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Contradictions
Kinds of Contradictions Terms modified by Contradictions Selected AbstractsA Contradiction in ConservationCONSERVATION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003Ray Hilborn No abstract is available for this article. [source] Managing Contradiction: Civic Stratification and Migrants'Rights,INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION REVIEW, Issue 1 2003Lydia Morris Political and academic interest in cross-national migration has generated two very different and potentially polarized positions. One perspective emphasizes the continuing power of the nation state, while the other sees migration, and more specifically migrants' rights, as the manifestation of an emergent ,post-national' society. This article offers a conceptual framework which addresses this polarization through the concept of civic stratification (Lockwood, 1996). In illustrating its application, the study shows how such an approach goes beyond a traditional citizenship framework (e.g., Marshall, 1950) in considering degrees of partial membership, but remains cautious with respect to claims about universal, transnational rights. [source] Normative Power Europe: A Contradiction in Terms?JCMS: JOURNAL OF COMMON MARKET STUDIES, Issue 2 2002Ian Manners Twenty years ago, in the pages of the, Journal of Common Market Studies, Hedley Bull launched a searing critique of the European Community's ,civilian power' in international affairs. Since that time the increasing role of the European Union (EU) in areas of security and defence policy has led to a seductiveness in adopting the notion of ,military power Europe'. In contrast, I will attempt to argue that by thinking beyond traditional conceptions of the EU's international role and examining the case study of its international pursuit of the abolition of the death penalty, we may best conceive of the EU as a ,normative power Europe'. [source] 20th Century Contributions in Chinese Philosophy of Religion(s): From Deconstructive Contradiction to Constructive ReconsiderationJOURNAL OF CHINESE PHILOSOPHY, Issue 3-4 2003Lauren Pfister [source] Reasonably Traditional: Self,Contradiction and Self,Reference in Alasdair MacIntyre's Account of Tradition,Based RationalityJOURNAL OF RELIGIOUS ETHICS, Issue 3 2002Micah Lott Alasdair MacIntyre's account of tradition,based rationality has been the subject of much discussion, as well as the object of some recent charges of inconsistency. The author considers arguments by Jennifer Herdt, Peter Mehl, and John Haldane which attempt to show that MacIntyre's account of rationality is, in some way, inconsistent. It is argued that the various charges of inconsistency brought against MacIntyre by these critics can be understood as variations on two general types of criticism: (1) that MacIntyre's account of tradition,based rationality presents a picture of rationality with inconsistent internal elements, and (2) that MacIntyre, in the act of presenting his picture of rationality, makes the sort of claims to which his own account of rationality denies legitimacy, and thus MacIntyre's account is self,referentially incoherent. In response to criticisms of the first sort, it is argued that MacIntyre can further clarify or develop his position to take the current criticisms into account without altering the fundamental aspects of his picture of rationality. In response to the charge of self,referential incoherence, it is argued that the charge rests on a mistaken understanding of MacIntyre's position and of the nature of justification. In dealing with these arguments, the author hopes to not only vindicate MacIntyre's account of rationality against the charges of some of its recent critics, but also to shed some light on the nature of arguments both for and against relativism and historicism. [source] Ambivalence, Contradiction, and Symbiosis: Carers' and Mental Health Users' RightsLAW & POLICY, Issue 4 2007VICTORIA YEATES This article explores the emergence of separate rights for carers and psychiatric service users. Although political rhetoric and policy documents largely assume symbiosis between carer and cared-for person, increasingly the law reflects that their rights and interests may conflict and operate in opposition one to another. This article examines the social and policy factors that lie behind these developments and disentangles some of the ambivalences, contradictions, and symbioses that characterize this area of law. While service users' rights in relation to decisions about their care have emerged from the shadow of family rights, carers' rights to community support services have emerged as an adjunct to service users' rights. The article explores the development of the rights paradigm in promoting the welfare of mentally disordered people and their carer, and the current limits of separation between their respective entitlements. [source] Contradiction as a form of Contractual Incompleteness,THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL, Issue 530 2008Dana Heller A simple model is presented, in which contradictory instructions are viewed as a type of contract incompleteness. The model provides a complexity-based