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Control Devices (control + device)
Kinds of Control Devices Selected AbstractsA DESIGN CONCEPT OF AUTONOMOUS CONTROLLER FOR IMPROVING SEISMIC PROOF CAPABILITY OF SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL DEVICEEXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES, Issue 4 2010M.-H. Shih First page of article [source] Electrical Characteristics of an Electronic Control Device Under a Physiologic Load: A Brief ReportPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010DONALD M. DAWES M.D. Background:,Law enforcement officers use electronic control devices (ECDs), such as the TASER X26 (TASER International, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA), to control resisting subjects. Some of the debate on the safety of the devices has centered on the electrical characteristics of the devices. The electrical characteristics published by TASER International have historically based on discharges into a 400 , resistor. There are no studies that the authors are aware of that report the electrical characteristics under a physiologic load. In this study, we make an initial attempt to determine the electrical characteristics of the TASER X26 during a 5-second exposure in human volunteers. Methods:,Subjects received an exposure to the dry, bare chest (top probe), and abdomen (bottom probe) with a standard TASER X26 in the probe deployment mode for 5 seconds. There were 10,11 pulse captures during the 5 seconds. Resistance was calculated using the sum of the absolute values of the instantaneous voltage measurements divided by the sum of the absolute values of the instantaneous current measurements (Ohm's Law). Results:,For the eight subjects, the mean spread between top and bottom probes was 12.1 inches (30.7 cm). The mean resistance was 602.3 ,, with a range of 470.5,691.4 ,. The resistance decreased slightly over the 5-second discharge with a mean decrease of 8.0%. The mean rectified charge per pulse was 123.0 ,C. The mean main phase charge per pulse was 110.5 ,C. The mean pulse width was 126.9 ,s. The mean voltage per pulse was 580.1 V. The mean current per pulse was 0.97 A. The average peak main phase voltage was 1899.2 V and the average peak main phase current was 3.10 A. Conclusions:,The mean tissue resistance was 602.3 , in this study. There was a decrease in resistance of 8% over the 5-second exposure. This physiologic load is different than the 400 , laboratory load used historically by the manufacturer. We recommend future characterization of these devices use a physiologic load for reporting electrical characteristics. We also recommend that all the electrical characteristics be reported. (PACE 2010; 33:330,336) [source] Sensitive Swine and TASER Electronic Control DevicesACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 7 2008Mark W. Kroll PhD No abstract is available for this article. [source] A Liquid Adhesive Bandage for the Treatment of Minor Cuts and AbrasionsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 3 2002William H. Eaglstein MD Background. Octyl-2-cyanoacrylate is U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the closure of incisions and lacerations. In animal studies, a more flexible formulation of octyl-2-cyanoacrylate suitable for cuts and abrasions produced faster healing of partial thickness wounds than traditional bandages. Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of a more flexible octyl-2-cyanoacrylate liquid adhesive bandage for the treatment of minor cuts and abrasions. Methods. One hundred sixty-two volunteers with recent minor cuts or abrasions were recruited and randomized to treatment with either liquid adhesive bandage (LAB) or a control device (Band-Aid brand adhesive bandage, sheer, 2.5 cm). The primary efficacy criterion was complete healing at day 12. Secondary efficacy criteria were the ability of patients to properly apply LAB, and the ability of LAB to stop bleeding, to reduce pain, and to remain on the wound. Results. At day 12 there was no statistical difference between the number of completely healed wounds in the LAB and the bandage-treated patients (P = .493). The ability of patients, as rated by investigators, to effectively apply the LAB device and the bandage was not significantly different (P = .165). Only the LAB provided significant hemostasis (P = .0001) and pain relief (P = .002). conclusion. In this randomized, controlled trial, the LAB was as effective as the control at promoting healing as measured by complete healing at day 12. The LAB was easy to use and gave rapid control of bleeding and pain, forming a film that stayed on wounds well. [source] Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of controlled steel moment-resisting frame structuresEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2002Luciana R. Barroso Abstract This paper describes a proposed methodology, referred to as probabilistic seismic control analysis, for the development of probabilistic seismic demand curves for structures with supplemental control devices. The resulting curves may be used to determine the