemporary analogs, was a powerful form of poverty relief in the midst of dislocating globalization, but did not produce a rise in entrepreneurship or a Westernization of local culture. Because this sojourning migration was structurally similar to our modern-day patterns, it provides evidence of the longevity of those patterns and the possible long-term effects, and raises questions about our expectations for migration policy. Retour des travailleurs migrants internationaux de l'ère Meiji à Yamaguchi et Hiroshima: effets économiques et sociaux Au Japon, la migration internationale de main-d',uvre de l'ère Meiji (1868,1912) a été très concentrée: plus de soixante pour cent des 29 000 participants au programme gouvernemental d'émigration à destination d'Hawaï (kan'yaku imin, 1885-1894) venaient de sept régions côtières proches de la limite entre les préfectures d'Hiroshima et de Yamaguchi dans le Sud-Ouest du Japon. Sachant que la moitié des émigrants sont devenus des résidents de longue durée et ne sont pas rentrés dans leur communauté d'origine, le présent document s'intéresse à ceux qui ont fait le choix inverse. Etant donné que cette migration était principalement de nature économique, les effets des gains des migrants ont étéétudiés avec attention et sont souvent cités par les chercheurs. Si des enquêtes ont révélé des taux importants de remboursement de dettes et d'épargne, ainsi qu'un niveau de vie en hausse, les investissements et la création d'entreprises, en revanche, sont restés limités. On a rarement vu des régions à fort taux d'émigration devenir des centres économiques d'importance. Les effets non économiques ont été moins étudiés, en partie parce que ce programme de main-d',uvre était structuré de façon à réduire le plus possible les contacts avec la culture hawaïenne ou caucasienne, ce qui fait que les rapatriés n'avaient guère d'acquis culturels exogènes à transmettre. Les responsables locaux de Yamaguchi semblaient d'ailleurs se réjouir de l'absence de changements sociaux. Même les résidents de longue durée, qui étaient rentrés pour raisons familiales au bout d'au moins une décennie à l'étranger, ne montraient aucune difficultéà se réadapter. Les rapatriés, en particulier à Yamaguchi, ont parfois déménagé vers les territoires coloniaux japonais, créant des relations multilatérales complexes avec les communautés de l'outre-mer. Cette migration temporaire, comme les mouvements analogues à la même époque, était une formidable façon de réduire la pauvreté dans un contexte de bouleversement mondial, mais elle n'a pas renforcé l'esprit d'entreprise ni conduit à une occidentalisation de la culture locale. Comme cette migration temporaire était structurellement semblable à nos modèles contemporains, elle témoigne de la longue durée de vie de ces modèles et de leurs effets possibles à long terme, et soulève des questions quant à nos attentes en matière de politique migratoire. Retorno a los trabajadores migrantes internacionales a la era Meiji en Yamaguchi e Hiroshima: Efectos socioeconómicos La migración laboral internacional en la era Meiji del Japón (1868,1912) era sumamente concentrada: más del 60 por ciento de los 29.000 participantes en el programa de emigración Hawai'i (kan'yaku imin, 1885-1894) administrado por el Gobierno, provenía de varios condados costeros en torno a la frontera prefectural entre Hiroshima-Yamaguchi en el sudeste del Japón. Casi la mitad de los emigrantes residía en albergues semipermanentes y no retornaban a sus lugares de origen. Ahora bien, en este artículo se examina lo ocurrido con los migrantes que retornaron y con las comunidades de retorno. Habida cuenta que la migración era mayormente de carácter económico, el efecto de los ingresos de los migrantes se siguió de cerca y, frecuentemente, ha sido citado por los estudiosos en la materia. Las encuestas demuestran elevadas tasas de reembolso de deudas y de ahorro, así como un mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida, pero también apuntan a limitadas inversiones o empresas. Las regiones de alta emigración rara vez se convirtieron en centros de importancia económica. No se ha estudiado en detalle los efectos extra económicos, en parte porque el programa de migración laboral estaba estructurado para minimizar el contacto con la cultura hawaiana o caucasiana, por lo cual las personas que retornaban tenían poca experiencia cultural que aportar a sus lugares de origen. Los funcionarios locales en Yamaguchi se enorgullecían de la falta de intercambio social. Incluso aquéllos residentes de larga duración que retornaron debido a cuestiones familiares tras una década o más en ultramar, no presentaron ninguna dificultad en readaptarse. Las personas que retornaron, particularmente a Yamaguchi, se desplazaron a veces a territorios coloniales japoneses, estableciendo complejas relaciones multilaterales con comunidades en ultramar. La migración de carácter permanente, al igual que sus análogos contemporáneos, era un sólido medio de aliviar la pobreza en medio de una globalización perturbadora, pero no dio lugar a un incremento empresarial o a una occidentalización de la cultura local. La similitud estructural de la migración de larga duración con nuestros patrones de hoy en día, aporta pruebas de la longevidad de los mismos, de los posibles efectos a largo plazo de dichos patrones y plantea una serie de preguntas sobre las expectativas en cuanto a las políticas migratorias. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||