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De

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences25%
Medical Sciences17%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting16%
Humanities and Social Sciences14%
Chemistry13%
Psychology3%
Earth and Environmental Science2%
Engineering2%
6 Other Domains8%

Kinds of De

  • allant de
  • auprè de
  • bosque de
  • concentration de
  • d'un échantillon de
  • de má de
  • dentro de
  • despué de
  • distancia de
  • est de
  • et de
  • fue de
  • groupe de
  • l'aide de
  • l'âge de
    		•
  • la présence de
  • la qualité de
  • long de
  • mayore de
  • meno de
  • mode de
  • modèle de
  • moyen de
  • moyenne de
  • muestra de
  • má de
  • necesidad de
  • niveau de
  • nombre de
  • número de
    		•
  • parcela de
  • parcelle de
  • partir de
  • pendant une période de
  • período de
  • promedio de
  • présence de
  • période de
  • qualité de
  • que de
  • respectivement de
  • sont de
  • suivi de
  • sur une période de
  • système de
    		•
  • taux de
  • tipo de
  • total de
  • tratamiento de
  • travé de
  • un promedio de
  • un total de
  • un échantillon de
  • una distancia de
  • une période de
  • uso de
  • valore de
  • y de

    • Terms modified by De

  • de Pari
  • de Vry equation
  • de aves
  • de base
  • de bien
  • de bosque
  • de ca
  • de calcium
  • de california
  • de ce
  • de ce fait
  • de ce résultat
  • de celle
  • de cet article
  • de charge
  • de collaboration
  • de communication
  • de conservación
  • de conservation
  • de contrôle
  • de costa rica
  • de croissance
  • de culture
  • de deux
  • de diffusion
  • de distribution
  • de donnée
  • de développement
  • de especy
  • de estudio
  • de façon significative
  • de force
  • de formation
  • de france
    		•
  • de fusion
  • de germination
  • de gestion
  • de groupe
  • de habitat
  • de hábitat
  • de janeiro
  • de janeiro state
  • de l
  • de l'analyse
  • de l'eau
  • de l'étude
  • de l'étude présente
  • de la
  • de la commission
  • de la communication
  • de la conservación
  • de la distribution
  • de la formation
  • de la loi
  • de la méthode
  • de la part
  • de la performance
  • de la plupart
  • de la politique
  • de la population
  • de la production
  • de la recherche
  • de la surface
  • de la taille
  • de la tourette syndrome
  • de lange syndrome
  • de las
  • de las aves
    		•
  • de las especy
  • de las planta
  • de los
  • de los nido
  • de madagascar
  • de maintenance
  • de man
  • de manière significative
  • de marché
  • de multiple
  • de má de
  • de méxico
  • de nido
  • de novo
  • de novo acute myeloid leukemia
  • de novo aml
  • de novo biosynthesis
  • de novo design
  • de novo dsa
  • de novo expression
  • de novo formation
  • de novo lesion
  • de novo liver transplant recipient
  • de novo malignancy
  • de novo md
  • de novo methylation
  • de novo mutation
  • de novo pathway
  • de novo patient
  • de novo protein
  • de novo protein synthesis
  • de novo sequencing
  • de novo synthesis
  • de novo transcription
    		•
  • de novo tumor
  • de novo urge incontinence
  • de patient
  • de performance
  • de pin
  • de planta
  • de pointe
  • de politique
  • de population
  • de ppd
  • de primate
  • de production
  • de que
  • de recherche
  • de reproduction
  • de régression multiple
  • de sa
  • de se
  • de services
  • de soi
  • de sol
  • de surface
  • de surveillance
  • de taille
  • de temps
  • de traitement
  • de transformation
  • de transport
  • de travail
  • de un
  • de uno
  • de variable

    • Selected Abstracts

    Positive width function and energy indeterminacies in ammonia molecule

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY, Issue 8 2007
    Theodosios G. Douvropoulos
    A recently published methodology based on the semiclassical path integral theory was applied in a double well structure and gave the analytic form of the system's Green's function. This type of potential can describe the ammonia molecule as far as the motion of the nitrogen atom perpendicular to the hydrogen plane is discussed. Because of the fact that a double well describes a bound system and correspondingly stationary states (constructed by the symmetric and antisymmetric superposition of the eigenstates of the two unperturbed wells), it was expected that the energy spectrum would be real, in a form of doublets due to the splitting effect that takes place. However, the result was a pair of complex poles, which had a clearly positive imaginary part for each member. The present work explains the role of the imaginary parts of the complex poles as the decay rate of quantities defined as the energy indeterminacies, which are directly related to the fact that energy is not well determined in a classically forbidden region of motion. These quantities come as a function of (d,)/dE, which is the derivative of the classical action inside the potential barrier, with respect to energy. The major contribution comes from the turning points, and then the imaginary parts are responsible, not only for the conservation of energy, but for the correct sign of time as well. In this way, a different approach for the tunneling process is adopted, in which the entry or exit of the particle from the potential barrier takes place inside a neighborhood of the turning point, as though the latter was broadened and fluctuating. The magnitude of the previously mentioned decay rate is equal to ,/,, where , is the frequency of the classical oscillations inside one well. In contrast, the inversion frequency is generated by the part of the complex pole that is unrelated to (d,)/dE and is much smaller in magnitude than the classical frequency, since it is given as ,/, exp(,,). In this way, the period of the energy fluctuations is much smaller than the internal period of the system produced by the oscillating communication of the two classically allowed regions of motion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007 [source]

    Seasonal allergies and suicidality: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication

    ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2010
    E. Messias
    Messias E, Clarke DE, Goodwin RD. Seasonal allergies and suicidality: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Objective:, Studies have shown an association between allergies and suicidality, and a seasonality of suicide has also been described. We hypothesize an association between history of seasonal allergies and suicide ideation and attempt. Method:, Data came from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, a nationally representative sample (n = 5692) of adults living in the US. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) controlling for the following: age, sex, race, smoking, asthma and depression. Results:, After weighting and adjustment, a positive and statistically significant association was found between history of seasonal allergies and history of suicidal ideation [adjusted OR = 1.27 (1.01,1.58)]. We found no association between history of seasonal allergies and history of suicide attempts [adjusted OR = 1.17 (0.89,1.52)]. Conclusion:, Findings from a population-based sample support the hypothesized relationship between allergies and suicidal ideation. [source]

    A Randomized, Double-Blind Comparison of Two Topical Anesthesic Formulations Prior to Electrodesiccation of Dermatosis Papulosa Nigra

    DERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 1 2006
    ERIC L. CARTER MD
    BACKGROUND Liposomal lidocaine 4% (L.M.X.4 cream, Ferndale Laboratories Inc., Ferndale, MI, USA) has been proposed as a more rapidly acting topical anesthetic than the eutectic mixture of lidocaine 2.5% and prilocaine 2.5% (EMLA cream, AstraZeneca LP, Wilmington, DE, USA) for venipuncture and laser procedures. However, their anesthetic efficacy has not been previously compared for electrosurgical destruction of superficial skin lesions. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that L.M.X.4 and EMLA differ in anesthetic efficacy when applied under occlusion for 30 minutes prior to electrodesiccation of papules of dermatosis papulosa nigra. METHODS Forty adults were randomly assigned to treatment with either agent for 30 minutes under Tegaderm. The study drug was administered for an additional 30 minutes if the electrodesiccation of the first few papules was too painful. RESULTS One subject treated with EMLA versus none treated with L.M.X.4 experienced complete anesthesia after a single 30-minute application. Nineteen of 20 (95%) subjects treated with EMLA versus 18 of 20 (90%) subjects treated with L.M.X.4 required only a single application (p=.49). Pain scores after the initial 30-minute application (scale: 0=none to 10=very severe) were EMLA 3.3±2.2 (mean±SD) versus L.M.X. 4 2.9±2.0 (p=.46). CONCLUSION EMLA and L.M.X.4 provide comparable levels of anesthesia after a single 30-minute application under occlusion prior to electrodesiccation of superficial skin lesions. [source]

    XSUMO-1 is required for normal mesoderm induction and axis elongation during early Xenopus development

    DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS, Issue 10 2007
    Akira Yukita
    Abstract The small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a member of the ubiquitin-like protein family, and SUMO conjugation (SUMOylation) resembles ubiquitination. Despite many SUMOylation target proteins being reported, the role of this system in vertebrate development remains unclear. We inhibited the function of Xenopus SUMO-1 (XSUMO-1) using a morpholino antisense oligo against XSUMO-1 (XSUMO-1-MO) to clarify the role of SUMOylation. XSUMO-1-MO inhibited normal axis formation in embryos and elongation of activin-treated animal caps. The expression of several mesoderm markers was reduced by XSUMO-1-MO. We measured activin-like activity by using a reporter construct containing a multimer of activin-responsive elements from the Goosecoid promoter, [DE(6x)Luc]. This assay showed that XSUMO-1-MO directly inhibited activin/nodal signaling. Furthermore, XSUMO-1-MO inhibited ectopic axis formation induced by XSmad2, and XSmad2/4 mRNA could not rescue the axis elongation defect induced by XSUMO-1-MO. These results suggested that XSUMO-1 is required for normal axis elongation, at least partly mediating activin/nodal signaling. Developmental Dynamics 236:2757,2766, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    First European workshop on standardized procedure for the inspection of sprayers in Europe (SPISE)

    EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 2 2005
    H. Ganzelmeier
    This article presents the aims, results, recommendations and conclusions of the First European Workshop on standardized procedure for the inspection of sprayers in Europe (SPISE), held at Braunschweig (DE) on 2004-04-27/29. It recommends in particular the general implementation in Europe of European Standard EN13790. [source]

    Evaluation of an action threshold-based IPM wheat model in Rheinland (Germany) in 1999/2001,

    EPPO BULLETIN, Issue 3 2003
    M. Heger
    Under the specific agricultural and climatic conditions of Rheinland (DE), 48 field trials in three years demonstrated the practicability of the action threshold-based fungicide strategy of the IPM wheat model. The underlying data for action thresholds and dosage of fungicides applied are outlined. The cereal pathogens concerned, predominantly Mycosphaerella graminicola and Puccinia recondita, were controlled in the early stages of epidemic development using reduced rates of fungicides. The IPM wheat model gave a high efficacy of control, in terms of disease incidence and disease severity, under both low and high disease pressure conditions. The yield levels resulting from this effective reduction in diseases were nearly the same as those of the disease-free variant. Total yield increase varied between 15% and 30% with an overall average of around 20%, and resulted in monetary benefits of 50,100 EUR ha,1 in the years considered. [source]

    Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and encephalopathy in Chernobyl cleanup workers

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, Issue 1 2009
    A. D. Kehoe
    Background and purpose:, To identify, using a genetic model, a key role for the renin,angiotensin system (RAS) in the development of dyscirculatory encephalopathy (DE) in Chernobyl cleanup workers (CCW). The insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene denotes a substantial individual variation in RAS activity with the D-allele being associated with higher ACE activity. Methods:, Ninety-three male, Caucasian CCW were recruited from those under regular review at the All-Russia Centre of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, St. Petersburg. The presence or absence of DE was determined using existing institutional guidelines. ACE genotype was determined using internationally accepted methodologies. Results:, Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype distribution in 59 subjects with DE was II: 10 (17%), ID: 31 (53%), DD: 18 (30%), D-allele frequency 56.8%. Whereas in those without the condition the distribution was II: 12 (35%), ID: 19 (56%), DD 3 (9%) and D-allele frequency 35.9% (P = 0.02). Conclusions:, These data are the first to identify an association between the ACE D-allele and DE in CCW. They provide evidence of a significant role for the RAS in the development of DE and suggest that clinical trials of ACE inhibition would be profitable in this group. [source]

    Color stability of resin matrix restorative materials as a function of the method of light activation

    EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES, Issue 3 2004
    Ralf Janda
    The purpose was to investigate the influence of curing devices and curing times on the yellow value (b-value) of composites, ormocers and compomers after performing a suntest (EN ISO 7491). Eight samples of Charisma (CH), Durafill (DU), Definite (DE), and Dyract AP (DY) each were light cured with Translux Energy (tungsten halogen light) for 20, 40 or 60 s and with Apollo 95-E (plasma light) for 3, 10 or 20 s. All samples were subjected to a suntest. Before and after the suntest the yellow values (b-values) were determined and the change (,b) was calculated. When cured with Translux Energy for 20 and 40 s DU, CH, and DY revealed significantly negative ,b-values. The b-value of DE remained nearly constant. When cured for 60 s, DU and DE shifted to more yellow while CH and DY still bleached a little. When cured with Apollo 95-E, a dramatic bleaching process of all materials investigated occurred after the suntest (significant negative ,b). It may be concluded that the bleaching of composites, ormocers and compomers depends on (i) the used light curing device and (ii) the chosen curing times. The tungsten halogen light provided highly significantly superior results. [source]

    Application of differential evolution algorithm for optimal location and parameters setting of UPFC considering power system security

    EUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 7 2009
    Husam I. Shaheen
    Abstract Unified power flow controller (UPFC) is one of the most effective flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices for enhancing power system security. However, to what extent the performance of UPFC can be brought out, it highly depends upon the location and parameters setting of this device in the system. This paper presents an approach based on evolutionary algorithms (EAs) techniques to find out the optimal placement and settings of UPFC for enhancing power system security under single line contingencies (N-1 contingency). Firstly, we perform a contingency analysis and ranking process to determine the most severe line outage contingencies considering line overloads and bus voltage limit violations as a performance index. Secondly, we apply an evolutionary optimization technique, namely: differential evolution (DE) to find out the optimal location and parameters setting of UPFC under the determined contingency scenarios. To verify our proposed approach and for comparison purposes, we perform simulations on an IEEE 14-bus and an IEEE 30-bus power systems. The results we have obtained indicate that DE is an easy to use, fast, and robust optimization technique compared with genetic algorithm (GA). Installing UPFC in the optimal location determined by DE can significantly enhance the security of power system by eliminating or minimizing the overloaded lines and the bus voltage limit violations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Electrodynamic Disaggregation: Does it Affect Apatite Fission-Track and (U-Th)/He Analyses?