probability that any response measure, whether for a structure or control device, exceeds a pre-determined allowable limit. This procedure couples conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with non-linear dynamic structural analyses to provide system specific information. This method is performed by evaluating the performance of specific controlled systems under seismic excitations using the SAC Phase II structures for the Los Angeles region, and three different control-systems: (i) base isolation; (ii) linear viscous brace dampers; and (iii) active tendon braces. The use of a probabilistic format allows for consideration of structural response over a range of seismic hazards. The resulting annual hazard curves provide a basis for comparison between the different control strategies. Results for these curves indicate that no single control strategy is the most effective at all hazard levels. For example, at low return periods the viscous system has the lowest drift demands. However, at higher return periods, the isolation system becomes the most effective strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cushioning the pressure vibration of a zeolite concentrator system using a decoupled balancing duct systemENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, Issue 2 2007Feng-Tang Chang Abstract A honeycomb Zeolite Rotor Concentrator (HZRC) is the main air pollution control device utilized by many semiconductor and optoelectronics manufacturers. Various plant exhaust streams are collected and then transferred to the HZRC for decontamination. In a conventional HZRC, the exhaust fan movement and the switching between different air ducts can cause significant duct pressure variations resulting in production interruption. The minimization of pressure fluctuations to ensure continuous operation of production lines while maintaining a high volatile organic compounds (VOCs) removal efficiency is essential for exhaust treatment in these high technology manufactures. The article introduces a decoupled balancing duct system (DBDS) for controlling the airflows to achieve a balanced pressure in the HZRC system by adding a flow rate control device to the VOCs loaded stream bypass duct of a conventional system. Performance comparisons of HZRC with DBDS and other air flow control systems used by the wafer manufacturers in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan are presented. DBDS system had been proved effectively to stabilize the pressure in the airflow ducts, and thus avoided pressure fluctuations; it helped to achieve a high VOCs removal efficiency while ensuring the stability of the HZRC. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007 [source] Study on a reversible thermal panel for spacecraft (detailed design based on parametric studies and experimental verification)HEAT TRANSFER - ASIAN RESEARCH (FORMERLY HEAT TRANSFER-JAPANESE RESEARCH), Issue 7 2006Hosei Nagano Abstract This paper describes a new passive thermal control device,a Reversible Thermal Panel (RTP), which changes its function reversibly from a radiator to solar absorber by deploying/stowing the radiator/absorber reversible fin. Parametric studies were conducted and the RTP configuration which satisfies the thermal requirements was determined. The RTP engineering model was fabricated using highly oriented graphite sheets, honeycomb base plate, and shape memory alloy. The heat rejection performances and autonomous thermal controllability were evaluated by thermal vacuum tests. The test results show the excellent performances of heat rejection, absorption, and autonomous thermal control for the RTP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(7): 464,481, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20131 [source] Effect of an Electronic Control Device Exposure on a Methamphetamine-intoxicated Animal ModelACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 4 2010Donald M. Dawes MD Abstract Objectives:, Because of the prevalence of methamphetamine abuse worldwide, it is not uncommon for subjects in law enforcement encounters to be methamphetamine-intoxicated. Methamphetamine has been present in arrest-related death cases in which an electronic control device (ECD) was used. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the cardiac effects of an ECD in a methamphetamine intoxication model. Methods:, Sixteen anesthetized Dorset sheep (26,78 kg) received 0.0 mg/kg (control animals, n = 4), 0.5 mg/kg (n = 4), 1.0 mg/kg (n = 4), or 1.5 mg/kg (n = 4) of methamphetamine hydrochloride as a slow intravenous (IV) bolus during continuous cardiac monitoring. The animals received the following exposures in sequence from a TASER X26 ECD beginning at 30 minutes after the administration of the drug: 1) 5-second continuous exposure, 2) 15-second intermittent exposure, 3) 30-second intermittent exposure, and 4) 40-second intermittent exposure. Darts were inserted at the sternal notch and the cardiac apex, to a depth of 9 mm. Cardiac motion was determined by thoracotomy (smaller animals, , 32 kg) or echocardiography (larger animals, > 68 kg). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests. Results:, Animals given methamphetamine demonstrated signs of methamphetamine toxicity with tachycardia, hypertension, and atrial and ventricular ectopy in the 30-minute period immediately after administration of the drug. Smaller animals (n = 8, , 32 kg, mean = 29.4 kg) had supraventricular dysrhythmias immediately after the ECD exposures. Larger animals (n = 8, > 68 kg, mean = 72.4) had only sinus tachycardia after the exposures. One of the smaller animals had frequent episodes of ventricular ectopy after two exposures, including runs of delayed onset, nonsustained six- to eight-beat unifocal and multifocal ventricular tachycardia that spontaneously resolved. This animal had significant ectopy prior to the exposures as well. Thoracotomy performed on three smaller animals demonstrated cardiac capture during ECD exposure consistent with previous animal studies. In the larger animals, none of the methamphetamine-intoxicated animals demonstrated cardiac capture. Two control sheep showed evidence of capture similar to the smaller animals. No ventricular fibrillation occurred after the exposure in any animal. Conclusions:, In smaller animals (32 kg or less), ECD exposure exacerbated atrial and ventricular irritability induced by methamphetamine intoxication, but this effect was not seen in larger, adult-sized animals. There were no episodes of ventricular fibrillation after exposure associated with ECD exposure in methamphetamine-intoxicated sheep. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:436,443 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine [source] A control analysis of interaction problem by fluid forceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 7 2001Shoichiro Kato Abstract This paper presents a control analysis of displacement for a building. To control the vertical displacement of the building, control device of multi-balloons with water inside is introduced on the friction piles. Coupling through the water, soil, balloon and pile, the interaction problem is numerically solved. The soil is assumed to be a linear elastic body. The balloon and pile are also modelled as linear elastic truss and rigid-frame components. The water is assumed to be the two-dimensional incompressible Navier,Stokes flow. All components are discretized by the finite element method in space. The control analysis of vertical displacement by fluid force is performed for the purpose of keeping the building horizontal. One of the optimal control theory, the so-called Sakawa,Shindo method, is applied for the control analysis. Using this method, control flux of the water is determined so that position at the top of the balloon comes to be close to the objective position. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cellulite: nature and aetiopathogenesisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE, Issue 3 2006F. Terranova Abstract Only a limited number of studies on cellulite have been published in the international literature and many of them reach somewhat antithetical conclusions. Consequently, it is not yet possible to reconcile the extreme differences of opinion which have lingered on for years concerning the nature of this disorder, as well as its origin and even the most basic aspects of its histopathological classification. It does not even have a recognized name: in fact, the term ,cellulitis' is used in scientific English to indicate a spreading gangrenous infection of the subcutaneous cellular tissue. The other terms used from time to time [panniculitis, lipodystrophy, edematofibrosclerotic panniculitis (EFP), liposclerosis, lipoedema, etc.] have quite different morphological and pathogenetic connotations in general. Over the last few decades, three major conflicting theories have emerged in relation to the ethiopathogenesis of cellulite. These indicate, respectively, the following causes: 1. Oedema caused by excessive hydrophilia of the intercellular matrix. 2. A homeostatic alteration on a regional microcirculatory level; this pathogenetic theory is summarized in a synthetic and self-explanatory denomination: EFP. 3. A peculiar anatomical conformation of the subcutaneous tissue of women, different from male morphology. These theories must all now be updated in the light of recent advances on the sophisticated and composite physiopathology of the adipose organ , which acts not only as a control device which regulates the systematic equilibrium of energy and modulates the food intake and the metabolism of other tissue substrate through a multiple glandular secretion of hormones and parahormones. Résumé Seulement un nombre limité d'études sur la cellulite a été publié dans la littérature internationale et beaucoup de ces articles arrivent à des conclusions plutôt antithétiques. Par conséquent, actuellement il est impossible de reconcilier les opinions extrèmement différentes concernant la nature de ce désordre, ainsi que son origine, de même que les aspects les plus basilaires de sa classification histopathologique. Le nom même de cette affection n'est pas reconnu: en fait le terme ,, cellulite ''est utilisé dans le language scientifique pour indiquer une inflammation du tissu cellulaire sous-cutané, d'origine infectieuse. Les autres termes employés de temps an temps tels que panniculopathie, lipodystrophie, panniculopathie oedémato-fibroscléreuse, liposclérose, lipoedème etc. ont en general des connotations morphologiques e pathogénétiques tout à fait différentes. Au cours des dernières décennies, trois principales théories contradictoires ont émergé pour ce qui concerne l'etiopathologie dela cellulite. Chacune théorie indique respectivement les suivantes causes: 1. Oedème causé par excessive hydrophilie de la matrice intercellulaire. 