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Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	60%

Selected Abstracts

Short-term responses by the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, to insecticidal baits: behavioural observations

ENTOMOLOGIA EXPERIMENTALIS ET APPLICATA, Issue 1 2002
Stephen A. Jones
Abstract Toxicants may cause insects to avoid a bait, and yet bait efficacy is dependent upon insects ingesting it in adequate quantities. Amounts ingested are, in turn, determined by meal frequency, meal durations and ingestion rate within meals, but to date no report has been made of these variables for domestic cockroaches. We report an experiment in which sixth instar German cockroach, Blattella germanica, nymphs were initially able to self-select their protein and carbohydrate intake independently, then daily at the start of the scotophase some insects had their choice of foods replaced by a single treatment food, which varied through the presence or absence of protein, carbohydrate, and insecticide. Insect behaviour was recorded for the following 5 h, and the data were subsequently subjected to bout analysis in order to identify discrete meals. The age of insects in days on first exposure to a treatment food (,age') and the amount of food eaten in the observation period were both recorded and included in the analysis. Amounts eaten were affected by insect age and food nutrient content, but not by the presence of insecticide. Toxicant effects were, however, seen on average meal duration and meal frequency, in interactions with age and food nutrient effects. These results suggest ways in which direct observations of behaviours may lead to improved bait design. [source]

Towards the high-throughput expression of metalloproteins from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome

JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION, Issue 1 2005
John F. Hall
The provision of high-quality protein in adequate quantities is a prerequisite for any structural genomics programme. A number of proteins from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome have been expressed and the success at each stage of the process assessed. Major difficulties have been encountered in the purification and solubilization of many of these proteins, most likely as a result of mis-folding. Some improvements have been made to the protocol but the overall success rate is still limited; however, the use of a cell-free protein expression system will circumvent some of the difficulties encountered. Alternative purification systems are also required and the properties of a mutant blue copper protein are described, that may offer a combined purification and tagging system. [source]

Sailors' scurvy before and after James Lind , a reassessment

NUTRITION REVIEWS, Issue 6 2009
Jeremy Hugh Baron
Scurvy is a thousand-year-old stereotypical disease characterized by apathy, weakness, easy bruising with tiny or large skin hemorrhages, friable bleeding gums, and swollen legs. Untreated patients may die. In the last five centuries sailors and some ships' doctors used oranges and lemons to cure and prevent scurvy, yet university-trained European physicians with no experience of either the disease or its cure by citrus fruits persisted in reviews of the extensive but conflicting literature. In the 20th century scurvy was shown to be due to a deficiency of the essential food factor ascorbic acid. This vitamin C was synthesized, and in adequate quantities it completely prevents and completely cures the disease, which is now rare. The protagonist of this medical history was James Lind. His report of a prospective controlled therapeutic trial in 1747 preceded by a half-century the British Navy's prevention and cure of scurvy by citrus fruits. After lime-juice was unwittingly substituted for lemon juice in about 1860, the disease returned, especially among sailors on polar explorations. In recent decades revisionist historians have challenged normative accounts, including that of scurvy, and the historicity of Lind's trial. It is therefore timely to reassess systematically the strengths and weaknesses of the canonical saga. [source]

Water supply and sanitation in remote Indigenous communities-priorities for health development

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 5 2004
Ross S. Bailie
Objective:To review available national and State/Territory survey data on water supply and sanitation in remote Indigenous Australian communities and to discuss the findings in terms of priorities for health and infrastructure development. Methods:Descriptive analysis of data on relevant variables from available data sources. Results:All relevant published reports arose from only two data sources: the Community Housing and Infrastructure Needs Surveys, and from a Northern Territory-wide survey of community-owned dwellings. The data show that many communities do not have a reliable water supply and experience frequent and prolonged breakdown in sewerage systems. For example, 12% of communities of 50 people or more experienced five or more periods of water restrictions in a one-year period, and 10% of communities experienced sewage overflow or leakage 20 or more times in a one-year period. Items of basic household infrastructure regarded as essential for household hygiene are missing or not functional in many community-owned dwellings. For example, in about one-third of houses bathroom taps and toilet drainage required major repairs. Conclusion and Implications:Given the widely accepted importance of water and sanitation to health, the data support the contention that poor environmental conditions are a major cause of poor health in remote communities and provide some measure at a national level of the magnitude of the problem. Action to ensure easy access to adequate quantities of water and secure sanitation should receive greater priority. There is need for better quality information systems to monitor progress, equity and accountability in the delivery of water and sanitation services. [source]

Outcomes of Rural Training Tracks: A Review

THE JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH, Issue 3 2000
Thomas C. Rosenthal M.D.
Because most programs are small (two to Jour residents), data must be aggregated to determine RTT impact on practice preparation and location. Several studies over the last decade reveal that 76 percent of RTT graduates are practicing in rural America and that graduates describe themselves as prepared for rural practice. Sixty-five percent are providing obstetrical services, and half are performing cesarean sections. From 1989 to 1999, there were a total of 107 graduates of rural training programs, making it unlikely that, without significant investment, this model could supply an adequate quantity of family physicians for rural America. [source]