    GEOSTANDARDS & GEOANALYTICAL RESEARCH, Issue 1 2010
    Jörg Giese
    désagrégation électrodynamique; analyse des traces de fission sur apatite; recuit; analyse (U-Th)/He; diffusion de l'He Apatite fission-track and (U-Th)/He analyses require the liberation of intact idiomorphic apatite grains from rock samples. While routinely being carried out by mechanical methods, electrodynamic disaggregation (ED) offers an alternative approach. The high-voltage discharges produced during the ED process create localised temperature peaks (10000 K) along a narrow plasma channel. In apatite, such high temperatures could potentially reduce the length of fission tracks, which start to anneal at temperatures > 60 °C, and could also enhance He diffusion, which becomes significant at 30,40 °C over geological time scales. A comparison of fission-track analyses and (U-Th)/He ages of apatites prepared both by mechanical (jaw crusher, disk mill) and ED processing provides a way of determining whether heating during the latter method has any significant effect. Apatites from three samples of different geological settings (an orthogneiss from Madagascar, the Fish Canyon Tuff, and a muscovite-gneiss from Greece) yielded statistically identical track length distributions compared to samples prepared mechanically. Additionally, (U-Th)/He ages of apatites from a leucogranite from Morocco prepared by both methods were indistinguishable. These first results indicated that during electrodynamic disaggregation apatite crystals were not heated enough to partially anneal the fission tracks or induce significant diffusive loss of He. Les analyses des traces de fission et des rapports isotopiques (U-Th)/He sur apatite nécessitent la séparation de grains intacts et automorphes d'apatite à partir des échantillons de roche. La désagrégation électrodynamique (DE) offre une approche alternative aux méthodes mécaniques utilisées actuellement en routine. Les décharges de haute tension produite pendant le processus de DE entrainent la formation de pics de température (10000 K) localisés le long d'un étroit canal de plasma. Dans l'apatite, de telles températures peuvent potentiellement réduire la longueur des traces de fission, qui commencent à recuire à des températures > 60 °C, et peuvent aussi favoriser la diffusion de l'Hélium, qui devient significative à des températures de 30,40 °C sur des échelles de temps géologiques. Une comparaison des résultats obtenus à partir des analyses des traces de fission et des âges (U-Th)/He sur des apatites séparées par des moyens mécaniques (concasseur à mâchoires, broyeur à disque) et sur d'autres séparées par la méthode de désagrégation électrodynamique offre un moyen de déterminer si le chauffage lié,à la seconde méthode a un effet significatif. Les apatites séparées par la méthode DE à partir de trois échantillons provenant de différents contextes géologiques (un orthogneiss de Madagascar, le tuf de Fish Canyon et un gneiss à muscovite de Grèce) fournissent des distributions de longueurs de trace de fission statistiquement identiques par rapport à des échantillons préparés mécaniquement. En outre, des âges (U-Th)/He obtenus à partir d'apatites provenant d'un leucogranite du Maroc et préparées par les deux méthodes (DE et mécaniques) sont indiscernables. Ces premiers résultats indiquent que, pendant la désagrégation électrodynamique, les cristaux d'apatite n'ont pas été suffisamment chauffés pour soit recuire partiellement les traces de fission soit provoquer une perte significative par diffusion de l'He. [source]

    Erosion prediction on unpaved mountain roads in northern Thailand: validation of dynamic erodibility modelling using KINEROS2

    HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES, Issue 3 2001
    Alan D. Ziegler
    Abstract The event- and physics-based KINEROS2 runoff/erosion model for predicting overland flow generation and sediment production was applied to unpaved mountain roads. Field rainfall simulations conducted in northern Thailand provided independent data for model calibration and validation. Validation shows that KINEROS2 can be parameterized to simulate total discharge, sediment transport and sediment concentration on small-scale road plots, for a range of slopes, during simulated rainfall events. The KINEROS2 model, however, did not accurately predict time-dependent changes in sediment output and concentration. In particular, early flush peaks and the temporal decay in sediment output were not predicted, owing to the inability of KINEROS2 to model removal of a surface sediment layer of finite depth. After 15,20 min, sediment transport declines as the supply of loose superficial material becomes depleted. Modelled erosion response was improved by allowing road erodibility to vary during an event. Changing the model values of erosion detachment parameters in response to changes in surface sediment availability improved model accuracy of predicted sediment transport by 30,40%. A predictive relationship between road erodibility ,states' and road surface sediment depth is presented. This relationship allows implementation of the dynamic erodibility (DE) method to events where pre-storm sediment depth can be estimated (e.g., from traffic usage variables). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Effect of five diatomaceous earth formulations against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)

    INSECT SCIENCE, Issue 5 2007
    MASUMEH ZIAEE
    Abstract Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effect of food source on the survival of Tribolium castaneum Herbst, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Rhyzopertha dominica F., after exposure to five diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations: Protect-It®, Insecto®, Perma-GuardÔ, Dryacide® and SilicoSec®. Adults of these species were exposed to DEs at the rate of 0.5 mg/cm2 for 1 day on filter paper inside plastic Petri dishes. After exposure, the initial mortality was counted and live individuals of the three species were held for a week in glass vials containing 50 mg wheat flour, rice and whole wheat, respectively. In the second experiment, after 1 day exposure to DEs, beetles were transferred to Petri dishes without food and held for a week to determine if the presence of food source would decrease the mortality of beetles. Experiments were carried out at 27°C and 55% RH in the dark. The initial mortality in both of the experiments reached 100% for the three species exposed to Protect-It® and in the case of R. dominica and O. surinamensis exposed to Dryacide®. In contrast, low level of mortality (< 10%) was observed for T. castaneum exposed to Perma-GuardÔ and Insecto®. The mortality after the post-treatment period on food was decreased for the three species exposed to Perma-GuardÔ and in the case of T. castaneum and R. dominica exposed to Insecto® and SilicoSec®. Adults of O. surinamensis were the most susceptible followed by R. dominica and 100% adult mortality was obtained, whereas T. castaneum were the least susceptible beetles to DEs. Protect-It® and Dryacide® were the most efficient DE formulations and can be used effectively in a stored grain integrated pest management program. [source]