2. Altération parcellaire de l'homeostase au niveau microcirculatoire ; cette théorie pathogénétique est résumée à l'intérieur de la synthétique et explicite dénomination: panniculopathie oedémato-fibroscléreuse. 3. Particulière conformation anatomique du tissu sous-cutané chez la femme, différente par rapport à l'homme. Ces théories doivent toutes être mises à jour, à la lumière des recents développements concernant la sophistiquée et composée physiopathologie de l'adipocyte, qui n'agit pas seulement comme entrepôt de stockage du matériel calorique en excès mais aussi comme dispositif de régulation de l'équilibre énergetique systémique, avec la capacitè de moduler l'ingestion d'aliments et le métabolisme d'autres substrats tissutaires. La révision de ces théories doit être faite aussi sur la base des nouvelles acquisitions concernant la modalitè attravers laquelle cet organe règle les multiples sécrétions hormonales et parahormonales. [source] Partitioning behavior of mercury during coal combustion: the influence of low-NOx burners and operation load of boilerASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2009Guang-Qian Luo Abstract Two 200 MW, pulverized bituminous coal-fired electric utility boilers each equipped with a five-field cold-side electrostatic precipitator (ESP) as the only air pollution control device (APCD) were investigated on mercury distribution and speciation under various conditions. With the same fuel consumption, both facilities are the same but with different burners, low-NOx type and conventional type. Sampling points of gaseous mercury and chlorine species were at the inlet and outlet of the ESP. The mercury concentrations in various solids, including parent coal, bottom slag, economizer bottom ash and fly ash in different hoppers of ESP, were sampled and analyzed. The Ontario Hydro Method was employed to detect mercury in flue gas, and HCl and Cl2 were detected by the EPA method 26. A series of tests were conducted on the boiler with low-NOx burners under various loads (70, 85 and 100% of full load) and on the other boiler with conventional burners under full load. Results showed that small amount of mercury remained in the solid combustion products and most of mercury was released into the atmosphere. The majority of the released mercury was in oxidized form. Burner types and load variation had effects on Cl species concentration in flue gas. Furthermore, particle diameter and carbon content and specific surface area of fly ash affected speciation and distribution of mercury and mercury removal efficiency of ESP. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Probabilistic seismic demand analysis of controlled steel moment-resisting frame structuresEARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING AND STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS, Issue 12 2002Luciana R. Barroso Abstract This paper describes a proposed methodology, referred to as probabilistic seismic control analysis, for the development of probabilistic seismic demand curves for structures with supplemental control devices. The resulting curves may be used to determine the probability that any response measure, whether for a structure or control device, exceeds a pre-determined allowable limit. This procedure couples conventional probabilistic seismic hazard analysis with non-linear dynamic structural analyses to provide system specific information. This method is performed by evaluating the performance of specific controlled systems under seismic excitations using the SAC Phase II structures for the Los Angeles region, and three different control-systems: (i) base isolation; (ii) linear viscous brace dampers; and (iii) active tendon braces. The use of a probabilistic format allows for consideration of structural response over a range of seismic hazards. The resulting annual hazard curves provide a basis for comparison between the different control strategies. Results for these curves indicate that no single control strategy is the most effective at all hazard levels. For example, at low return periods the viscous system has the lowest drift demands. However, at higher return periods, the isolation system becomes the most effective strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] MULTILEVEL FRAMING: AN ALTERNATIVE UNDERSTANDING OF BUDGET CONTROL IN PUBLIC ENTERPRISESFINANCIAL ACCOUNTABILITY & MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010Lars Fallan