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Adult Pigs (adult + pig)
Selected AbstractsComparison of In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro Fertilization, Metabolism and Ultrastructure of Oocytes from Prepubertal and Adult PigsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 3-4 2000JK O'Brien Contents In vitro maturation and fertilization, metabolism and ultrastructure were examined for oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. The proportion of oocytes undergoing in vitro maturation was lower for oocytes derived from prepubertal (piglets aged 8,10 weeks; 59.8% and gilts aged 5,6 months; 79.2%) than for those from adult ( ows aged 4,6 years; 92.2%) pigs (p < 0.05). A higher proportion of oocytes from piglets (22.8%) degenerated during in vitro maturation than from gilts (4.8%) and adult pigs (4.7%; p < 0.05). There was an increased incidence of polyspermic fertilization in prepubertal (piglet; 52.2%, gilt; 23.8%) compared with adult (7.1%) oocytes (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the metabolism of glucose, glutamine or pyruvate between oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. The metabolism of glutamine by prepubertal and adult oocytes matured in vitro was significantly higher than that by prepubertal oocytes matured in vivo (p < 0.05). Oocyte size and ultrastructure was also similar for oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. These data show that prepubertal and adult pig oocytes have a different in vitro developmental capacity, but similar metabolic activity and ultrastructure, under the conditions investigated. [source] Skin Repair Using a Porcine Collagen I/III Membrane,Vascularization and Epithelization PropertiesDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 6 2010FALK WEHRHAN MD BACKGROUND Collagen membranes have been developed to overcome the problem of limited availability of skin grafts. Vascularization and restricted functional epithelization limit the success of bioartificial constructs. OBJECTIVE To compare the vascularization, epithelization, and integration of a porcine collagen I/III membrane with that of split-thickness skin grafts on skin wounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 21 adult pigs, full-thickness skin defects on the rear side of the ear healed by split-thickness skin grafting, by covering with the membrane, or by free granulation. Skin samples on postoperative days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 were evaluated histologically (hematoxylin-eosin, Sirius Red) and using immunohistochemistry (cytokeratin 5/6, transforming growth factor beta receptor (TGF,R-III) and immunoblot (TGF,1,3, Smad2/3). Epithelial thickness and TGF,R-III-positive capillary area were quantitatively assessed. RESULTS Epithelization and vascularization in the membrane group were not significantly different from in the group treated with a split-thickness skin graft. Free granulation showed significantly slower epithelization and vascularization (p<.05). TGF,1 and Smad2/3 complex expression were high during free granulation. Matrix was distinguishable until day 7. CONCLUSIONS This membrane serves as a suitable full-thickness dermal substitute, because the membrane is vascularized faster than free granulation tissue and enables early epithelization. Geistlich Biomaterials (Wolhusen, Switzerland) provided the collagen membrane used in this study [source] The effect of skeletal maturity on the regenerative function of intrinsic ACL cellsJOURNAL OF ORTHOPAEDIC RESEARCH, Issue 5 2010Ashley N. Mastrangelo Abstract Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are an important clinical problem, particularly for adolescent patients. The effect of skeletal maturity on the potential for ACL healing is as yet unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that fibroblastic cells from the ACLs of skeletally immature animals would proliferate and migrate more quickly than cells from adolescent and adult animals. ACL tissue from skeletally immature, adolescent, and adult pigs and sheep were obtained and cells obtained using explant culture. Cell proliferation within a collagen,platelet scaffold was measured at days 2, 7, and 14 of culture using AM MTT assay. Cellular migration was measured at 4 and 24 h using a modified Boyden chamber assay, and cell outgrowth from the explants also measured at 1 week. ACL cells from skeletally immature animals had higher proliferation between 7 and 14 days (p,<,0.01 for all comparisons) and higher migration potential at all time points in both species (p,<,0.01 for all comparisons). ACL cells from skeletally immature animals have greater cellular proliferation and migration potential than cells from adolescent or adult animals. These experiments suggest that skeletal maturity may influence the biologic repair capacity of intrinsic ACL cells. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:644,651, 2010 [source] Cardiac Effects of Electrical Stun Guns: Does Position of Barbs Contact Make a Difference?PACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008DHANUNJAYA LAKKIREDDY M.D. Background:The use of electrical stun guns has been rising among law enforcement authorities for subduing violent subjects. Multiple reports have raised concerns over their safety. The cardiovascular safety profile of these devices in relationship to the position of delivery on the torso has not been well studied. Methods:We tested 13 adult pigs using a custom device built to deliver neuromuscular incapacitating (NMI) discharge of increasing intensity that matched the waveform of a commercially available stun gun (TASER® X-26, TASER International, Scottsdale, AZ, USA). Discharges with increasing multiples of output capacitances were applied in a step-up and step-down fashion, using two-tethered barbs at five locations: (1) Sternal notch to cardiac apex (position-1), (2) sternal notch to supraumbilical area (position-2), (3) sternal notch to infraumbilical area (position-3), (4) side to side on the chest (position-4), and (5) upper to lower mid-posterior torso (position-5). Endpoints included determination of maximum safe multiple (MaxSM), ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT), and minimum ventricular fibrillation induction multiple (MinVFIM). Results:Standard TASER discharges repeated three times did not cause ventricular fibrillation (VF) at any of the five locations. When the barbs were applied in the axis of the heart (position-1), MaxSM and MinVFIM were significantly lower than when applied away from the heart, on the dorsum (position-5) (4.31 ± 1.11 vs 40.77 ± 9.54, P< 0.001 and 8.31 ± 2.69 vs 50.77 ± 9.54, P< 0.001, respectively). The values of these endpoints at position-2, position-3, and position-4 were progressively higher and ranged in between those of position-1 and position-5. Presence of ventricular capture at a 2:1 ratio to the delivered TASER impulses correlated with induction of VF. No significant metabolic changes were seen after standard NMI TASER discharge. There was no evidence of myocardial damage based on serum cardiac markers, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and histopathologic findings confirming the absence of significant cardiac effects. Conclusions: Standard TASER discharges did not cause VF at any of the positions. Induction of VF at higher output multiples appear to be sensitive to electrode distance from the heart, giving highest ventricular fibrillation safety margin when the electrodes are placed on the dorsum. Rapid ventricular capture appears to be a likely mechanism of VF induction by higher output TASER discharges. [source] Comparison of In Vitro Maturation, In Vitro Fertilization, Metabolism and Ultrastructure of Oocytes from Prepubertal and Adult PigsREPRODUCTION IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS, Issue 3-4 2000JK O'Brien Contents In vitro maturation and fertilization, metabolism and ultrastructure were examined for oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. The proportion of oocytes undergoing in vitro maturation was lower for oocytes derived from prepubertal (piglets aged 8,10 weeks; 59.8% and gilts aged 5,6 months; 79.2%) than for those from adult ( ows aged 4,6 years; 92.2%) pigs (p < 0.05). A higher proportion of oocytes from piglets (22.8%) degenerated during in vitro maturation than from gilts (4.8%) and adult pigs (4.7%; p < 0.05). There was an increased incidence of polyspermic fertilization in prepubertal (piglet; 52.2%, gilt; 23.8%) compared with adult (7.1%) oocytes (p < 0.05). There were no differences in the metabolism of glucose, glutamine or pyruvate between oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. The metabolism of glutamine by prepubertal and adult oocytes matured in vitro was significantly higher than that by prepubertal oocytes matured in vivo (p < 0.05). Oocyte size and ultrastructure was also similar for oocytes from prepubertal and adult pigs. These data show that prepubertal and adult pig oocytes have a different in vitro developmental capacity, but similar metabolic activity and ultrastructure, under the conditions investigated. [source] Endoscopic Gastric Submucosal Transplantation of Islets (ENDO-STI): Technique and Initial Results in Diabetic PigsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTATION, Issue 11 2009G. J. Echeverri The results of transplantation of human donor islets into the portal vein (PV) in patients with diabetes are encouraging. However, there are complications, for example, hemorrhage, thrombosis and an immediate loss of islets through the ,instant blood-mediated inflammatory reaction' (IBMIR). The gastric submucosal space (GSMS) offers potential advantages. Islets were isolated from adult pigs. Recipient pigs were made diabetic by streptozotocin. Donor islets were injected into the GSMS through a laparotomy (Group 1A, n = 4) or endoscopically (Group 1B, n = 8) or into the PV through a laparotomy (Group 2, n = 3). The pigs were followed for a maximum of 28 days. Monitoring of C-peptide in Group 1 indicated that there was minimal immediate loss of islets whereas in Group 2 there was considerable loss from IBMIR. In Group 1, there were significant reductions in mean blood glucose and mean exogenous insulin requirement between pretransplantation and 20 days posttransplantation. In Group 2, there was no significant reduction in either parameter. Insulin-positive cells were seen in the GSMS in Group 1, but not in the liver in Group 2. Endoscopic gastric submucosal transplantation of islets (ENDO-STI) offers a minimally invasive and quick approach to islet transplantation, avoids IBMIR and warrants further exploration. [source] The Development of the Metanephric Kidney in the PigANATOMIA, HISTOLOGIA, EMBRYOLOGIA, Issue 2005H. Bragulla Aims:, The metanephric kidneys of the pig are used as xenotransplants in human medicine. In order for transplants to fit within the host organisms, the subcapsular blastema and blood vessels are crucial for the development of new nephrons to sustain the organ functions. The aim of this study is to obtain data concerning the post-natal development of metanephric nephrons in the porcine kidney. Materials and Methods:, The metanephric kidneys of six