rationale for contradictory instructions. If there are complexity bounds on the contract, there may be an incentive to introduce contradictions, leaving for another agent the task of interpreting them. The optimal amount of contradictions depends on the complexity bound, the conflict of interests with the interpreter and the institutional constraints on his interpretations. In particular, a higher complexity bound may result in a larger amount of contradictions. [source] ,Healthy Prisons': A Contradiction in Terms?THE HOWARD JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, Issue 4 2000Catrin Smith Recent developments in prison health care promise enhanced health benefits for prisoners and the promotion of health has become a central feature of prison health care policy. This article presents the background to these changes and considers what they are likely to mean in practice. It provides a description of the emergence of health promotion within the prison setting, locating prison-based initiatives within the context of the wider political drive towards health promotion in society at large. Finally, it raises questions about the fundamental philosophies underpinning current models of prison health care where the benevolent aims of health promotion may become extremely punitive. [source] That Old Thing Called Flexibility: An Interview with Robert Venturi and Denise Scott BrownARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Issue 1 2009Francesco Proto Abstract Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown hold an unrivalled position within architecture. Now written several decades ago, their classic books Learning from Las Vegas and Complexity and Contradiction remain unsurpassed for their ability to shock and overturn current architectural thought. Francesco Proto talks to Venturi and Scott Brown on their present thinking about iconography, transparency, spectacularisation, architectural pornography and the contemporary architectural avant-garde. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Gender, Traditional Authority, and the Politics of Rural Reform in South AfricaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 4 2002Haripriya Rangan The new South African Constitution, together with later policies and legislation, affirm a commitment to gender rights that is incompatible with the formal recognition afforded to unelected traditional authorities. This contradiction is particularly evident in the case of land reform in many rural areas, where women's right of access to land is denied through the practice of customary law. This article illustrates the ways in which these constitutional contradictions play out with particular intensity in the ,former homelands' through the example of a conflict over land use in Buffelspruit, Mpumalanga province. There, a number of women who had been granted informal access to communal land for the purposes of subsistence cultivation had their rights revoked by the traditional authority. Despite desperate protests, they continue to be marginalized in terms of access to land, while their male counterparts appropriate communal land for commercial farming and cattle grazing. Drawing on this protest, we argue that current South African practice in relation to the pressing issue of gender equity in land reform represents a politics of accommodation and evasion that tends to reinforce gender biases in rural development, and in so doing, undermines the prospects for genuinely radical transformation of the instituted geographies and institutionalized practices bequeathed by the apartheid regime. [source] Cleavage-like cell division and explosive increase in cell number of neonatal gonocytesDEVELOPMENT GROWTH & DIFFERENTIATION, Issue 1 2004Yasuhiro Sakai Based on previous conventional quantitative observations of rat testes, it was proposed that large numbers of gonocytes degenerate after birth and this notion was widely accepted. However, many studies show that neonatal gonocytes display high levels of mitotic activity. In order to resolve the apparent contradiction of increased mitotic activity in gonocytes despite a decrease in their numbers at the neonate stage, quantitative analysis using a marker of suitably higher resolution is required. It has been shown that the vasa protein could be used as a marker of germ cells. In this study, quantitative changes in gonocytes were re-examined using a germ-cell-specific marker in order to delineate more clearly the process of development from gonocytes to spermatogonia after birth. The vasa -positive cells, which correspond to gonocytes and spermatogonia, increased exponentially after birth. This observation suggests that all gonocyte divide actively after birth and do not degenerate as previously believed. Surprisingly, the cell volume of gonocytes decreased during their division. The largest population size was 2000,4000 µ3 at day 2, 1000,2000 µ3 at day 4 and 500,1000 µ3 at day 6. This finding suggests that gonocytes divide in a similar way to cleavage, which can be considered a special mode of fertilized eggs. Judging from the growth of seminiferous tubules and the degree of volume reduction, 60% of the contribution rate is estimated to be due to ordinal