This paper addresses the question as to why there tends to be recurring budget deviations in public sector service organizations. In the public sector, budgets and actuals are loosely coupled, and budgets may serve other institutional functions than control purposes. However, little research has addressed how the framing of budget information may explain the different functions of the budgets as control devices. The paper argues that the valence of budget deviations varies between organizations, and that organizations that have a positively oriented valence towards budget surpluses have a propensity to underspend the budgets. Consequently, organizations that have a positively oriented valence towards budget deficits tend to overspend the budgets. The empirical part analyses the budget situations in the Central Bank of Norway and in a large university hospital in Norway. In the case of the Bank, it was found that underspending of budgets was framed as performance measures indicating high organizational efficiency. The Hospital, on the other hand, showed a different picture as budget deficits were the situation during all years studied. One main finding was the key actors' roles as translators of the society's expectations as to the fulfilling of the organizations' missions. These translators function as mediators between the institutional context and pressures, the organizations' goals and the internal budget processes. The conventional wisdom that the budget also acts as a means of communication and as symbols and ritual acts that reflect the institutional contingencies of the organizations, is further developed by describing how organizations' goals valence the role of budgets. [source] Optimal Control of Voltage in Distribution Systems by Voltage Reference ManagementIEEJ TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, Issue 5 2009Tomonobu Senjyu Student member Abstract Recently, renewable energy technologies such as wind turbine generators and photovoltaic (PV) systems have been introduced as distributed generations (DGs). Connections of a large amount of distributed generations may cause voltage deviation beyond the statutory range in distribution systems. A reactive power control of DGs can be a solution of this problem, and it also has a possibility to reduce distribution loss. In this paper, we propose a control methodology of voltage profile in a distribution system using reactive power control of inverters interfaced with DGs and tap changing transformers. In the proposed method, a one-day schedule of voltage references for the control devices are determined by an optimization technique based on predicted values of load demand and PV power generation. Reactive power control of interfaced inverters is implemented within the inverter capacity without reducing active power output. The proposed method accomplishes voltage regulation within the acceptable range and reduction of distribution loss. The effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by simulations. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [source] Temperature-frequency characteristics simulation of piezoelectric resonators and their equivalent circuits based on three-dimensional finite element modellingINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUMERICAL MODELLING: ELECTRONIC NETWORKS, DEVICES AND FIELDS, Issue 6 2003N. Wakatsuki Abstract The electromechanical resonators made of piezoelectric crystals such as a quartz crystal are widely used for electronic devices. Their frequency,temperature characteristics are of primary importance for their applications to the frequency control devices. The present paper demonstrates numerical simulation for several types of resonators using 3-D Finite Element Modelling. The results are compared with the theoretical values whenever they are available. As they are electronic devices, the equivalent circuit representation is often favourable for describing the admittance at the electrical terminals which enables the circuit analysis including the effect of the temperature change by using commercially available circuit simulators. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] LETHALITY CONTRIBUTION FROM THE TUBULAR HEAT EXCHANGER DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE SHORT-TIME PROCESSING OF A MODEL LIQUID FOODJOURNAL OF FOOD PROCESS ENGINEERING, Issue 4 2004G.B. AWUAH ABSTRACT Experiments were conducted using Bacillus stearothermophilus spores in 0.5% w/w carboxymethylcellulose suspension to evaluate come-up contributions from the tubular heat exchanger. A lab-scale UHT/HTST simulator that allowed samples to be collected at the exit of the heat exchanger and holding tube was used with operating temperatures up to 270F. The bulk mean residence time in the heat exchanger ranged from 30 to 89 sec, while that in the holding tube ranged from 4 to 14 sec. It was observed that between 40% and 51% of the cumulative lethality () at the exit of the holding tube, was contributed by come-up in the tubular heat exchanger. This come-up contribution was determined on the basis of having anof 8.5 min in