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Country Differences (country + difference)
Selected AbstractsIs Marriage More Than Cohabitation?JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND FAMILY, Issue 5 2009Well-Being Differences in 30 European Countries The study aims to assess, first, whether there is a gap in well-being between unmarried cohabitants and the married, second, if selection factors can explain this so-called cohabitation gap, and third, if the size of the cohabitation gap differs across countries and how this can be explained. We use pooled data from young adults (18,44) in 3 rounds of the European Social Survey (N , 31, 500). Multilevel regression analyses show that there is a moderate cohabitation gap that can be partly explained with the selection factors material resources and religiosity. Country differences were clear and could partly be explained with the level of institutionalization: In countries where cohabitation is more accepted and more prevalent, the cohabitation gap is smaller. [source] ,I have no interest in drinking': a cross-national comparison of reasons why men and women abstain from alcohol useADDICTION, Issue 10 2009Sharon Bernards ABSTRACT Aims To examine country differences in reasons for abstaining including the association of reasons with country abstaining rate and drinking pattern. Participants Samples of men and women from eight countries participating in the GENACIS (Gender Alcohol and Culture: an International Study) project. Methods Surveys were conducted with 3338 life-time abstainers and 3105 former drinkers. Respondents selected all applicable reasons for not drinking from a provided list. Analyses included two-level hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) regression. Findings Reasons for abstaining differed significantly for life-time abstainers compared to former drinkers, by gender and age, and by country-level abstaining rate and frequency of drinking. Life-time abstainers were more likely than former drinkers to endorse ,no interest', ,religion' and ,upbringing' and more reasons overall. Gender differences, especially among former drinkers, suggested that norms restricting drinking may influence reasons that women abstain (,no interest', ,not liking taste') while drinking experiences may be more important considerations for men (,afraid of alcohol problems', ,bad effect on activities'). Younger age was associated with normative reasons (,no interest', ,taste', ,waste of money') and possibly bad experiences (,afraid of problems'). Reasons such as ,religion', ,waste of money' and ,afraid of alcohol problems' were associated with higher country-level rates of abstaining. Higher endorsement of ,drinking is bad for health' and ,taste' were associated with a country pattern of less frequent drinking while ,not liking effects' was associated with higher drinking frequency. Conclusions Reasons for abstaining depend on type of abstainer, gender, age and country drinking norms and patterns. [source] Social Networks and EntrepreneurshipENTREPRENEURSHIP THEORY AND PRACTICE, Issue 1 2003Arent Greve We study network activities of entrepreneurs through three phases of establishing a firm in four countries. Entrepreneurs access people in their networks to discuss aspects of establishing and running a business. We find that entrepreneurs build networks that systematically vary by the phase of entrepreneurship, analyzing number of their discussion partners, and the time spent networking. Entrepreneurs talk with more people during the planning than other phases. Family members are present in their networks in all phases, particularly among those who took over an existing firm. However, women use their kin to a larger extent than men, and even more than men when they take over an existing firm. Experienced entrepreneurs have the same networking patterns as novices. Moreover, these networking patterns are the same in all countries. However, there are country differences in size of discussion networks and time spent networking. [source] HRD in multinationals: the global/local mixHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT JOURNAL, Issue 2 2001Olga Tregaskis This article is concerned with how MNCs (multinational corporations) differ from indigenous organisations in relation to their human resource development (HRD) practices, and whether this relationship changes across countries. We question whether local isomorphism is apparent in the HRD practices of MNCs, or whether MNCs share more in common with their counterparts in other countries. A series of hypotheses are put forward and tested, using survey data from 424 multinational and 259 indigenous organisations based in the UK and Ireland. The results suggest a hybrid form of localisation, where MNCs adapt their practices to accommodate national differences, but that these adaptations do not reflect convergence to domestic practice. The results also indicate that MNCs are selective in the HRD practices that are adapted. Evidence from this study indicates that country differences in career traditions and labour market skill needs are key drivers in the localisation of associated HRD practice. In contrast, MNCs, irrespective of national context, adopt comparable systematic training frameworks, ie training-need identification, evaluation and delivery. [source] Propensity to Switch Auditors and Strictness of Legal Liability Environment: The Role of Audit MispricingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AUDITING, Issue 3 2007Juha-Pekka Kallunki This article investigates whether firms paying relatively high audit fees are more likely to switch auditors. Moreover, we investigate whether the legal liability environment affects the propensity to switch auditors owing to audit fee under- and/or over-pricing. Our empirical results from analysing the Compustat Global Vantage data from ten countries show that the over-pricing of auditing services increases the likelihood of auditor switches. We also find that a greater degree of under-pricing of auditing services in the initial audit engagement year is required to cause an auditor switch in countries with a stringent legal environment as opposed to countries with a lax legal environment. All the results remain unchanged after controlling for numerous firm and country differences. [source] Educational Attainments of Immigrant Offspring: Success or Segmented Assimilation?,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 