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Dynamic Events (dynamic + event)
Selected AbstractsMonitoring adherence to beclomethasone in asthmatic children and adolescents through four different methodsALLERGY, Issue 10 2009N. S. Jentzsch Background:, Suboptimal adherence to inhaled steroids is a known problem in children and adolescents, even when medications are administered under parental supervision. This study aimed to verify the adherence rate to beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) by four currently available methods. Methods:, In this concurrent cohort study, 102 randomly selected asthmatic children and adolescents aged 3,14 years were followed for 12 months. Adherence rate was assessed every 2 months by self and/or parent report, pharmacy dispensing data, electronic device (Doser®; Meditrack Products, Hudson, MA, USA) monitor, and canister weight. Results:, Mean adherence rates to BDP by self and/or parent report, pharmacy records, Doser, and canister weight were 97.9% (95% CI 88.0,98.6), 70.0% (95% CI 67.6,72.4), 51.5% (95% CI 48.3,54.6), and 46.3% (95% CI 44.1,48.4), respectively. Agreement analysis between (Doser) and canister weight revealed a weighted kappa equal to 0.76 (95% CI 0.65,0.87). Conclusions:, Adherence was a dynamic event and rates decreased progressively for all methods over the 12-month follow-up. Canister weight and electronic monitoring measures were more accurate than self/parent reports and pharmacy records. Rates obtained by these two methods were very close and statistical analysis also showed a substantial agreement between them. As measurements by canister weight are less costly compared with currently available electronic devices, it should be considered as an alternative method to assess adherence in both clinical research and practice. [source] Modulation of microtubule dynamics by the microtubule-associated protein 1aJOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH, Issue 5 2009Elliott M. Faller Abstract Structural microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) interact with microtubules to regulate the various dynamic stages of microtubules. The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of myc-tagged MAP1a fragments on microtubule dynamic phases in vivo. Cells from an epithelial kidney cell line (LLCPK1) that had been permanently transfected with human green fluorescent protein (GFP)-,-tubulin were transiently transfected with myc-tagged MAP1a fragments. Cells expressing MAP1a fragments were used to make direct observations of microtubule dynamics in living cells using fluorescence microscopy. All truncated MAP1a heavy chain fragments that contained the microtubule-binding domain were shown to associate with microtubules. Truncated fragments containing different regions of the projection domain of MAP1a demonstrated variations in their impact on microtubule dynamic events by promoting growth or inhibition of shortening phases. In contrast to MAP1a, MAP2c bundled microtubules and resulted in a complete arrest of microtubule motility. Results from the present study suggest that MAP1a promotes slow, stable growth of microtubules. This type of growth may be important in the maintenance and restructuring of adult neurons. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Femur window,a new approach to microcirculation of living bone in situJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 5 2005N. Hansen-Algenstaedt Abstract Background: The processes of osteogenesis, bone remodelling, fracture repair and metastasis to bone are determined by complex sequential interactions involving cellular and microcirculatory parameters. Consequently studies targeting the analysis of microcirculatory parameters on such processes should mostly respect these complex conditions. However these conditions could not yet be achieved in vitro and therefore techniques that allow a long-term observation of functional and structural parameters of microcirculation in bone in vivo at a high spatial resolution are needed to monitor dynamic events, such as fracture healing, bone remodelling and tumor metastasis. Methods: We developed a bone chamber implant (femur window) for long-term intravital microscopy of pre-existing bone and its microcirculation at an orthotopic site in mice preserving the mechanical properties of bone. After bone chamber implantation vascular density, vessel diameter, vessel perfusion, vascular permeability and leukocyte-endothelial interactions (LEIs) in femoral bone tissue of c57-black mice (n = 11) were measured quantitatively over 12 days using intravital fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore a model for bone defect healing and bone metastasis in the femur window was tested. Results: Microvascular permeability and LEIs showed initially high values after chamber implantation followed by a significant decrease to a steady state at day 6 and 12, whereas structural parameters remained unaltered. Bone defect healing and tumor growth was observed over 12 and 90 days respectively. Conclusion: The new femur window design allows a long-term analysis of structural and functional properties of bone and its microcirculation quantitatively at a high spatial resolution. Altered functional parameters of microcirculation after surgical procedures and their time dependent return to a steady state underline the necessity of long-term observations to achieve unaltered microcirculatory parameters. Dissection of the complex interactions between bone and microcirculation enables us to evaluate physiological and pathological processes of bone and may give new insights especially in dynamic events e.g. fracture healing, bone remodeling and tumor metastasis. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. [source] Surfing the wave, cycle, life history, and genes/proteins expressed by testicular germ cells.MICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 4 2010Part 2: Changes in spermatid organelles associated with development of spermatozoa Abstract Spermiogenesis is a long process whereby haploid spermatids derived from the meiotic divisions of spermatocytes undergo metamorphosis into spermatozoa. It is subdivided into distinct steps with 19 being identified in rats, 16 in mouse and 8 in humans. Spermiogenesis extends over 22.7 days in rats and 21.6 days in humans. In this part, we review several key events that take place during the development of spermatids from a structural and functional point of view. During early spermiogenesis, the Golgi apparatus forms the acrosome, a lysosome-like membrane bound organelle involved in fertilization. The endoplasmic reticulum undergoes several topographical and structural modifications including the formation of the radial body and annulate lamellae. The chromatoid body is fully developed and undergoes structural and functional modifications at this time. It is suspected to be involved in RNA storing and processing. The shape of the spermatid head undergoes extensive structural changes that are species-specific, and the nuclear chromatin becomes compacted to accommodate the stream-lined appearance of the sperm head. Microtubules become organized to form a curtain or manchette that associates with spermatids at specific steps of their development. It is involved in maintenance of the sperm head shape and trafficking of proteins in the spermatid cytoplasm. During spermiogenesis, many genes/proteins have been implicated in the diverse dynamic events occurring at this time of development of germ cells and the absence of some of these have been shown to result in subfertility or infertility. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Measurement and analysis of ,small' packages in next-day air shipmentsPACKAGING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, Issue 1 2010S. P. Singh Abstract Packaged goods are shipped globally using various means of transportation. Over the past two decades, there has been a continuous increase in studies that measure and analyse dynamic events that occur to packages during transportation and handling. These data offer useful information to design and test packages, and provide protection from potential hazards like drops and impacts. However, none of the past studies are directed towards single packages regarded as ,smalls'. ,Smalls' or small-package product systems are defined as those with volume of less than 0.013,m3, a longest dimension of 0.356,m and a weight of 4.54,kg or less. Packages that qualify for these specifications are often mixed together in a large carrying bag and handled with other single parcel shipments. This study measured and analysed the effect of moving this category of single packages through expedited shipments in the USA. The results showed that these packages experienced as many as 27 events comprising of drops or tosses in a one-way shipment, and a maximum of 5.01,m of near-zero G travel distance representing long ,tosses'. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The origin of cutoff frequencies for torsional tube waves propagating in the solar atmosphereASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN, Issue 6 2010R. Hammer Abstract Torsional waves supported by magnetic flux tubes have long been thought to bear a high potential for supplying energy and momentum to the upper solar atmosphere, thereby contributing to its heating and to the driving of dynamic events like spicules. This hope rested on the belief that their propagation is not impeded by cutoff restrictions, unlike longitudinal and kink waves. We point out that this applies only to thin, isothermal tubes. When they widen in the chromosphere, and as a result of temperature gradients, cutoff restrictions arise. We compare them to recent observational reports of such waves and of vortex motions and find that their long period components are already affected by cutoff restrictions. An observational strategy is proposed that should permit the derivation of better information on vortex flows from off-center observations with next generation telescopes (© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] "Click Peptides",Chemical Biology-Oriented Synthesis of Alzheimer's Disease-Related Amyloid , Peptide (A,) Analogues Based on the "O- Acyl Isopeptide Method"CHEMBIOCHEM, Issue 10 2006Youhei Sohma Abstract A clear understanding of the pathological mechanism of amyloid , peptide (A,) 1,42, a currently unexplained process, would be of great significance for the discovery of novel drug targets for Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapy. To date, though, the elucidation of these A,1,42 dynamic events has been a difficult issue because of uncontrolled polymerization, which also poses a significant obstacle in establishing experimental systems with which to clarify the pathological function of A,1,42. We have recently developed chemical biology-oriented pH- or phototriggered "click peptide" isoform precursors of A,1,42, based on the "O -acyl isopeptide method", in which a native amide bond at a hydroxyamino acid residue, such as Ser, is isomerized to an ester bond, the target peptide subsequently being generated by an O,N intramolecular acyl migration reaction. These click peptide precursors did not exhibit any self-assembling character under physiological conditions, thanks to the presence of the one single ester bond, and were able to undergo migration to give the target A,1,42 in a quick and easy, one-way (so-called "click")conversion reaction. The use of click peptides could be a useful strategy to investigate the biological functions of A,1,42 in AD through inducible activation of A,1,42 self-assembly. [source] Mixed inflammatory/regulatory cytokine profile marked by simultaneous raise of interferon-, and interleukin-10 and low frequency of tumour necrosis factor-,+ monocytes are hallmarks of active human visceral Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania chagasi infectionCLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, Issue 1 2006V. Peruhype-Magalhães Summary Considering the complexity of the immunological events triggered during active visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), the relevance of the segregation of the immune response during human VL into type 1 and type 2 still remains unclear. For this purpose, in individuals living in risk areas for VL, we have evaluated especially asymptomatic individuals and patients with active VL, the plasmatic levels of cytokines and reactive nitrogen species under ex vivo conditions. In addition, we have also performed an analysis of intracellular cytokine patterns of circulating leucocytes after short-term culture, particularly in the absence of antigenic-specific stimulation, in order to reflect dynamic events of immune response in vivo during Leishmania chagasi infection. Although asymptomatic individuals and non-infected subjects presented a similar immunological profile, an outstanding inflammatory/regulatory profile, based on higher plasmatic levels of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-8, interferon (IFN)-,, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-,, IL-6 and IL-10, was associated with clinical status observed in active VL. In this context, we hypothesize that IL-10, through its ability to inhibit anti-leishmanial macrophage activation, associated with the lower frequency of TNF-,+ monocytes and ordinary levels of nitrite and nitrate are the major mechanisms associated with disease onset. [source] | |||||||||||||