the holding tube alone. It was evident that come-up lethality will depend on product initial temperature, residence time and temperature history in the heat exchanger, with higher temperatures obviously contributing more lethality. Therefore, the entire aseptic system becomes even more complex since several critical parameters need to be monitored, controlled and documented. Experimental data compared favorably with computer-simulated data using the AseptiCALÔ software, with the software package giving more conservative results. Ultimately, come-up credit (CUC) should be tested on a pilot scale or industrial setup by way of reduced residence time (i.e. increased fluid flow rate), reduced holding tube length or temperature in order to determine if CUC can be applied towards the lethality required for the product. Monitoring and control devices become critical to ensure consistency and reproducibility in product residence time and time,temperature history, in the tubular heat exchanger. [source] A Survey of the Practice of Lead Extraction in the United StatesPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 6 2010CHARLES A. HENRIKSON M.D. Background:,Endovascular lead extraction is an important component of the management of patients with chronically implanted arrhythmia control devices. Although it is associated with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality, there is little information about its scope and practice. Methods:,We surveyed 1,000 physician members of the Heart Rhythm Society via e-mail solicitation. Results:,Of the 252 respondents (25%), 221 (88%) reported either performing extractions themselves (63%), or having privileges at a hospital where extractions are performed (25%). Electrophysiologists perform extractions at most sites (83%) but cardiac surgeons perform endovascular lead extraction at a significant minority of sites (20%). Most respondents report low annual volumes of extractions at their site: 15% reported <10 procedures/year, 42% 10,25 procedures/year, 23% 26,50 procedure/year, and only 19% reported >50 procedures/year. Thirty-six percent of respondents reported that extractions were done in the operating room (OR) with surgeon present or immediately available, 39% in the electrophysiology (EP) lab with surgeon and OR identified and available, and 25% in EP lab without a surgeon or OR identified. The overall risks of lead extraction were felt to be 1,5% of major complication and 0.5,1% of mortality, roughly in line with published data. Conclusions:,While there is agreement as to the risk of major complication and death from lead extraction, the degree of surgical availability varies considerably. The new guidelines document recommends the ability to promptly initiate an emergent surgical procedure, and this should be an important goal for all extractionists. (PACE 2010; 33:721,726) [source] Electrical Characteristics of an Electronic Control Device Under a Physiologic Load: A Brief ReportPACING AND CLINICAL ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010DONALD M. DAWES M.D. Background:,Law enforcement officers use electronic control devices (ECDs), such as the TASER X26 (TASER International, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA), to control resisting subjects. Some of the debate on the safety of the devices has centered on the electrical characteristics of the devices. The electrical characteristics published by TASER International have historically based on discharges into a 400 , resistor. There are no studies that the authors are aware of that report the electrical characteristics under a physiologic load. In this study, we make an initial attempt to determine the electrical characteristics of the TASER X26 during a 5-second exposure in human volunteers. Methods:,Subjects received an exposure to the dry, bare chest (top probe), and abdomen (bottom probe) with a standard TASER X26 in the probe deployment mode for 5 seconds. There were 10,11 pulse captures during the 5 seconds. Resistance was calculated using the sum of the absolute values of the instantaneous voltage measurements divided by the sum of the absolute values of the instantaneous current measurements (Ohm's Law). Results:,For the eight subjects, the mean spread between top and bottom probes was 12.1 inches (30.7 cm). The mean resistance was 602.3 ,, with a range of 470.5,691.4 ,. The resistance decreased slightly over the 5-second discharge with a mean decrease of 8.0%. The mean rectified charge per pulse was 123.0 ,C. The mean main phase charge per pulse was 110.5 ,C. The mean pulse width was 126.9 ,s. The mean voltage per pulse was 580.1 V. The mean current per pulse was 0.97 A. The average peak main phase voltage was 1899.2 V and the average peak main phase current was 3.10 A. Conclusions:,The mean tissue resistance was 602.3 , in this study. There was a decrease in resistance of 8% over the 5-second exposure. This physiologic load is different than the 400 , laboratory load used historically by the manufacturer. We recommend future characterization of these devices use a physiologic load for reporting electrical