cell growth, and 40% due to volume reduction as in cleavage of a fertilized egg. This unique cleavage-like division may contribute to the supply of large numbers of spermatogonia. [source] Using Farmers' Preferences to Assess Development Policy: A Case Study of UgandaDEVELOPMENT POLICY REVIEW, Issue 3 2010Philip A. S. James As part of ongoing economic reforms, the Ugandan government implemented the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture (PMA) targeted at reducing rural poverty. This article demonstrates the application of a stated preference method using a choice experiment conducted in 9 sub-counties to assess farmers' preferences for adaptation options and identify areas of the PMA requiring reform to improve its effectiveness. This research shows the importance of microfinance, agricultural extension systems and basic education in farmers' adaptation decisions, and highlights a crucial need to improve local engagement in decision-making. A potentially problematic contradiction between farmers' preferences and some interventions proposed under the PMA is identified. [source] Gait characteristics of diabetic patients: a systematic reviewDIABETES/METABOLISM: RESEARCH AND REVIEWS, Issue 3 2008L. Allet Abstract Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of experiencing fall-related injuries when walking than healthy controls. The underlying mechanism responsible for this is not yet clear. Thus we intend to summarize diabetic patients' gait characteristics and emphasize those which could be the possible underlying mechanisms for increased fall risk. This systematic review aims, in particular, to: (1) evaluate the quality of existing studies which investigate the gait characteristics of diabetic patients, (2) highlight areas of agreement and contradiction in study results, (3) discuss and emphasize parameters associated with fall risk, and (4) propose new orientations and further domains for research needed for their fall risk prevention. We conducted an electronic search of Pedro, PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane. Two authors independently assessed all abstracts. Quality of the selected articles was scored, and the study results summarized and discussed. We considered 236 abstracts of which 28 entered our full text review. Agreement on data quality between two reviewers was high (kappa: 0.90). Authors investigating gait parameters in a diabetic population evaluated in particular parameters either associated with fall risk (speed, step length or step-time variability) or with ulcers (pressure). There is agreement that diabetic patients walk slower, with greater step variability, and present higher plantar pressure than healthy controls. We concluded that diabetic patients present gait abnormalities, some of which can lead to heightened fall risk. To understand its' underlying mechanisms, and to promote efficient prevention, further studies should analyse gait under ,real-life' conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Obese Patients with Abdominal Pain Presenting to the Emergency Department Do Not Require More Time or Resources for Evaluation Than Nonobese PatientsACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2005Timothy F. Platts-Mills MD Abstract Objectives: The authors describe the evaluation of obese and nonobese adult patients with abdominal pain presenting to an emergency department (ED). The hypothesis was that more ED and hospital resources are used to evaluate and treat obese patients. Methods: A prospective observational study of obese (n= 98; body mass index ,30 kg/m2) and nonobese (n= 176; body mass index < 30 kg/m2) adults presenting to the ED with abdominal pain was performed. ED length of stay (LOS) was the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included use of laboratory tests, computed tomography, and ultrasonography, and rates of consultations, operations, and admissions. ED diagnoses were compared between the two groups. Results: Obese patients were older (41.9 vs. 38.3 years; p = 0.027) and more often female (69% vs. 51%; p = 0.003) than nonobese patients. There were no significant differences between obese and nonobese patients in either the primary or the secondary outcome measures. Obese patients were similar to nonobese patients in regard to LOS (457 vs. 486 minutes), laboratory studies (3.2 vs. 2.9 tests), abdominopelvic computed tomographic scans (30% vs. 31%), and abdominal ultrasounds (16% vs. 13%). Obese and nonobese patients were also similar in their rates of consultations (27% vs. 31%), operations (14% vs. 12%), and admissions (18% vs. 24%). No difference was found for LOS between obese and nonobese patients as evaluated by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test (p = 0.81). Logistic regression analysis controlling for baseline characteristics revealed no significant differences between obese and nonobese patients for secondary outcome variables. ED diagnoses for obese and nonobese patients were similar except that genitourinary diagnoses were less common in obese patients (8% vs. 21%; p = 0.01). Conclusions: In contradiction to the hypothesis, the results suggest that LOS and ED resource use in obese patients with abdominal pain