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Adequate Nutrition (adequate + nutrition)
Selected AbstractsAntireflux stents for palliation of malignant esophagocardial stenosisDISEASES OF THE ESOPHAGUS, Issue 2 2007K. Schoppmeyer SUMMARY., Placement of self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) for palliation of malignant stenoses at the gastroesophageal junction is often associated with stent migration and reflux symptoms. SEMS with an antireflux mechanism have been developed to overcome the latter problem. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of antireflux Z-stents. Patients with advanced squamous cell or adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus or cardia suffering from dysphagia received an antireflux Z-stent. Technical success, complications of the procedure, clinical symptoms before and after stent placement, reinterventions and survival were recorded. Follow-up was accomplished by patient interviews and a standardized questionnaire for primary care physicians. Eighteen consecutive patients received an antireflux Z-stent. Seventeen of 18 stents were placed technically successful in a single endoscopic procedure. Mean dysphagia score improved from 2.2 to 0.6. Four patients (22%) had permanent reflux symptoms, an additional nine (50%) were taking proton pump inhibitors on a regular basis. In 10 patients, a re-intervention was necessary mainly due to dislocation of the stent. To ensure adequate nutrition three and two patients received a percutaneous gastrostomy and a jejunostomy, respectively. Median survival from stent insertion was 54 days (range, 3,201). Although placement of an antireflux Z-stent is technically feasible, its application is hampered by frequent stent migration and insufficient prevention of gastroesophageal reflux. Further technical improvements of stents or alternative methods like brachytherapy are required for satisfactory palliation of malignant gastroesophageal stenosis. [source] Edible insects: Traditional knowledge or western phobia?ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH, Issue 5 2009Alan L. YEN Abstract With an increasing human population and environmental degradation, the world faces a major problem in providing adequate animal based proteins. Many traditional societies have used or still use insects as a protein source, while westernized societies are reluctant to use insects, despite being the major consumers of animal proteins. We now need to consider insects as a source of food for humans in a manner that acknowledges both the role of entomophagy in indigenous societies and the need for westernized societies to reduce the size of their environmental footprint with regard to food production. The situation on continents such as Africa, Asia, and Central and South America has some parallels to Australia in that there are two forces in operation: the sustainable traditional use of edible insects and the "westernization" of these societies leading to a movement away from entomophagy. However, the potential to reach a compromise is greater in these continents because entomophagy is already accepted. The major challenges will be establishing sustainable production systems that include food safety and security as well as environmental protection. Whether this will happen or not will depend upon: (i) a major change in attitude in westernized societies towards entomophagy; (ii) pressure to conserve remaining habitats in a sustainable manner; (iii) economic impetus to develop food production systems that include insects; and (iv) an acknowledgement that achieving adequate nutrition on a global basis will involve different diets in much of the developed world. [source] A review of nutritional deficiencies and toxicities in captive New World primatesINTERNATIONAL ZOO YEARBOOK, Issue 1 2000S. CRISSEY The science of providing adequate nutrition for New World primates in captivity has improved dramatically in the past decade. To utilize these advances it is important to be aware of specific metabolic diseases and/or conditions associated with nutrient deficiencies or toxicities seen in New World primates. The non-human primate may require up to 64 dietary nutrients, highlighting the importance of an appropriate diet for optimal health. A review of the major nutritional problems which occur in captive New World primates is presented to provide a basis for good nutritional management of these species. [source] Long-term effects of calorie restriction on serum sex-hormone concentrations in menAGING CELL, Issue 2 2010Roberto Cangemi Summary Calorie restriction (CR) slows aging and consistently reduces circulating sex hormones in laboratory animals. However, nothing is known regarding the long-term effects of CR with adequate nutrition on serum sex-hormone concentration in lean healthy humans. In this study, we measured body composition, and serum total testosterone, total 