characteristics. We also recommend that all the electrical characteristics be reported. (PACE 2010; 33:330,336) [source] Hazardous air pollutants emission from coal and oil-fired power plantsASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, Issue 2 2010Deepak Pudasainee Abstract Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) emission characteristics from coal (anthracite, bituminous) and oil-fired power plants were studied in order to control pollutants by formulating US maximum achievable control technology (MACT)-like regulation in Korea. Sampling and analysis were carried out according to either Korean standard test method or US EPA method. Relatively lower levels of NOx and SOx were emitted from plants burning bituminous than the anthracite coal. Less dust was emitted from oil-fired power plants. Mercury, lead, and chromium were dominant in coal-fired power plants, following which, nickel and chromium were emitted from oil-fired power plants. The major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from coal-fired plants were 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloro-ethylene. The emission of mercury and other heavy metals in flue gas was attributed to fuel types, operating conditions, residence time in the control devices and air pollution control devices configuration. After emission tests in the field and on analysis of the continuous emission monitoring data collected from facilities under operation and consideration of other various factors, management guidelines will be suggested with special reference to US MACT-like regulation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Echocardiographic Evaluation of a TASER-X26 Application in the Ideal Human Cardiac AxisACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 9 2008Jeffrey D. Ho MD Abstract Objectives:, TASER electronic control devices (ECDs) are used by law enforcement to subdue aggressive persons. Some deaths temporally proximate to their use have occurred. There is speculation that these devices can cause dangerous cardiac rhythms. Swine research supports this hypothesis and has reported significant tachyarrhythmias. It is not known if this occurs in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the occurrence of tachyarrhythmias in human subjects subjected to an ECD application. Methods:, This was a prospective, nonblinded study. Human volunteers underwent limited echocardiography before, during, and after a 10-second TASER X26 ECD application with preplaced thoracic electrodes positioned in the upper right sternal border and the cardiac apex. Images were analyzed using M-mode through the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve for evidence of arrhythmia. Heart rate (HR) and the presence of sinus rhythm were determined. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results:, A total of 34 subjects were enrolled. There were no adverse events reported. The mean HR prior to starting the event was 108.7 beats/min (range 65 to 146 beats/min, 95% CI = 101.0 to 116.4 beats/min). During the ECD exposure, the mean HR was 120.1 beats/min (range 70 to 158 beats/min, 95% CI = 112.2 to 128.0 beats/min) and a mean of 94.1 beats/min (range 55 to 121 beats/min, 95% CI = 88.4 to 99.7 beats/min) at 1 minute after ECD exposure. Sinus rhythm was clearly demonstrated in 21 (61.7%) subjects during ECD exposure (mean HR 121.4 beats/min; range 75 to 158 beats/min, 95% CI = 111.5 to 131.4). Sinus rhythm was not clearly demonstrated in 12 subjects due to movement artifact (mean HR 117.8 beats/min, range 70 to 152 beats/min, 95% CI = 102.8 to 132.8 beats/min). Conclusions:, A 10-second ECD exposure in an ideal cardiac axis application did not demonstrate concerning tachyarrhythmias using human models. The swine model may have limitations when evaluating ECD technology. [source] Prediction of the Removal Efficiency of a Novel Two-Stage Hybrid Scrubber for Flue Gas DesulfurizationCHEMICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (CET), Issue 1 2006A. Bandyopadhyaya Abstract Emission of SO2 from various industrial sources occurs in varying concentrations and quantities. The operation of scrubbers as SO2 control devices is getting more and more attention as pollution control regulations are tightened. Experimental investigations on the scrubbing of SO2 in a novel two-stage hybrid (spray-cum-bubble column) scrubber using water and dilute sodium alkali are reported. Empirical and semi-empirical correlations are developed for the prediction of the performances of the bubble and the spray sections in terms of various pertinent variables of the system for water and alkaline scrubbing, respectively. The contribution of the mass transfer enhancement factor towards the removal of SO2 has been exploited while developing the semi-empirical correlation for the prediction of performance in alkaline scrubbing. The predicted values are in excellent agreement with the experimental values. Finally, the operating features of the scrubber and design aspects are discussed in order to develop our understanding for practical applications. [source] | ||||||||||||||||