    Diatomaceous earths as alternatives to chemical insecticides in stored grain

    INSECT SCIENCE, Issue 6 2006
    AMIN NIKPAY
    Abstract Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a natural inert dust used to control insect pests in stored grain as an alternative to synthetic residual insecticides. Various DE formulations are now registered as a grain protectant or for structural treatment in many different countries throughout the world. The mode of action of DE is through the absorption of cuticular waxes in the insect cuticle, and insect death occurs from desiccation. The main advantages of using DE are its low mammalian toxicity and its stability. The main limitations to widespread commercial use of DE are reduction of the bulk density and flowability of grain, irritant hazards during application and reduction in efficacy at high moisture contents. This paper is an updated review of published results of researches related to the use of DEs and discusses their potential use in large-scale, commercial storage and in small scale applications. [source]

    An efficient domain-decomposition pseudo-spectral method for solving elliptic differential equations

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 10 2008
    N. Mai-Duy
    Abstract In this paper, a new numerical scheme based on non-overlapping domain decompositions and integrated Chebyshev approximations for solving elliptic differential equations (DEs) is presented. The distinguishing feature of the present scheme is that it achieves a Cp continuous solution across the interfaces (p is the order of the DE). Several test problems are employed to verify the method. The obtained results indicate that the achievement of higher-order smoothness leads to a significant improvement in accuracy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Estimation of apparent thermal conductivity of carrot purée during freezing using inverse problem

    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 7 2009
    Viviana Cocco Mariani
    Summary This article presents an inverse problem to determine the apparent thermal conductivity of carrot purée during the freezing process. The heat diffusion equation with the enthalpy model is solved to estimate the thermal conductivity. A modern meta-heuristic of evolutionary computation field called Differential Evolution (DE) is applied for the solution of inverse problem. Experiments were performed to estimate the thermal conductivity of the carrot purée as a function of temperature, using two piecewise functions. A best least square fitting between the experimental and predicted temperature curves during freezing conditions is obtained using DE. Statistical analysis are considered with Gaussian error of 0.05 and zero mean showing than the results for one piecewise function are more stable than with another piecewise function. Good agreement between the reported and estimated temperature curves was obtained. The apparent thermal conductivity was observed to decrease asymptotically with temperature in the range [,40 °C, 0 °C] and stay approximately a constant value for temperatures bigger than 0 °C. [source]

    On the Way to a Better Future: Belgium as Transit Country for Trafficking and Smuggling of Unaccompanied Minors1

    INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 4 2005
    Ilse Derluyn
    ABSTRACT During the last decade, irregular border crossings emerged as a new element in international migratory flows, with smuggling and trafficking networks being an essential part. Many people are compelled to use these networks to realize their dream of a better living, and for many this "promised land" is the United Kingdom (UK). Belgium has important sea connections with the UK, and is, therefore, an important migration transit zone, although many migrants are intercepted on Belgian territory during their tempt to reach the UK. Some are unaccompanied or separated children and adolescents, minors travelling without parent(s) or a legal caregiver. This study aims to gain insight about this population of unaccompanied minors travelling to the UK. We use the situation in Zeebrugge, one of Belgium's main ports, as a case study. We analysed 1,093 data files of unaccompanied minors intercepted in Zeebrugge, and carried out participatory observation at the shipping police station. The intercepted unaccompanied minors are mainly male, between 15 and 18 years of age, and from an Asian or Eastern European country. Of the 899 unique persons found in the data files, 113 were intercepted several times. After the interception, the Aliens Office gives the majority (82.9%) an identity document without a requirement to leave Belgium, while 15.3 per cent must leave Belgium immediately or within five days. In 82.9 per cent of the cases, a child protection officer is contacted to make a decision about the situation. In 67.2 per cent of these cases, no child protection measure is taken, and the minor may leave the police station; in 32 per cent of the cases, the minor is transferred to a centre, mostly crisis reception. Almost all unaccompanied minors are convinced they want to reach the UK to create a better livelihood, join a family member, or escape a difficult political situation. Nevertheless, most travel in difficult circumstances; are scared; and lack essential information about life in the UK, their possibilities in Belgium, what will happen if they are transferred to a centre, and so forth. Most minors also do not want to be transferred to a centre, and many , although not all , disappear again from the centres. This study has several implications concerning the kind of decisions taken by the legal authorities, the necessary physical and psycho-social care and the availability of an interpreter and social worker during the interception, the number of reception places and the care in these centres, and the tasks of the legal guardian. Finally, some limitations of the study are mentioned. VERS UN AVENIR MEILLEUR : LA BELGIQUE COMME PAYS DE TRANSIT POUR LA TRAITE ET L'INTRODUCTION CLANDESTINE DE MINEURS NON ACCOMPAGNÉS Au cours de la dernière décennie, le franchissement irrégulier des frontières est apparu comme un nouvel élément des flux migratoires internationaux, dont les réseaux de traite et d'introduction clandestine sont un aspect essentiel. Beaucoup de gens sont forcés d'utiliser ces réseaux pour réaliser leur rêve d'une vie meilleure et pour beaucoup, cette « terre promise », c'est le Royaume-Uni. La Belgique ayant d'importantes liaisons maritimes avec le Royaume-Uni con-stitue de ce fait une importante zone de transit pour les migrations, bien que de nombreux migrants soient interceptés sur le territoire belge alors qu'ils tentent d'atteindre le Royaume-Uni. Certains d'entre eux sont des enfants et des adoles-cents non accompagnés, séparés, des mineurs qui voyagent sans parent(s), sans personne qui en ait la garde juridique. Cette étude vise à mieux connaître cette population de mineurs non accompagnés voyageant en direction du Royaume-Uni. Nous prenons comme cas concret la situation à Zeebrugge, l'un des principaux ports belges. Nous avons analysé 1 093 fichiers de données concernant des mineurs non accompagnés interceptés à Zeebrugge, et nous sommes livrés à une observation participative au poste de police du port. Les mineurs non accompagnés inter-ceptés sont pour la plupart des garçons âgés de quinze à dix-huit ans originaires d'un pays d'Asie ou d'Europe orientale. Sur les 899 personnes trouvées dans les fichiers, 113 ont été interceptées plusieurs fois. Après l'interception, les Ser-vices de l'immigration donnent à la majorité de ces garçons un document d'identité sans obligation de quitter la Belgique, alors que 15,3 pour cent d'entre eux doivent quitter le pays, soit immédiatement soit dans les cinq jours. Dans 82,9 pour cent des cas, un agent de protection de l'enfance est contacté pour prendre une décision quant à la situation. Dans 67,2 pour cent de ces cas, aucune mesure de protection de l'enfant n'est prise et le mineur peut quitter le poste de police. Dans 32 pour cent des cas, le mineur est transféré dans un centre, un lieu d'accueil pour les situations de crise. Presque tous les mineurs non accompagnés sont convaincus de vouloir se rendre au Royaume-Uni pour y gagner leur vie, retrouver un membre de leur famille ou échapper à une situation politique difficile. Pourtant, la plupart de ces mineurs voyagent dans des circonstances difficiles. Ils ont peur. Ils n'ont pas les informations essentielles sur la vie au Royaume-Uni, sur les possibilités qui existent pour eux en Belgique, sur ce qui se passera s'ils sont transférés dans un centre. Beaucoup , mais pas tous , disparaissent de ces centres. Cette étude a diverses implications concernant le genre de décisions que pren-nent les autorités juridiques, les nécessaires soins physiques et psychosociaux pendant l'interception ainsi que la présence d'un interprète et d'un travailleur social, le nombre de places et les soins dans les centres d'accueil, les tâches de la personne qui a la responsabilité légale du mineur. Enfin, certaines limites de cette étude sont évoquées. CON MIRAS A UN MEJOR FUTURO: BÉLGICA COMO PAÍS DE TRÁNSITO DE LA TRATA Y EL TRÁFICO DE MENORES NO ACOMPAÑADOS Durante la última década, los cruces fronterizos irregulares se han convertido en un nuevo elemento de las corrientes migratorias internacionales, siendo un componente esencial de ellas las redes de tráfico y trata de personas. Son muchas las personas que se ven obligadas a recurrir a estas redes para hacer realidad su sueño de una vida mejor y para muchos "la tierra prometida" es el Reino Unido. Bélgica tiene importantes conexiones marítimas con el Reino Unido y, por consi-guiente, es una zona de tránsito de la migración sumamente importante, aunque muchos migrantes son interceptados en territorio belga en su intento por llegar al Reino Unido. Entre las personas interceptadas se encuentran niños y adoles-centes, menores de edad que viajan solos, sin sus padres o tutor legal. Este estudio tiene por objeto comprender cómo esta población de menores no acom-pañados viaja al Reino Unido. Con ese fin, se recurre a un estudio por casos examinando la situación en Zeebrugge, uno de los principales puertos de Bélgica. Se han analizado 1.093 expedientes de menores no acompañados, interceptados en Zeebrugge, y se ha realizado una observación participativa en la estación de policía naval. Los menores no acompañados interceptados eran principalmente varones, entre 15 y 18 años de edad, provenientes de Asia y Europa oriental. De las 899 personas no acompañadas encontradas en los expedientes, 113 habían sido interceptadas varias veces. Tras la intercepción, el Servicio de Inmigración otorga a la mayoría un documento de identidad (82,9 por ciento) sin obligarles a abandonar Bélgica, mientras que el 15,3 por ciento debe salir inmediatamente de Bélgica, o bien en un plazo máximo de cinco días. En el 82,9 por ciento de los casos, se establece contacto con un oficial de la protección de la infancia para que decida en cuanto a la situación del menor. En el 67,2 por ciento de estos casos, no se adopta ninguna medida de protección del menor y éste puede abandonar la estación de policía; y en el 32 por ciento de los casos, se transfiere al menor a un centro de recepción que se ocupa de casos críticos. Prácticamente todos los menores no acompañados tienen la certeza de que llegarán al Reino Unido para tener una mejor vida, reunirse con un familiar, o escapar de la difícil situación política. No obstante, la mayoría viaja en condiciones difí-ciles, tiene miedo y carece de información esencial sobre la vida en el Reino Unido, sobre sus posibilidades en Bélgica, y sobre lo que ocurrirá si son trans-feridos a un centro, etc. La mayoría de estos menores no quiere ser transferida a un centro y muchos, aunque no todos, se escapan de los mismos. Este estudio repercutirá, sin lugar a dudas, en las decisiones que adoptan las autoridades jurídicas, en la atención física y sicosocial necesarias, en la disponi-bilidad de un intérprete o trabajador social durante la intercepción, así como en el número de plazas de acogida y de atención en estos centros, y en las tareas que incumben a todo tutor legal. Finalmente, se enumeran algunas de las limitaciones de este estudio. [source]

