Home  About us  Contact
 

Cranial Index (cranial + index)

Distribution by Scientific Domains
Life Sciences100%

Selected Abstracts

Why Does head form change in children of immigrants?

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010
A reappraisal
Objectives: We test two specific hypotheses that explain the cranial changes Boas observed in Hebrews and Sicilians, namely that Hebrew change results from abandoning cradling of infants in America, while in Sicilians it results from impaired growth in America. Methods: Boas's (1928) data were used to test these hypotheses. The role of cradling in cranial shape was examined by comparing cranial indices of U.S.-born and foreign children between 1.5 and 5 years of age. Age changes in cranial index of Hebrew and Sicilian children ages five to eighteen were examined to demonstrate differing patterns of age changes, which could be explained by environmental differences. Statistical methods employed were t -tests, least squares, and loess regression. Results: The difference between American and foreign-born Hebrew children arose prior to five years of age, after which it remained constant. American and foreign-born Sicilians, on the other hand, had similar cranial indices at age five, and diverged during the growing years, primarily because American-born children did not exhibit the reduction in cranial index with age seen in the other groups. Conclusions: The results support the two hypotheses tested. Change in Hebrew cranial indices resulted from abandoning the practice of cradling infants in America. U.S.-born Sicilian children experienced an environment worse than the one in Europe, and consequently experienced impaired growth. We conclude that the changes Boas observed resulted from specific behavioral and economic conditions unique to each group, rather than a homogeneous American environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:702-707, 2010. © 2010Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]

Conformation of the Equine Skull: A Morphometric Study

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 4 2006
K. E. Evans
Summary There is a lack of an established method for quantifying equine skull morphology. This study proposes a method that is valid for use on both live and deceased horses. A total of nine head measurements (skull length, cranial length, nasal length, ratio of cranial:nasal length, cranial width, zygomatic width, mandibular depth, nasal profile area, cranial profile area) and six indices (skull index, cranial index, nasal index, mandibular index, nasal profile index, cranial profile index) were recorded from 30 horses from a variety of breeds whilst the soft tissues of the head were intact. A line was drawn level with the palpable notches caudal to the caudal lacrimal process of each orbit to estimate the suture line of the nasal and frontal bones and distinguish between the neurocranium and splanchnocranium. There were positive correlations between many of the head measurements. This method also illustrated significant differences in the skull morphology of three breeds (Arabians, thoroughbreds and standardbreds). [source]

Skull Typology of Adult Male Kangal Dogs

ANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 1 2001
V. Onar
In this study, a total of 16 skulls of the adult male Kangal dog were used. Craniometric measurements for 44 different parts of the skull were made. All investigated features were expressed as mean ±,SD. Cephalic indices and ratios were calculated. These indices and ratios have been compared with the average values of indices calculated for other breeds. A skull index of 50.29 ± 1.033, a cranial index of 46.05 ± 2.213, a facial index of 99.62 ± 3.891, a facial index-1 of 81.67 ± 3.667, a basal index of 28.71 ± 1.425, a basal index-1 of 57.91 ± 1.365, a length-length index-2 of 1.08 ± 0.045, a length-width index-2 of 1.99 ± 0.041, a length-width index-4 of 2.18 ± 0.108, a palatal index-1 of 62.24 ± 2.528, a palatal index-2 of 65.37 ± 2.208, a palato-basal ratio of 55.44 ± 1.975, a palato-basal ratio-1 of 54.47 ± 1.716, a palato-palatine ratio of 33.71 ± 0.860, a palato-palatine ratio-1 of 34.30 ± 0.733, a cranio-facial ratio of 107.87 ± 4.819 and a cranio-facial ratio-1 of 144.17 ± 8.099 were obtained. When the skull, cranial and facial indices were considered together with the other calculated indices and ratios, it was clear that the skulls of the Kangal dogs have to be regarded as of dolichocephalic type. Kangal dogs, with their mastiff-like appearance and massive head, are shown in this study to be typical of a dolichocephalic breed. [source]

Why Does head form change in children of immigrants?

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 5 2010
A reappraisal
Objectives: We test two specific hypotheses that explain the cranial changes Boas observed in Hebrews and Sicilians, namely that Hebrew change results from abandoning cradling of infants in America, while in Sicilians it results from impaired growth in America. Methods: Boas's (1928) data were used to test these hypotheses. The role of cradling in cranial shape was examined by comparing cranial indices of U.S.-born and foreign children between 1.5 and 5 years of age. Age changes in cranial index of Hebrew and Sicilian children ages five to eighteen were examined to demonstrate differing patterns of age changes, which could be explained by environmental differences. Statistical methods employed were t -tests, least squares, and loess regression. Results: The difference between American and foreign-born Hebrew children arose prior to five years of age, after which it remained constant. American and foreign-born Sicilians, on the other hand, had similar cranial indices at age five, and diverged during the growing years, primarily because American-born children did not exhibit the reduction in cranial index with age seen in the other groups. Conclusions: The results support the two hypotheses tested. Change in Hebrew cranial indices resulted from abandoning the practice of cradling infants in America. U.S.-born Sicilian children experienced an environment worse than the one in Europe, and consequently experienced impaired growth. We conclude that the changes Boas observed resulted from specific behavioral and economic conditions unique to each group, rather than a homogeneous American environment. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 22:702-707, 2010. © 2010Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source]