17-,-estradiol, sex hormone,binding globulin (SHBG), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) concentrations in 24 men (mean age 51.5 ± 13 years), who had been practicing CR with adequate nutrition for an average of 7.4 ± 4.5 years, in 24 age- and body fat,matched endurance runners (EX), and 24 age-matched sedentary controls eating Western diets (WD). We found that both the CR and EX volunteers had significantly lower body fat than the WD volunteers (total body fat, 8.7 ± 4.2%; 10.5 ± 4.4%; 23.2 ± 6.1%, respectively; P = 0.0001). Serum total testosterone and the free androgen index were significantly lower, and SHBG was higher in the CR group than in the EX and WD groups (P , 0.001). Serum 17,-estradiol and the estradiol:SHBG ratio were both significantly lower in the CR and EX groups than in the WD group (P , 0.005). Serum DHEA-S concentrations were not different between the three groups. These findings demonstrate that, as in long-lived CR rodents, long-term severe CR reduces serum total and free testosterone and increases SHBG concentrations in humans, independently of adiposity. More studies are needed to understand the role of this CR-mediated reduction in sex hormones in modulating the pathogenesis of age-associated chronic diseases such as cancer and the aging process itself. [source] Long-term effects of calorie or protein restriction on serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 concentration in humansAGING CELL, Issue 5 2008Luigi Fontana Summary Reduced function mutations in the insulin/IGF-I signaling pathway increase maximal lifespan and health span in many species. Calorie restriction (CR) decreases serum IGF-1 concentration by ~40%, protects against cancer and slows aging in rodents. However, the long-term effects of CR with adequate nutrition on circulating IGF-1 levels in humans are unknown. Here we report data from two long-term CR studies (1 and 6 years) showing that severe CR without malnutrition did not change IGF-1 and IGF-1 : IGFBP-3 ratio levels in humans. In contrast, total and free IGF-1 concentrations were significantly lower in moderately protein-restricted individuals. Reducing protein intake from an average of 1.67 g kg,1 of body weight per day to 0.95 g kg,1 of body weight per day for 3 weeks in six volunteers practicing CR resulted in a reduction in serum IGF-1 from 194 ng mL,1 to 152 ng mL,1. These findings demonstrate that, unlike in rodents, long-term severe CR does not reduce serum IGF-1 concentration and IGF-1 : IGFBP-3 ratio in humans. In addition, our data provide evidence that protein intake is a key determinant of circulating IGF-1 levels in humans, and suggest that reduced protein intake may become an important component of anticancer and anti-aging dietary interventions. [source] What British children are eating and drinking at age 12,18 monthsJOURNAL OF HUMAN NUTRITION & DIETETICS, Issue 2 2000A. De La Hunty Background Health and growth during the first 2 years of life demand adequate nutrition. Proportionate to the toddler's size, the nutrient requirements exceed those of adults by up to six-fold. Objective This study reports the first national survey to assess the diets of British children at 14 months. Methods The data were gathered by postal questionnaire sent to the mothers who had participated in the 1995 National Survey of Infant Feeding. The results were evaluated in respect of the recommendations from COMA for the UK. Results A total of 5069 children of average age 14 months were included. Bread and cereal were consumed frequently. Fifty per cent of the children ate raw fruit, 51% ate cooked vegetables, 34% ate meat and 76% drank cow's milk daily. Consumption of sweetened drinks (such as squashes and carbonated drinks) was common. This study confirmed the influence of social, economic and educational inequalities on dietary practices. [source] Reconstruction of the hypopharynx with the free jejunum transferJOURNAL OF SURGICAL ONCOLOGY, Issue 6 2006Joseph J. Disa MD Abstract Microsurgical techniques have revolutionized pharyngolaryngeal reconstruction. Free flap reconstruction with the free jejunal flap enables one stage reconstruction with minimal morbidity and mortality. This review will examine indications, operative technique, postoperative management, and expected outcomes for the hypopharyngeal reconstruction with the free jejunum flap. This procedure allows for maintenance of oral sections and rapid return of per-oral feeds and swallowing. The vast majority of patients resume swallowing and can maintain adequate nutrition without the need for supplemental enteral feeding via a tube. The free jejunal transfer can be rapidly harvested in most instances and transplanted to the hypopharyngeal region with a greater than 95% success rate. The jejunum fee flap is most useful for circumferential defects of the hypopharynx, but can also be used for partial defects. The most common local complications are stricture and fistula formation. A history of preoperative radiation therapy increases the risk of local complications. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:466,470. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Comparison of different phosphorus-fertiliser matrices to induce the recovery of phosphorus-deficient maize plantsJOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE, Issue 6 2009Javier Erro Abstract BACKGROUND: Previous studies have demonstrated the capacity of a new type of mineral fertiliser, known as rhizosphere-controlled fertiliser (RCF), to supply adequate nutrition to plants while minimising nutrient losses. This fertiliser family is based on the presence a phosphoric matrix composed of metal,humic,phosphates, soluble not in water but in the rhizospheric acids released by plant roots as an expression of nutritional needs, principally citric acid. The aim of this study is to investigate the capacity of the RCF matrix and other phosphorus-containing products to induce the recovery of phosphorus-deficient maize plants. RESULTS: The results showed that RCF-based P fertilisers were able to facilitate plant recovery, measured by the dry root and shoot weights, to the same extent as a water-soluble P fertiliser (monopotassium phosphate). This fact was well correlated to both the variation pattern of citric and trans -aconitic acids in the shoot and roots during the treatment, and P shoot and root contents. Likewise the analysis of the variation of P concentration in the nutrient solution during the treatment indicates that plant recovery is associated with the capacity of the plant to mobilise P from the different fertiliser matrices studied. CONCLUSION: These results confirm the findings obtained in previous in vitro studies and indicate the suitability of RCF strategy for the preparation of mineral fertilisers with a nutrient release pattern more sensitive to plant nutritional needs. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry [source] Developmental changes in the relationship between leptin and adiposity among Tsimané children and adolescentsAMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY, Issue 4 2008Katherine C. B. Sharrock Leptin is thought to signal energy stores, thus helping the body balance energy intake and expenditure. However, the strong relationship between leptin and adiposity in populations with adequate nutrition or common obesity is not universal across ecologic contexts, and leptin often correlates only weakly, or not at all, with adiposity in populations of lean or marginally-nourished males. To clarify whether the relationship between adiposity and leptin changes during development, this study examines leptin and body fat among children and adolescents of lowland Bolivia. Anthropometric measures of body composition and dried blood spot samples were collected from 487 Tsimane' ranging from 2 to 15 years of age. Leptin was assayed using an enzyme immunoassay protocol validated for use with blood spot samples. In this population, leptin concentrations were among the lowest reported in a human population (mean ± SD: 1.26 ± 0.5 and 0.57 ± 0.3 in females and males). In addition, the relationship between leptin and adiposity follows distinct developmental trajectories in males and females. In males, leptin is weakly correlated with most measures of body composition at all ages investigated. However, in females, the level of body fat and the strength of the correlation between body fat and leptin (a measure of its strength as a signal of energy stores) both increase markedly with age. These findings suggest a more important role of leptin as a signal of energy stores among females as they approach reproductive maturity, while raising questions about the function of this hormone in lean males. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] The global obesity epidemic: Snacking and obesity may start with free meals during infant feedingACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 11 2005CHARLOTTE ERLANSON-ALBERTSSON Abstract Feeding is vital for survival. The brain has strong hunger and reward mechanisms that ensure optimal food intake for adequate nutrition. The drive for feeding is particularly strong in humans whose large brains require large energy support. This starts immediately after birth; the newborn child being able to taste sucrose and suck the sweet and fat from its mother's milk. At present, mothers are generally advised to breastfeed children as often as they like, which may be up to 15 times a day. At the same time, childhood obesity is rapidly developing. One reason for the rapidly increasing prevalence of childhood obesity may be overfeeding with snack food. Conclusion: We hypothesize that non-rule breastfeeding favours the development of snacking throughout the day during childhood, a habit which in turn favours the development of obesity. [source] | |||||||||||||