    The Rise and Fall of Chinese Immigration to Canada: Newcomers from Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China1 and Mainland China, 1980,20002

    INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 3 2005
    Peter S. Li
    ABSTRACT An emerging perspective in the study of global diasporas stresses the effect of economic globalization and migration shifts in reshaping the population and identifying the formation of diaspora communities. This paper analyses the immigration patterns from Hong Kong and mainland China to Canada between the 1980s and 1990s, and shows that the migration shifts have been influenced by political and economic forces in Hong Kong and China, as well as changes in Canada's immigration policy. The imminent return of Hong Kong to China in 1997 and its uncertain political future in the 1990s were often cited as the main reasons for Hong Kong's large emigration in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In reality, the rising volume of Hong Kong emigration was prompted by the 1989 Tiananmen Square incident in China and its aftermath, and by the booming economy of Hong Kong in the early 1990s that created the means for many middle-class Chinese to emigrate. At the same time, Canada's expansion of the Business Immigration Program in the mid-1980s also benefited immigrant entrepreneurs from Hong Kong. In contrast, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997 did not deter the economic growth of China. Immigration from China rose after 1989 when Canada allowed Chinese students studying in Canada to immigrate, but it was after the mid-1990s that immigration from China expanded due to Canada's greater emphasis on admitting economic immigrants and to China's growing middle class. The continuous arrival of well-educated and urban-based immigrants from China is likely to change the population composition and identity complexity of the Chinese community in Canada. LES HAUTS ET LES BAS DE L'IMMIGRATION CHINOISE AU CANADA : LES NOUVEAUX VENUS ORIGINAIRES DE LA RÉGION ADMINISTRATIVE SPÉCIALE DE HONG KONG1 ET DE LA CHINE CONTINENTALE, 1980,2000 Une perspective émergente dans l'étude des diasporas mondiales souligne l'effet de la mondialisation économique et des glissements migratoires dans le remodelage des populations et l'identification de la formation des communautés issues des diasporas. Cet ouvrage analyse les comportements migratoires en provenance de Hong Kong et de la Chine continentale en direction du Canada entre les années 80 et 90, et montre que les glissements migratoires ont été influencés par des forces politiques et économiques à l',uvre à Hong Kong et en Chine, ainsi que par des changements intervenus au niveau de la politique canadienne d'immigration. Le retour imminent de Hong Kong à la Chine en 1997 et son avenir politique incertain dans les années 90 ont souvent été cités comme les principales raisons pour l'importante émigration qui s'est produite au départ de Hong Kong à la fin des années 80 et au début des années 90. En réalité, l'ampleur croissante de l'émigration en provenance de Hong Kong a été suscitée par les événements de la place Tiananmen qui ont eu lieu en 1989 et par leurs retombées, ainsi que par l'essor économique de Hong Kong au début des années 90, ayant procuréà bon nombre de Chinois de la classe moyenne les moyens d'émigrer. Parallèlement, l'expansion du programme d'immigration commerciale mis en place par le Canada au milieu des années 80 a également profité aux entrepreneurs immigrants de Hong Kong. Par comparaison, la crise financière asiatique de 1997 n'a pas produit d'effet dissuasif sur la croissance économique de la Chine. L'immigration en provenance de Chine continentale a augmenté après 1989, lorsque le Canada a autorisé les étudiants chinois se trouvant sur son sol à immigrer légalement, mais ce n'est qu'après le milieu des années 90 que l'immigration en provenance de Chine s'est accélérée sous l'effet de la politique canadienne facilitant l'entrée au Canada des immigrants économiques et aussi de la progression de la classe moyenne en Chine. L'arrivée continue d'immigrants chinois instruits et originaires des villes est susceptible de modifier la composition de la population et la complexité identitaire de la communauté chinoise au Canada. EL AUMENTO Y CAÍDA DE LA INMIGRACIÓN CHINA AL CANADÁ: RECIÉN LLEGADOS DE LA REGIÓN ADMINISTRATIVA ESPECIAL DE HONG KONG1 Y DE CHINA, 1980,2000 En los estudios realizados sobre las diásporas en el mundo, se observa el efecto que tienen la globalización económica y los cambios migratorios en la reconfiguración de la población y en la conformación de comunidades de la diáspora. En este artículo se examinan los patrones de inmigración de Hong Kong y China al Canadá en los años ochenta y noventa, y se demuestra que los cambios en la migración resultan de fuerzas políticas y económicas en Hong Kong y China, así como de cambios en la política de inmigración del Canadá. La inminente devolución de Hong Kong a la China en 1997 y la incertidumbre sobre su futuro político, fueron consideradas como la principal razón de la numerosa inmigración de Hong Kong a finales de los años ochenta y principios de los noventa. En realidad, el creciente número de emigrantes de Hong Kong se debió al incidente en la Plaza de Tiananmen en China en 1989 y a sus consecuencias, y al auge económico de Hong Kong a principios de los años noventa, que permitió que la clase media china pudiera emigrar. Al mismo tiempo, la ampliación del Programa de Inmigración Empresarial instaurado por el Canadá a mediados de los años ochenta también atrajo a empresarios inmigrantes provenientes de Hong Kong. Por su parte, la crisis financiera asiática de 1997 no afectó el crecimiento económico en la China. La inmigración de China aumentó tras 1989, cuando el Canadá autorizó a la inmigración de los chinos que estudiaban en el Canadá, pero fue ulteriormente, a mediados de los años noventa, que la inmigración desde China se amplió debido a que el Canadá decidió aceptar a inmigrantes económicos y a la creciente clase media proveniente de China. La continua llegada de inmigrantes chinos instruidos y de zonas urbanas, probablemente afecte la composición y complejidad de la identidad de la población china en el Canadá. [source]