4 2002Monica Boyd In this article, I study the educational attainments of the adult offspring of immigrants, analyzing data from the 1996 panel of the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). Fielded annually since 1993 by Statistics Canada, respondents are asked for the first time in 1996 to report the birthplaces of their parents, making it possible to define and study not only the foreign-born population (the first generation), but also the second generation (Canadian born to foreign-born parents) and the third-plus generation (Canadian born to Canadian-born parents). The survey also asked respondents to indicate if they are members of a visible minority group, thus permitting a limited assessment of whether or not color conditions educational achievements of immigrant offspring. I find that "1.5" and second generation adults, age 20,64 have more years of schooling and higher percentages completing high school compared with the third-plus generation. Contrary to the segmented "underclass" assimilation model found in the United States, adult visible minority immigrant offspring in Canada exceed the educational attainments of other not-visible-minority groups. Although the analysis is hampered by small sample numbers, the results point to country differences in historical and contemporary race relations, and call for additional national and cross-national research. [source] Food consumption in the European Union: Main determinants and country differencesAGRIBUSINESS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001A. Gracia Consumers in the European Union are involved in integration processes that head towards homogenization of food consumption patterns. Several factors are encouraging these homogenization trends based on consumers' similarities and corporate activities. In this article a review of the food consumption structure, across European Union countries, is undertaken. First, food consumption trends in different countries are described and, second, factors, which determine consumer choices, are presented. Despite the fact that European consumers face more homogeneous food market conditions, food consumption differences exist because preferences and food habits are still different among European consumers, and the market is fragmented (EconLit: L660). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] International Differences in Nursing Research, 2005,2006JOURNAL OF NURSING SCHOLARSHIP, Issue 1 2009Denise F. Polit PhD Abstract Purpose: To compare the characteristics of nursing research being done in different countries, using data from studies published in nonspecialty, English-language nursing journals. Design: Data for this cross-sectional analysis were retrieved from a consecutive sample of 1,072 studies published in eight leading English-language research journals in 2005 and 2006. Methods: For each study, data were extracted on the characteristics of the study participants and authors, study focus-specialty area, funding, and methodologic attributes. Studies from 15 countries or regional groupings were compared. Findings: International differences in authors, participants, and study characteristics were typically large and statistically significant. Studies that were focused on nurses were especially prevalent in Europe, Australia, and Canada, whereas patient-centered studies were most common in Asian countries and the US. Qualitative studies were predominant in Norway, Sweden, and the UK. Asian nurse researchers, by contrast, undertook mostly quantitative studies, and were especially likely to conduct intervention research. Significant country differences existed in the omission of demographic (age and sex) information about participants, with omissions most prevalent in the UK and Ireland and least prevalent in Asian countries. Research funding was reported for 62% of all studies, ranging from 13% in Turkey to over 75% in Canada and the US. Conclusions: Although this study had several limitations, especially with regard to potential biases in the sample of studies from non-English-speaking countries, this analysis of over 1,000 nursing studies indicates many important inter-country differences in the focus, methods, and authorship patterns of nursing research published in leading journals. Clinical Relevance: Because research "informs" practice, international differences that exist in the focus and methods of nursing research have implications for nursing practice in the respective countries. [source] MICRO EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF A KALECKIAN-TYPE CAPITAL ACCUMULATION MODEL COMPARED WITH MACRO RESULTS FOR SOME EUROPEAN ECONOMIESMETROECONOMICA, Issue 2 2008James P. Gander ABSTRACT A micro economic model of the rate of capital accumulation that corresponds to a macro Kaleckian-type post-Keynesian investment function is hypothesized. Firm-level accounting data on industrial and commercial firms over the time period 1994,2000 for three European economies and the USA are used to test the consistency of the micro model with the macro model of Hein and Ochsen (2003, Metroeconomica, 54, pp. 404,33). The micro empirical results were very consistent with the macro results, suggesting a strong micro foundation to the macro investment function. In addition country differences and industry differences were included in the analysis. [source] THE TRANSPORTABILITY OF JOB INFORMATION ACROSS COUNTRIESPERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2008PAUL J. TAYLOR Three Occupational Information Network (O*NET) instruments (Generalized Work Activities, Basic and Cross-Functional Skills, Work Styles) were administered to 1,007 job incumbents, from 369 organizations, performing 1 of 3 jobs (first-line supervisor, office clerk, computer programmer) in New Zealand, China, and Hong Kong. Data from these countries were compared with archival data collected from 370 incumbents holding similar jobs in the United States. Hypothesized country differences, derived from cross-cultural theory, received limited support. The magnitude of differences in mean item ratings between incumbents from the United States and the other 3 countries were generally small to moderate in size, and rank-orderings of the importance and level of work activities and job requirements were quite similar, suggesting that, for most applications, job information is likely to transport quite well across countries. [source] | ||||||||||||||||