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Conventional Way (conventional + way)
Selected AbstractsSpectroscopic Diagnostics of Pulsed arc Plasmas for Particle GenerationCONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS, Issue 8 2008K. Behringer Abstract Pulsed arc plasmas were diagnosed by means of emission spectroscopy. A capacitor was discharged through argon and hydrogen leading to a few cycles of damped current oscillation with ,120 ,s period and 5-12 kA maximum current. Spectroscopic measurements in the visible range were carried out in order to characterise the electron temperature and density in the arc channel as well as electron and gas temperatures in the afterglow plasmas. Spectra were integrated over 10 ,s time windows and shifted in time from pulse to pulse. The plasmas also contained substantial fractions of electrode material (brass), namely copper and zinc. The electron density was measured in the conventional way from the broadening of H, or from the Ar I Stark width. In the arc channel, it ranged from about 3 · 1022 to 2 · 1023 m,3. The broadening of Zn II lines could also be used. Ratios of Ar I to Ar II and of Zn I to Zn II line intensities were analysed for the electron temperature. Line pairs were found which lay conveniently close in one frame of the spectrometer allowing automatic on-line analysis without relying on reproducibility. Atomic physics models including opacity were developed for Ar II and Zn II in order to check the existence of a Boltzmann distribution of their excited states. These calculations showed that the observed levels were in fact close to thermodynamic equilibrium, in particular, if the resonance lines were optically thick. Electron temperature measurements yielded values between 14000 K and 21000 K. The gas temperature in the afterglow, where particles should have formed, was derived from the rotational and vibrational temperatures of C2 molecular bands. Ratios between Cu I line intensities yielded the electron temperatures. Both were found to be a few 1000 K. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Seismological identification of the 1998 May 28 Pakistan nuclear testGEOPHYSICAL JOURNAL INTERNATIONAL, Issue 1 2002D. Bowers Summary On 1998 May 28 Pakistan announced that it had conducted an underground nuclear test. Here we assess whether seismological data, recorded by the International Monitoring System (IMS) being set up to help verify the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), can be used to identify the Pakistani test as a possible underground explosion. The prototype International Data Centre (pIDC) automatically determined the network-averaged body wave and surface wave magnitudes to be 4.9 and 3.6, respectively. One of the most reliable methods of identifying possible underground explosions is the mb : Ms criterion. However, mb : Ms is calibrated using conventional magnitudes from historical earthquakes and explosions. We calculate , in the conventional way, using P waves from the Pakistani test recorded by a simulated standard short-period seismograph and read by an experienced analyst. We also analyse the three components of the surface waves from the Pakistani test to confirm that these are correctly associated, and calculate . On mb : Ms the Pakistani test falls between the historical Eurasian underground explosion and earthquake populations. Thus, while the source may arouse suspicion on mb : Ms, its signature is typical of both explosions and deep-lithospheric Eurasian earthquakes. The vast majority of the seismic P signals from the Pakistani test, recorded at long range, are complex. However, simple P seismograms are recorded by at least three of the IMS stations. Analysis, using the relative amplitude method, of three of the simple P seismograms suggests that the source is shallow (less than 5 km). We conclude that the combination of the mb : Ms signature and shallow depth are sufficient to classify the Pakistani test as a possible explosion. Under the CTBT an on-site inspection would be required to determine whether the explosion was nuclear. [source] Perspectives on Regional Change: A Review Essay on Handbook of Regional Growth and Development TheoriesGROWTH AND CHANGE, Issue 1 2010DEAN M. HANINK Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp, Cheltenham, UK and Northampton MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2009 (xi and 529 pp., £135, $250). ABSTRACT This paper reviews the contributions in The Handbook of Regional Growth and Development Theories, edited by Roberta Capello and Peter Nijkamp. The book's coverage is comprehensive in a conventional way. It emphasizes the significance of recent developments in theoretical and empirical regional analysis that have occurred in both neoclassical (convergence) and new economic geography (concentration) contexts. The role of knowledge spillovers in regional growth receives special attention. Given the recent advances in the field, and renewed interest in regional issues, it is time to expand the focus of analysis from relatively narrow production and distribution concerns, to broader ones that incorporate the effects of structural/sectoral, demographic, and environmental change on the future prospects of regional economies. Such an expansion would not only contribute to the theoretical richness of regional growth and development analysis, it would also do much to expand its utility in guiding public policy. [source] Women and class structure in contemporary Japan1THE BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY, Issue 3 2001Sawako Shirahase ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study is to examine how to determine the class position of women, especially married women, in Japan. This study examines three different approaches to conceptualizing women's position in the class structure: the conventional approach, the individual approach, and the dominance approach. Since 1975, the overall rate of female labour force participation in Japan has increased, and given this growth, particularly of employees working outside home, I discuss whether the increased entry of women, particularly married women, into the labour market challenges the conventional way of assigning class positions to women by simply deriving them from their husband's class positions. The data set used in this study is derived from the 1995 Japanese Social Stratification and Mobility Survey. An examination of class distributions suggests that the pictures of macro-class structure provided by the conventional approach and the dominance approach show very little difference. Married women who belong to the female-dominant family still form a very small minority of all married women in the society. Furthermore, the male-dominant family shows the greatest stability over the life course whereas the female-dominant family, where the wife experiences with-drawal from the labour market, is least stable. The increasing number of married women in the labour market, thus, has not yet become a major threat to the conventional way of assigning women to a class position in contemporary Japan. Women, even among those working on a full-time basis, perceive their position in the stratification system using not only their