    Modification induced by alpha particle irradiationin Makrofol polycarbonate

    JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE, Issue 6 2008
    S. A. Nouh
    Abstract Makrofol DE 1-1 CC polycarbonate samples were exposed to alpha particles of initial energies at levels between 5.1 and 34 MeV. The modifications induced in polycarbonate samples due to the alpha particle irradiation have been studied through different characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity, and color difference studies. The infrared spectroscopy indicated that the intensities of the characteristic absorption bands decrease with increasing the deposited alpha energy in the range 5.1,8.4 MeV, indicating that the degradation is the dominant mechanism at this range. At the same time, an increase in the OH groups was observed at the same energy range 5.1,8.4 MeV due to the degradation of carbonate group and the H abstraction from the polymer backbone to form hydroxyl groups. The degradation reported by IR spectroscopy enhanced the degree of ordering in the degraded samples as revealed by XRD technique. Additionally, this degradation decreases the intrinsic viscosity from 0.56 to 0.43 at 35°C, indicating a decrease in the average molecular mass. The non irradiated Polycarbonate polymer is nearly colorless. It showed significant darkness sensitivity towards alpha particle irradiation, indicated by an increase in the color intercept L* from 33.6 to 36.7. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008 [source]

    OXYGEN-INHIBITED LAYER IN ADHESION DENTISTRY

    JOURNAL OF ESTHETIC AND RESTORATIVE DENTISTRY, Issue 5 2004
    Byoung I. Suh MS
    ABSTRACT Purpose:: Characteristics of the oxygen-inhibited layer, including bond strength, photoinitiator decomposition, and post-curing degree of conversion, were investigated. Materials and Methods: To investigate shear bond strength, BisCover (Bisco, Inc., Schaumburg, IL, USA) and D/E Resin (Bisco, Inc.) were placed on disks of Renew composite (Bisco, Inc.) and cured both with and without an oxygen-inhibited layer. Light-Bond composite (Reliance Orthodontic, Itasca, IL, USA) was placed in a gelatin capsule and light cured over the cured resin. After soaking in water for 2 hours at 37°C, specimens were sheared to failure using a universal testing machine (Model 4466, Instron Inc., Canton, MA, USA). To investigate microtensile bond strength, composite substrates prepared using Renew A2 composite were light cured either in air or under nitrogen. Light-Core (Bisco, Inc.) was placed on each substrate and light cured. The resulting specimens were sectioned into composite beams and stressed to failure using a microtensile tester (built by Bisco, Inc.). To determine camphorquinone (CQ) decomposition, an experimental CQ resin was placed between two glass plates and irradiated for different time intervals. The absorption spectrum was obtained using a Cary 50 Bio UV-Visible Spectrometer (Varian, Mulgrave, Australia). To explore the degree of conversion, polyester film strips (Mylar, DuPont, Wilmington, DE, USA) coated with the CQ resin were pre-cured in air for different time periods, and then post-cured at low intensity for 5 minutes under nitrogen. A Spectrum 1000FTIR Spectrometer (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, CT, USA) was used to measure the degree of conversion. Results: Bond strength tests resulted in no significant difference between samples with or without an oxygen-inhibited layer. The oxygen-inhibited layer contained reduced amounts of photoinitiator. The degree of conversion of post-cured oxygen-inhibited layers was lower than that for the control. Conclusion: An oxygen-inhibited layer is not necessary for bonding with composite resin. [source]

    Acute columnaris infection in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque): efficacy of practical treatments for warmwater aquaculture ponds

    JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES, Issue 1 2004
    S Thomas-Jinu
    Abstract Columnaris disease was induced in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), by bath exposure to four highly virulent isolates of Flavobacterium columnare. In untreated controls, mortality began 20 h after exposure and reached 100% by 48 h. Mortality in channel catfish given antibiotic treatments with oxytetracycline or a combination of sulphadimethoxine and ormetoprim in feed prior to bacterial challenge was zero with all four strains of F. columnare. Diquat® (Zeneca Agricultural Products, Wilmington, DE, USA) was the most effective bath treatment; mortality with all four strains was zero. With potassium permanganate, chloramine-T, hydrogen peroxide and copper sulphate, bath treatment efficacy varied significantly among strains (P = 0.0346) and among treatments (P = 0.0033). Bath treatments with chloramine-T and potassium permanganate significantly reduced (P < 0.05) mortality from 100 to 75 and 69%, respectively, but copper sulphate and hydrogen peroxide treatments were not effective. Based on our results, oral antibiotics prevented columnaris disease but, of the bath treatments, only Diquat® produced a dramatic reduction in the mortality of acutely infected fish. Diquat® is labelled for aquatic use as an herbicide in the USA but in large ponds it is prohibitively expensive. [source]