are not increased when compared with nonobese patients. [source] INSPECTING THE FOUNDATIONS OF LIBERALISMECONOMIC AFFAIRS, Issue 1 2010Anthony De Jasay Liberal justice is rooted in a system of conventions. They arise spontaneously as behavioural equilibria that bring mutual advantage to those adopting them. They protect life, limb, property and the pursuit of peaceful purposes, and require the fulfilment of reciprocal promises. Collective choice, where some impose choices on others who submit, violates liberal justice and reduces the set of freedoms. Liberalism and democracy are incompatible as organising principles and ,liberal democracy' is a contradiction in terms. [source] Capital Versus the Districts: A Tale of One Multinational Company's Attempt to Disembed ItselfECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 2 2004N. A. Phelps Abstract: The process of international economic integration in which multinational enterprises (MNEs) play a significant orchestrating role is a contradictory one of a space of flows, on the one hand, and a space of places, on the other hand. It is this contradiction that produces a variegated landscape of relations within and among MNEs and a whole range of territorially rooted organizations and institutions. As a result, interest in global production networks, as part of a broader relational turn in economic geography, has sought to highlight and uncover these webs of relations within which MNEs are embedded. In reviewing this literature, we emphasize the economic imperatives underlying such relations or, rather, their political-economic nature and the discontinuities in industrial restructuring they can produce. We then present an empirical illustration of these points and some of the key concerns within the literature on global production networks. We consider a recent round of restructuring by Black & Decker Corporation, focusing on the politico-economic ramifications of closing one of two European factories. Our reading of the literature, coupled with our empirical findings, suggests the continuing tendency for international integration as a space of flows to eclipse the coherence of places. Localized points of resistance can moderate the powers exercised by MNEs internally and across a network of organizations, although there are limits to the transferability of such tactics of resistance. [source] The Paradoxes of Environmental Policy and Resource Management in Reform-Era China,ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY, Issue 3 2000Joshua Muldavin Abstract: Over the last 5,000 years serious environmental problems,deforestation, desertification, erosion, and widespread pollution of air, land, and water,have prevailed throughout most of China, brought about by a diverse set of social and political contexts. In this paper I focus on an enduring contradiction associated with the post-1978 reforms, namely accelerated environmental resource degradation in rural areas amid unprecedented national economic growth. Declining entitlements to assets and social capital in China's rural village populations are a crucial aspect of altered state-peasant relations, as these are increasingly mediated by the market during China's transition to a hybrid economy. This has resulted in changing patterns of resource use, impacting both the environment and peasant livelihoods. A brief assessment of China's postrevolutionary environmental policy and management practices provides the context for detailed case studies in Henan Province. These examples highlight the relationship between political-economic changes and environmental policy and management. Contrary to reform rhetoric, rural peasants' embracing of reform policies does not necessarily optimize their welfare or promote sustainable use of resources. The case studies reveal alternative pathways for villages, ones that ought to be brought into the policy debate spotlight. [source] A Fearsome Trap: The will to know, the obligation to confess, and the Freudian subject of desireEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 7 2010John Ambrosio Abstract The author examines the relation between Michel Foucault's corpus and Freudian psychoanalysis. He argues that Foucault had a complex and changing relationship to psychoanalysis for two primary reasons: his own psychopathology, personal experience, and expressed desire, and due to an ineluctable contradiction at the heart of psychoanalysis itself. The author examines the history of Foucault's personal and scholarly interest in psychology and psychiatry, tracing the emergence, development, and shift in his thought and work. He then argues that Foucault's critique of psychoanalysis can be extended to the constitution of the Western educated subject, and that Foucault ultimately resolved his personal dilemma in relation to psychoanalysis by rejecting the ,will to knowledge' and refusing the notion of a stable and fixed identity. [source] Making Teachers in Britain: Professional knowledge for initial teacher education in England and ScotlandEDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY AND THEORY, Issue 3 2006Ian Menter Abstract There is an apparent contradiction between the widespread moves towards a uniform and