porcine fetuses with a crown-rump length ranging from 40 mm to 220 mm of eight piglets aged between 6 to 10 weeks and of three adult pigs were studied. Eight lectins as well as anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies were used for lectin- and immunohistochemistry to study the subcapsular metanephric blastema, to visualize the blood-urine barrier in the nephrons and collecting tubules, and to study the blood vessels in both the renal cortex and marrow. Results and Conclusions:, A subcapsular metanephric blastema was still present in the kidney of 10-week-old piglets. Dense condensation of mesenchymal cells surrounded the terminal branches of the collecting ducts and showed first signs of mesenchymal-epithelial transformation. Characteristic comma-shaped and s-shaped bodies were found in and underneath the subcapsular blastema. In the fibrous renal capsule of six-week-old piglets, a first faint binding reaction of anti-actin was visible and intensified in the fibrous renal capsule in ten-week-old piglets and in adult pigs. In addition, the smooth-muscle layers of the blood vessels were stained by the anti-actin and anti-myosin antibodies. The lectins showed various affinities to the endothelium of blood vessels and to the epithelial cells lining of the capsules of the metanephric renal corpuscles, the various parts of the renal tubules, as well as the collecting tubules and the renal pelvis. The affinity of the epithelial cells to a specific lectin varies in neighbouring cells, indicating different cell activities or cell cycles. [source] Effect of norethisterone and its A-ring reduced metabolites on the acrosome reaction in porcine spermatozoaANDROLOGIA, Issue 5 2002G. Martinez Summary. The synthetic progestin, norethisterone (NET), has been reported as a contragestational postcoital agent in humans, rodents and rabbits. The effect and molecular mechanisms of NET and its A-ring reduced metabolites, 5,-NET and 3,5,-NET, on the acrosome reaction (AR) are unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of these compounds on an in vitro progesterone-induced AR in porcine spermatozoa. The spermatozoa were obtained from semen ejaculated by proven fertile adult pigs. Seminal plasma removed and incubated under capacitating conditions was performed in TALP-Hepes medium for 4 h. Progesterone (P4) and three different progestins: norethisterone (NET), 5,-norethisterone (5,-NET) and 3,5,-NET were then added at equimolar doses, and the spermatozoa were incubated for 15 min. Double-staining with PSA-FITC and Hoechst-33258 assessed the AR and sperm viability. Both P4 and NET induced the AR, while 5,-NET not only did not induce this process, but was able to block the effect of P4 on the spermatozoa. 3,5,-NET was not able to inhibit P4 action. These results suggest that NET and its A-ring reduced metabolites act in different ways on the progesterone-induced AR in porcine spermatozoa. [source] Epidemiology and control of Menangle virus in pigsAUSTRALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 3 2001PD KIRKLAND Objective To describe the epidemiology and eradication of Menangle virus infection in pigs. Design Field observations and interventions, structured and unstructured serological surveys, prospective and cross-sectional serological studies and laboratory investigations. Procedure Serum samples were collected from pigs at a 2600-sow intensive piggery in New South Wales that experienced an outbreak of reproductive disease in 1997. Serum samples were also collected from piggeries that received pigs from or supplied pigs to the affected piggery and from other piggeries in Australia. Serum and tissue samples were collected from pigs at piggeries experiencing reproductive disease in New South Wales. Sera and faeces were collected from grey-headed flying foxes (Pteropus poliocephalus) in the region of the affected piggery. Serum samples were tested for neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Virus isolation was attempted from faeces. Results Following the outbreak of reproductive disease, sera from 96% of adult pigs at the affected piggery, including sows that produced affected litters, contained neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus. Neutralising antibodies were also detected in sera from 88% of finisher pigs at two piggeries receiving weaned pigs from the affected piggery. No evidence of Menangle virus infection was found in other piggeries in Australia. In cross-sectional studies at the affected piggery, colostral antibodies were undetectable in most pigs by 14 to 15 weeks of age. By slaughter age or entry to the breeding herd, 95% of pigs developed high antibody titres (A 128) against Menangle virus in the virus neutralisation test. Menangle virus was eradicated from the affected piggery following a program of serological testing and segregation. Neutralising antibodies against Menangle virus were also detected in P poliocephalusfrom two colonies in the vicinity of the affected piggery. Two piggery workers were infected with Menangle virus. There was no evidence of infection in cattle, sheep, birds, rodents, feral cats and a dog at the affected piggery. Conclusions Serological evidence of infection with Menangle virus was detected in pigs at a piggery that had experienced reproductive disease, in pigs at two associated piggeries and in fruit bats in the region of the piggery. Two humans were infected. The mode of transmission between pigs is unknown, but spread by faecal or urinary excretion is postulated. This virus can be eradicated by the segregation of pigs into discrete age groups. [source] | |||||||||||||