own work, but also their husband's. In contrast, men's perception is determined by their own education and employment, not by their wives'. This asymmetry in the effect of the husband's class and of the wife's class on class identification is related not only to gender inequality within the labour market but also to the division of labour by gender within the household. [source] Activation of large lons in FT-ICR mass spectrometryMASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS, Issue 2 2005Julia Laskin Abstract The advent of soft ionization techniques, notably electrospray and laser desorption ionization methods, has enabled the extension of mass spectrometric methods to large molecules and molecular complexes. This both greatly extends the applications of mass spectrometry and makes the activation and dissociation of complex ions an integral part of these applications. This review emphasizes the most promising methods for activation and dissociation of complex ions and presents this discussion in the context of general knowledge of reaction kinetics and dynamics largely established for small ions. We then introduce the characteristic differences associated with the higher number of internal degrees of freedom and high density of states associated with molecular complexity. This is reflected primarily in the kinetics of unimolecular dissociation of complex ions, particularly their slow decay and the higher energy content required to induce decomposition,the kinetic shift (KS). The longer trapping time of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) significantly reduces the KS, which presents several advantages over other methods for the investigation of dissociation of complex molecules. After discussing general principles of reaction dynamics related to collisional activation of ions, we describe conventional ways to achieve single- and multiple-collision activation in FT-ICR MS. Sustained off-resonance irradiation (SORI),the simplest and most robust means of introducing the multiple collision activation process,is discussed in greatest detail. Details of implementation of this technique, required control of experimental parameters, limitations, and examples of very successful application of SORI-CID are described. The advantages of high mass resolving power and the ability to carry out several stages of mass selection and activation intrinsic to FT-ICR MS are demonstrated in several examples. Photodissociation of ions from small molecules can be effected using IR or UV/vis lasers and generally requires tuning lasers to specific wavelengths and/or utilizing high flux, multiphoton excitation to match energy levels in the ion. Photodissociation of complex ions is much easier to accomplish from the basic physics perspective. The quasi-continuum of vibrational states at room temperature makes it very easy to pump relatively large amounts of energy into complex ions and infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) is a powerful technique for characterizing large ions, particularly biologically relevant molecules. Since both SORI-CID and IRMPD are slow activation methods they have many common characteristics. They are also distinctly different because SORI-CID is intrinsically selective (only ions that have a cyclotron frequency close to the frequency of the excitation field are excited), whereas IRMPD is not (all ions that reside on the optical path of the laser are excited). There are advantages and disadvantages to each technique and in many applications they complement each other. In contrast with these slow activation methods, the less widely appreciated activation method of surface induced dissociation (SID) appears to offer unique advantages because excitation in SID occurs on a sub-picosecond time scale, instantaneously relative to the observation time of any mass spectrometer. Internal energy deposition is quite efficient and readily adjusted by altering the kinetic energy of the impacting ion. The shattering transition,instantaneous decomposition of the ion on the surface,observed at high collision energies enables access to dissociation channels that are not accessible using SORI-CID or IRMPD. Finally, we discuss some approaches for tailoring the surface to achieve particular aims in SID. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:135,167, 2005 [source] Race and the Recall: Racial and Ethnic Polarization in the California Recall ElectionAMERICAN JOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE, Issue 2 2008Gary M. Segura In the 2003 recall election in California, Lt. Gov. Cruz Bustamante received more than 1.25 million fewer votes in the replacement election than votes cast against the recall of Gray Davis. A much smaller group voted "yes" on the recall but voted for Bustamante. The principal underlying explanation is racial and ethnic polarization. Using L.A. Times exit poll data, we compare the characteristics of voters who displayed the two unusual behavioral patterns with those who voted in more conventional ways. We find that Latinos and African Americans are far less likely than non-Hispanic whites and Asian Americans to have defected from Bustamante given a "no" vote on the recall, and far more likely to have voted for Bustamante given a potentially strategic "yes" vote on the recall. The patterns of defection are consistent with racial polarization on Proposition 54, lending further credence to our claim that race and ethnicity persists as an important factor in vote choice, even in environments with a history of minority electoral success. [source] The quest for the mechanisms of lifeBIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOENGINEERING, Issue 7 2003Maria I. Klapa Abstract The genomic revolution, manifested by the sequencing of the complete genome of many organisms, along with technological advances, such as DNA microarrays and developments in high-throughput analysis of proteins, metabolites, and isotopic tracer distribution patterns, challenged the conventional ways in which questions are approached in the biological sciences: (a) rather than examining a small number of genes and/or reactions at any one time;, we can now analyze gene expression and protein activity in the context of systems of interacting genes and gene products; (b) comprehensive analysis of biological systems requires the integration of all cellular fingerprints: genome sequence, maps of gene expression, protein expression, metabolic output, and in vivo enzymatic activity; and (c) collecting, managing, and analyzing comparable data from various cellular profiles requires expertise from several fields that transcend traditional discipline boundaries. While researchers in systems biology have still to address difficult challenges in both experimental and computational arenas, they possess, for the first time, the opportunity to unravel the mechanisms of life. The enormous impact of these discoveries in diverse areas, such as metabolic engineering, strain selection, drug screening and development, bioprocess development, disease prognosis and diagnosis, gene and other medical therapies, is an obvious motivation for pursuing integrated analyses of cellular systems. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||