instrumentalist standards-based approach to teaching on the one hand and recent research-based insights into the complexity of effective pedagogies. The former tendency reflects a politically driven agenda, the latter is more professionally driven. Tensions reflecting such a contradiction are evident in the debates over initial teacher education (ITE) policy and practice in many parts of the world. This article examines aspects of ITE policy in two contiguous parts of the United Kingdom, England and Scotland. The authors draw on a comparative study carried out during 2002,2004, particularly on an analysis of key contemporary policy documents, in order to consider some of the similarities and differences that are apparent in these two countries. It is argued that while features of national culture, tradition and institutional politics have a significant role to play in the detail of the approaches taken, there is nevertheless evidence of significant convergence between both countries in one aspect of the determination of initial teacher education, the definition of teaching through the prescription of standards, which set official parameters on professional knowledge required for entry into the profession. This, it is suggested, reflects trends associated with neoliberal ,globalisation'. [source] Policies for Lifelong Learning and for Higher Education in Norway: correspondence or contradiction?EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, Issue 3 2000Ellen Brandt First page of article [source] The effect of whole-body tilt on sound lateralizationEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 4 2002Jörg Lewald Abstract The effect of passive whole-body tilt in the frontal plane on the lateralization of dichotic sound was investigated in human subjects. Pure-tone pulses (1 kHz, 100 ms duration) with various interaural time differences were presented via headphones while the subject was in an upright position or tilted 45° or 90° to the left or right. Subjects made two-alternative forced-choice (left/right) judgements on the intracranial sound image. During body tilt, the auditory median plane of the head, computed from the resulting psychometric functions, was always shifted to the upward ear, indicating a shift of the auditory percept to the downward ear, that is, in the direction of gravitational linear acceleration. The mean maximum magnitude of the auditory shift obtained with 90° body tilt was 25 µs. On the one hand, these findings suggest a certain influence of the otolith information about body position relative to the direction of gravity on the representation of auditory space. However, in partial contradiction to previous work, which had assumed existence of a significant ,audiogravic illusion', the very slight magnitude of the present effect rather reflects the excellent stability in the neural processing of auditory spatial cues in humans. Thus, it might be misleading to use the term ,illusion' for this quite marginal effect. [source] Interactions and co-ordination of multiple-function FACTS controllersEUROPEAN TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL POWER, Issue 1 2001H. F. Wang This paper presents two study cases of interaction analysis of multiple-function FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) controllers: - the contradiction between the voltage and the damping control of a SVC (static VAr compensator); - the interaction between the voltage control of the DC link capacitor and the damping control of a UPFC (unified power-flow controller). In the paper, an algorithm is proposed for the co-ordinated design of these two multiple-function FACTS controllers. Examples are presented to confirm the analytical conclusions obtained and to demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm of the co-ordination proposed. [source] WHY DOES A METHOD THAT FAILS CONTINUE TO BE USED?EVOLUTION, Issue 11 2008L. Lacey Knowles As a critical framework for addressing a diversity of evolutionary and ecological questions, any method that provides accurate and detailed phylogeographic inference would be embraced. What is difficult to understand is the continued use of a method that not only fails, but also has never been shown to work,nested clade analysis is applied widely even though the conditions under which the method will provide reliable results have not yet been demonstrated. This contradiction between performance and popularity is even more perplexing given the recent methodological and computational advances for making historical inferences, which include estimating population genetic parameters and testing different biogeographic scenarios. Here I briefly review the history of criticisms and rebuttals that focus specifically on the high rate of incorrect phylogeographic inference of nested-clade analysis, with the goal of understanding what drives its unfettered popularity. In this case, the appeal of what nested-clade analysis claims to do,not what the method actually achieves,appears to explain its paradoxical status as a favorite method that fails. What a method promises, as opposed to how it performs, must be considered separately when evaluating whether the method represents a valuable tool for