    The Effect of Brine Ingredients on Carrot Texture during Thermal Processing in Relation to Pectin Depolymerization due to the ,-Elimination Reaction

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 9 2006
    Trong Son Vu
    ABSTRACT:, Thermal texture degradation of carrots was studied at a temperature of 100 °C in aqueous solutions containing sodium chloride, citric acid, ascorbic acid, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at different concentrations. To enhance the texture of the final product, the carrot samples were pretreated at 65 °C for 30 min in an aqueous calcium chloride solution (5 g/L). For all case studies considered, the pH of the solutions was adjusted to pH = 6.0. In parallel, both the changes in degree of esterification (DE) and the progress of the ,-elimination reaction of carrot pectin under the same conditions were investigated. The kinetic parameters for texture degradation (rate constant kt and final texture value [TP,/TP0]) were estimated using a fractional conversion model. The results indicate that both the rate constant for texture degradation (kt) and the rate constant for the ,-elimination reaction (kb) increased with increasing additive concentration, while the final texture values (TP,/TP0) and DE decreased with increasing additive concentration in all systems studied. A high correlation was observed between the relative rate constant for texture degradation and the relative rate constant for the ,-elimination reaction on the one hand, and the relative final texture value and the relative rate constant for the ,-elimination reaction on the other hand, suggesting that the influence of the solutes on texture degradation can be explained by their influence on the ,-elimination reaction. [source]

    Clarification of Citrus Juice is Influenced by Specific Activity of Thermolabile Pectinmethylesterase and Inactive PME-Pectin Complexes

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 7 2002
    J. Ackerley
    ABSTRACT: Thermolabile pectinmethylesterase (PME) from Valencia orange pulp was extracted, partially purified by cation exchange chromatography (IEX), and added to reconstituted orange juice at 2 units/ml. Of the juices that clarified, %T increased, cloud particle size increased and % degree of esterification (DE) decreased in the 15 d storage study. The rate of clarification was most rapid for juices with added PME extracts that never bound Hi-Trap SP and contained 36 and 27 kDa peptide, intermediate for crude extracts of PME not applied to IEX, and lowest for PME extracts that bound Hi-Trap SP and contained 36 and 13 kDa peptide. These results suggest that PME-pectin complexes and low peptides moderate PME activity and juice clarification. [source]

    Production and Properties of Spray-dried Amaranthus Betacyanin Pigments

    JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE, Issue 7 2000
    Y.Z. Cai
    ABSTRACT: Amaranthus betacyanin extracts were spray-dried using a range of maltodextrins [10-25 dextrose equivalent (DE)] and starches (native/modified) as carrier and coating agents at 5 inlet/outlet air temperatures and 4 feed solid contents. Higher inlet/outlet air temperatures caused greater betacyanin loss during spray drying, and affected slightly the pigment stability during storage. Adding maltodextrins and starches significantly reduced the hygroscopicity of the betacyanin extracts and enhanced storage stability. The 25 DE/10 DE mixed powders provided a longer predicted half-life (63.6 wk) compared to the 25 DE and the 10 DE powders separately. The best dried pigment-containing powder made was superior to commercial red beet powder in physical properties. [source]

    Percent infarct mapping for delayed contrast enhancement magnetic resonance imaging to quantify myocardial viability by Gd(DTPA)

    JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, Issue 4 2010
    Tamás Simor MD
    Abstract Purpose To demonstrate the advantages of signal intensity percent-infarct-mapping (SI-PIM) using the standard delayed enhancement (DE) acquisition in assessing viability following myocardial infarction (MI). SI-PIM quantifies MI density with a voxel-by-voxel resolution in clinically used DE images. Materials and Methods In canines (n= 6), 96 hours after reperfused MI and administration of 0.2 mmol/kg Gd(DTPA), ex vivo DE images were acquired and SI-PIMs calculated. SI-PIM data were compared with data from DE images analyzed with several thresholding levels using SIremote+2SD, SIremote+6SD, SI full width half maximum (SIFWHM), and with triphenyl-tetrazolium-chloride (TTC) staining. SI-PIM was also compared to R1 percent infarct mapping (R1-PIM). Results Left ventricular infarct volumes (IV) in DE images, IVSIremote+2SD and IVSIremote+6SD, overestimated (P < 0.05) TTC by medians of 13.21 mL [10.2; 15.2] and 6.2 mL [3.79; 8.23], respectively. SIFWHM, SI-PIM, and R1-PIM, however, only nonsignificantly underestimated TTC, by medians of ,0.10 mL [,0.12, ,0.06], ,0.86 mL [,1.04; 1.54], and ,1.30 mL [,4.99; ,0.29], respectively. The infarct-involved voxel volume (IIVV) of SI-PIM, 32.4 mL [21.2, 46.3] is higher (P < 0.01) than IIVVs of SIFWHM 8.3 mL [3.79, 19.0]. SI-PIMFWHM, however, underestimates TTC (,5.74 mL [,11.89; ,2.52] (P < 0.01)). Thus, SI-PIM outperforms SIFWHM because larger IIVVs are obtained, and thus PIs both in the rim and the core of the infarcted tissue are characterized, in contradistinction from DE-SIFWHM, which shows mainly the infarct core. Conclusion We have shown here, ex vivo, that SI-PIM has the same advantages as R1-PIM, but it is based on the scanning sequences of DE imaging, and thus it is obtainable within the same short scanning time as DE. This makes it a practical method for clinical studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:859,868. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

    Differential fragmentation patterns of pectin oligogalacturonides observed by nanoelectrospray quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry using automated spectra interpretation

    JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (INCORP BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY), Issue 4 2007
    Kudzai E. Mutenda
    Abstract Oligogalacturonides of different degrees of polymerization (DP) and methyl esterification (DE) were structurally analyzed by nanoESI quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry. The fragmentation patterns of the oligogalacturonides were compared using the program ,Virtual Expert Mass Spectrometrist' (VEMS) for structural annotation. In the analyzed oligogalacturonides of lower DP, the generation of C/Y ions, i.e. ions retaining the glycosidic oxygen, was higher than that of B/Z ions. In general, with oligogalacturonides of higher DP, the B/Z ions were generated more abundantly. Oligogalacturonides with free carboxylic acid groups underwent higher water loss compared to fully methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides under the same fragmentation conditions. Cross-ring cleavage, in which fragmentation occurs across the ring system of the galacturonate residue and signified by unique mass losses, was observed to be higher in fully methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides than in non-methyl-esterified ones. This study demonstrates the different fragmentation patterns of oligogalacturonides as influenced by the presence or absence of methyl ester groups. For a detailed analysis of unknown oligogalacturonides, cross-ring fragmentation gives more structural information than glycosidic bond cleavage. One implication of this is that more structural information is obtained when analyzing methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides than non-methyl-esterified ones in an ion-trap instrument. This is of particular importance in pectin chemistry, where mass spectrometry has become the technique of choice for structural determination. Although this study was not designed to explain the mechanisms of oligogalacturonide fragmentation, possible explanations for why non-methyl-esterified oligogalacturonides undergo more water loss than methyl-esterified ones will be postulated. In addition, the VEMS program was extended to automatically interpret and assign the fragment ions peaks generated in this study. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Biowaiver monographs for immediate release solid oral dosage forms based on biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) literature data: Chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulfate, and chloroquine hydrochloride,

    JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 7 2005
    R.K. Verbeeck
    Abstract Literature data on the properties of chloroquine phosphate, chloroquine sulfate, and chloroquine hydrochloride related to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) are reviewed. The available information indicates that these chloroquine salts can be classified as highly soluble and highly permeable, i.e., BCS class I. The qualitative composition of immediate release (IR) tablets containing these Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) with a Marketing Authorization (MA) in Belgium (BE), Germany (DE), Finland (FI), and The Netherlands (NL) is provided. In view of these MA's and the critical therapeutic indication of chloroquine, it is assumed that the registration authorities had evidence that these formulations are bioequivalent to the innovator. It is concluded that IR tablets formulated with these excipients are candidates for a biowaiver. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 94:1389,1395, 2005 [source]

    Microparticulate formulations for the controlled release of interleukin-2

    JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 5 2004
    Tommy T. Thomas
    Abstract Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a pleotropic growth factor essential to immune system function. Current methods of administration are limited by the necessity of hospitalization as well as dose-limiting toxicities and side effects. There is also the issue of low therapeutic concentrations at the desired site of action; for instance, in the case of solid tumor treatment. Here we describe the design of controlled-release vehicles for the local administration of IL-2 based on single (SE) and double emulsion (DE) poly(lactic- co -glycolic acid) (PLGA) systems and a newly developed class of spray-dried lipid,protein,sugar systems composed of L -,-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and 0.2% Eudragit E 100. All three systems demonstrated the release of therapeutic drug quantities. Totals of 2.0, 0.5, and 2.8 ,g of IL-2 (per mg of solid) were encapsulated in the SE, DE, and spray-dried formulations, respectively. The SE and DE released of 30 and 15% of the encapsulated protein, respectively, with delivery of biologically active IL-2 during the first 5 to 10 days. The lipid,protein,sugar-based system demonstrated extended sustained release of biologically active IL-2 for a period of 4 months. These systems provide a potential framework for long-term loco-regional immunotherapeutic treatment regimens. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:1100,1109, 2004 [source]

    Field experiments on bioturbation in salt marshes (Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge, Smyrna, DE, USA): implications for sea-level studies,

    JOURNAL OF QUATERNARY SCIENCE, Issue 2 2009
    Eduardo Leorri
    Abstract The suitability of marsh sites for sea-level studies was examined based on field experiments along a transect from low to high marsh. Bead distributions were determined both seasonally and after 7 years. Seasonal sediment mixing was greatest in the low marsh and in the late spring and early summer, when biological activity is greatest. However, after an initial interval of relatively intense reworking, the bead concentrations reached an approximate equilibrium profile characteristic of each marsh environment as reflected by the profiles obtained after 7 years. Mixed-layer thickness is greatest (>10,cm) in the intermediate and low marsh, and burial rates are rapid (3.7,11.1,mm,yr,1). Moreover, burial rates are comparable to or even surpass longer-term (30 to >150,yr) radiotracer-derived sediment accumulation rates and rates of local and regional sea-level rise (,4,mm,yr,1). Therefore, sediment accumulation rates appear to reflect primarily sediment resuspension/redeposition within the system due to bioturbation. Thus, bioturbation may be critical to the ability of marshes to keep pace with sea level, while seemingly precluding the use of low marsh for high-resolution sea-level studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

    Cerebellar Gene Expression Profiling and eQTL Analysis in Inbred Mouse Strains Selected for Ethanol Sensitivity

    ALCOHOLISM, Issue 9 2005
    Erik J. MacLaren
    Background: Inbred Long-Sleep (ILS) and Inbred Short-Sleep (ISS) mice exhibit striking differences in a number of alcohol and drug related behaviors. This study examined the expression levels of more than 39,000 transcripts in these strains in the cerebellum, a major target of ethanol's actions in the CNS, to find differentially expressed (DE) candidate genes for these phenotypes. Methods: Genes that were differentially expressed between the strains were identified using oligonucleotide arrays as well as complimentary DNA arrays. Sequence alignment was used to locate DE genes in the mouse genome assembly. In silico expression QTL (eQTL) mapping was used to identify chromosomal regions likely to control the transcription level of DE genes, and the EASE program identified overrepresented functional themes. The genomic region immediately upstream of the cyclase associated protein homolog 1 (Cap1) gene was directly sequenced from PCR products. Results: Nearly 300 genes were identified as differentially expressed between the cerebella of ILS and ISS. These genes and their corresponding eQTLs map to genomic regions linked to several phenotypes that differ between the ILS and ISS strains, including ethanol preference and cocaine-induced locomotor activation on Chromosomes 4 and 7 respectively. Eight genes were cross-platform validated, four of which are more highly expressed in ILS cerebellum. Three SNPs, one of which disrupts a predicted Sp1 binding site, were found in the upstream region of Cap1, a strong candidate for influencing ethanol phenotypes. Conclusions: Many of these DE genes are candidates to influence ethanol and drug regulated phenotypes because they either map to ethanol related QTLs in the genome or are linked to them through eQTL mapping. Genes involved in calcium ion binding and transcriptional regulation are overrepresented and therefore these gene classes may influence ethanol behaviors in mice and humans. [source]

    Influence of Plasma Spray Parameters on Formation and Morphology of ZrO2,8 wt% Y2O3 Deposits

    JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 4 2001
    Ahmet Kucuk
    Spray prints of thermal spray coatings were created on glass slides for air-plasma-sprayed 8-wt%-yttria-partially-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposits. The spray parameters such as carrier gas flow rate, standoff distance, and torch power were systematically changed to investigate the influence of these parameters on the YSZ deposit characteristics. The deposit properties such as deposition efficiency (DE), substrate coverage, deposit thickness, and roughness were measured. The deposits sprayed with a 3.5,4.0 L/min carrier gas flow rate at an 80 mm standoff distance exhibited higher values of DE within the range of studied process parameters. The DE increased as much as 25% by varying the carrier gas flow rate from 2.0 to 4.0 L/min. The deposits sprayed at a higher standoff distance and low torch power gave poor deposit characteristics. The deposit characteristics were compared with the in-flight particle parameters and revealed that the deposit characteristics strongly depended on the in-flight particle temperature. Using the in-flight particle properties, the flattening ratio and the splat thickness were calculated. The average size of particles adhering to the substrate was found to drastically change with a change of process conditions, being much less than the average size of the starting powder. [source]