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Data Items (data + item)
Selected AbstractsDetecting intrusion transactions in databases using data item dependencies and anomaly analysisEXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 5 2008Sattar Hashemi Abstract: The purpose of the intrusion detection system (IDS) database is to detect transactions that access data without permission. This paper proposes a novel approach to identifying malicious transactions. The approach concentrates on two aspects of database transactions: (1) dependencies among data items and (2) variations of each individual data item which can be considered as time-series data. The advantages are threefold. First, dependency rules among data items are extended to detect transactions that read or write data without permission. Second, a novel behaviour similarity criterion is introduced to reduce the false positive rate of the detection. Third, time-series anomaly analysis is conducted to pinpoint intrusion transactions that update data items with unexpected pattern. As a result, the proposed approach is able to track normal transactions and detect malicious ones more effectively than existing approaches. [source] Entropy-based metrics in swarm clusteringINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, Issue 9 2009Bo Liu Ant-based clustering methods have received significant attention as robust methods for clustering. Most ant-based algorithms use local density as a metric for determining the ants' propensities to pick up or deposit a data item; however, a number of authors in classical clustering methods have pointed out the advantages of entropy-based metrics for clustering. We introduced an entropy metric into an ant-based clustering algorithm and compared it with other closely related algorithms using local density. The results strongly support the value of entropy metrics, obtaining faster and more accurate results. Entropy governs the pickup and drop behaviors, while movement is guided by the density gradient. Entropy measures also require fewer training parameters than density-based clustering. The remaining parameters are subjected to robustness studies, and a detailed analysis is performed. In the second phase of the study, we further investigated Ramos and Abraham's (In: Proc 2003 IEEE Congr Evol Comput, Hoboken, NJ: IEEE Press; 2003. pp 1370,1375) contention that ant-based methods are particularly suited to incremental clustering. Contrary to expectations, we did not find substantial differences between the efficiencies of incremental and nonincremental approaches to data clustering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] Histopathology reporting in colorectal cancer: a proforma improves qualityCOLORECTAL DISEASE, Issue 8 2009P. N. Siriwardana Abstract Aim, The histopathology report is vital to determine the need for adjuvant therapy and prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Completeness of those in text format is inadequate. This study evaluated the improvement of quality of histopathology reports following the introduction of a template proforma, based on standards set by the Royal College of Pathologists (RCP), UK. Method, Sixty-eight consecutive histopathology reports based on 19 items for rectal cancer (RC) and 15 items for colon cancer (CC) using the proforma were prospectively analysed and compared with results of a previous audit of 82 consecutive histopathology reports in text format. The percentage of reports containing a statement for each data item for both series was compared using the Normal test for difference between two proportions. Completeness of each report was assessed and a percentage score (percentage completeness) was given. Mean percentage completeness was calculated for each format and compared using the two sample t -test. Results, Except for comments on the presence of ,histologically confirmed liver metastases' in CC and RC, ,distance from dentate line' and ,distance to circumferential margin' in RC, all other items were commented in more than 90% of reports, where 71% of the items based on the minimum data set were present in all reports. Compared to prose format, the mean percentage completeness (SD) improved from 74% (8) to 91% (4) (P < 0.0001) and from 81% (5) to 99% (1) (P < 0.0001) for RC and CC respectively in template proforma format. Conclusion, A template proforma and surgeon's contribution in relation to operative findings improves the quality of the histopathology report in CRC. [source] Towards closing the analysis gap: Visual generation of decision supporting schemes from raw dataCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2008T. May Abstract The derivation, manipulation and verification of analytical models from raw data is a process which requires a transformation of information across different levels of abstraction. We introduce a concept for the coupling of data classification and interactive visualization in order to make this transformation visible and steerable for the human user. Data classification techniques generate mappings that formally group data items into categories. Interactive visualization includes the user into an iterative refinement process. The user identifies and selects interesting patterns to define these categories. The following step is the transformation of a visible pattern into the formal definition of a classifier. In the last step the classifier is transformed back into a pattern that is blended with the original data in the same visual display. Our approach allows in intuitive assessment of a formal classifier and its model, the detection of outliers and the handling of noisy data using visual pattern-matching. We instantiated the concept using decision trees for classification and KVMaps as the visualization technique. The generation of a classifier from visual patterns and its verification is transformed from a cognitive to a mostly pre-cognitive task. [source] Detecting intrusion transactions in databases using data item dependencies and anomaly analysisEXPERT SYSTEMS, Issue 5 2008Sattar Hashemi Abstract: The purpose of the intrusion detection system (IDS) database is to detect transactions that access data without permission. This paper proposes a novel approach to identifying malicious transactions. The approach concentrates on two aspects of database transactions: (1) dependencies among data items and (2) variations of each individual data item which can be considered as time-series data. The advantages are threefold. First, dependency rules among data items are extended to detect transactions that read or write data without permission. Second, a novel behaviour similarity criterion is introduced to reduce the false positive rate of the detection. Third, time-series anomaly analysis is conducted to pinpoint intrusion transactions that update data items with unexpected pattern. As a result, the proposed approach is able to track normal transactions and detect malicious ones more effectively than existing approaches. [source] Performance analysis of data scheduling algorithms for multi-item requests in multi-channel broadcast environmentsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 4 2010Kai Liu Abstract Nowadays querying multiple-dependent data items in a request is common in many advanced mobile applications, such as traffic information enquiry services. In addition, multi-channel architectures are widely deployed in many data dissemination systems. In this paper, we extend a number of data productivity-based scheduling algorithms and evaluate their performance in scheduling multi-item requests in multi-channel broadcast environments. We observe from the experimental results two performance problems that render these algorithms ineffective. Lastly, we discuss possible causes of these problems to give insights in the design of a better solution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Urinary incontinence among institutionalized oldest old Chinese men in Taiwan,NEUROUROLOGY AND URODYNAMICS, Issue 4 2009Yi-Ming Chen Abstract Aims To explore prevalence and related factors for urinary incontinence (UI) among the oldest old institutionalized Chinese men in Taiwan. Methods All residents living in Banciao Veterans Care Home were invited for study. UI was defined as urinary leakage at least once weekly. Additional data items from the Minimum Data Set (MDS Nursing Home Chinese Version 2.1) were used to explore impact associated with physical function, cognitive status and quality of life (social engagement, SocE). Depressive symptoms were screened by the Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale. Results Data from 594 male residents (mean age: 80.9,±,5.3 years) were analyzed. Among all study subjects, 92.8% were functionally independent, 20.4% had certain cognitive impairment and 8.2% had depressive symptoms. The prevalence of UI in the Banciao Veterans Care Home was 10.1%. Compared with residents without UI, subjects with UI had poorer physical function, cognitive status, and more depressive symptoms. The mean SocE score was 1.5,±,1.3, and was similar between UI (+) and UI (,) subjects (1.4,±,1.2 vs. 1.6,±,1.3, P,=,0.411). By multivariate logistic regression, poorer physical functional status, cognitive impairment and depressive symptoms were independent risk factors for UI (P,<,0.05). Conclusions Poorer physical function, poorer cognitive status and depressive symptoms were all statistically significant independent risk factors for UI. However, SocE score (proxy indicator of quality of life) did not differ between subjects with and without UI. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the impact of UI on quality of life among oldest old institutionalized Chinese men in Taiwan. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:335,338, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Influence of a Rural Primary Care Clerkship on Medical Students' Intentions to Practice in a Rural CommunityTHE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 2 2000Alma R. Jones M.D., M.P.H. The Association of American Medical Colleges Medical School Graduation Questionnaire (GQ) for years 1988 through 1997 was examined to compare the career plans of students graduating from Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM) with those of all students graduating from United States medical schools before the period 1988 through 1992 and after the period 1993 through 1997, after the inception of the rural clerkship at MSM. Select GQ data items examined include student demographics, medical school experiences, and career plans. Statistical analyses were used to compare pre- and post-clerkship responses for MSM students and to compare their responses with the national trends. Results indicate that, following a transition period, MSM students showed an increased preference for a future career in a rural community. A smaller upward trend in the national data was observed. There appears to be an association between the rural clerkship experience at MSM and the stated preferred career choices of the students. [source] | ||||||||||||||||