historical inference. [source] Crystal Geyser , Utah's cold oneGEOLOGY TODAY, Issue 1 2001Tony Waltham A cold geyser appears to be a contradiction in terms. But a combination of carbon dioxide, effervescing groundwater and a fortuitous oil exploration well can create a very spectacular water fountain. [source] Implications of future climate and atmospheric CO2 content for regional biogeochemistry, biogeography and ecosystem services across East AfricaGLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY, Issue 2 2010RUTH M. DOHERTY Abstract We model future changes in land biogeochemistry and biogeography across East Africa. East Africa is one of few tropical regions where general circulation model (GCM) future climate projections exhibit a robust response of strong future warming and general annual-mean rainfall increases. Eighteen future climate projections from nine GCMs participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment were used as input to the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM), which predicted vegetation patterns and carbon storage in agreement with satellite observations and forest inventory data under the present-day climate. All simulations showed future increases in tropical woody vegetation over the region at the expense of grasslands. Regional increases in net primary productivity (NPP) (18,36%) and total carbon storage (3,13%) by 2080,2099 compared with the present-day were common to all simulations. Despite decreases in soil carbon after 2050, seven out of nine simulations continued to show an annual net land carbon sink in the final decades of the 21st century because vegetation biomass continued to increase. The seasonal cycles of rainfall and soil moisture show future increases in wet season rainfall across the GCMs with generally little change in dry season rainfall. Based on the simulated present-day climate and its future trends, the GCMs can be grouped into four broad categories. Overall, our model results suggest that East Africa, a populous and economically poor region, is likely to experience some ecosystem service benefits through increased precipitation, river runoff and fresh water availability. Resulting enhancements in NPP may lead to improved crop yields in some areas. Our results stand in partial contradiction to other studies that suggest possible negative consequences for agriculture, biodiversity and other ecosystem services caused by temperature increases. [source] Myth and Reality in the Attitude toward Valence-Bond (VB) Theory: Are Its ,Failures' Real?HELVETICA CHIMICA ACTA, Issue 4 2003Sason Shaik According to common wisdom propagated in textbooks and papers, valence-bond (VB) theory fails and makes predictions in contradiction with experiment. Four iconic ,failures' are: a) the wrong prediction of the ground state of the O2 molecule, b) the failure to predict the properties of cyclobutadiene (CBD) viz. those of benzene, c) the failure to predict the aromaticity/anti-aromaticity of molecular ions like C5H and C5H, C3H and C3H, C7H and C7H, etc; and d) the failure to predict that, e.g., CH4 has two different ionization potentials. This paper analyzes the origins of these ,failures' and shows that two of them (stated in a and d) are myths of unclear origins, while the other two originate in misuse of an oversimplified version of VB theory, i.e., simple resonance theory that merely enumerate resonance structures. It is demonstrated that, in each case, a properly used VB theory at a simple and portable level leads to correct predictions, as successful as those made by use of molecular-orbital (MO) theory. This notion of VB ,failure', which is traced back to the VB-MO rivalry, in the early days of quantum chemistry, should now be considered obsolete, unwarranted, and counterproductive. A modern chemist should know that there are two ways of describing electronic structure, which are not two contrasting theories, but rather two representations or two guises of the same reality. Their capabilities and insights into chemical problems are complementary, and the exclusion of any one of them undermines the intellectual heritage of chemistry. [source] Tudor dynastic problems revisited*HISTORICAL RESEARCH, Issue 212 2008E. W. Ives This article reassesses Henry VIII's succession acts. It argues that the first was primarily concerned with the breach with Rome, but that the second and third revolutionized succession law. Parliament accepted Henry's right to limit the succession to legitimate ,heirs of his body', so excluding collaterals, and to designate in their place whoever he wished to succeed. This allowed him to deny the crown to Mary and Elizabeth because of illegitimacy, but enabled them to succeed as his nominees. The original legislation shows an awareness of the contradiction in this. The consequent difficulty in reconciling common law and statute was at the heart of the 1553 crisis, the claims of both Mary and Elizabeth and the ongoing Elizabethan succession debate. The accession of James I punctured Henry's scheming and marked a return to common law rules. [source] Development of chromatic induction in infancyINFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 6 2007Hiromi Okamura Abstract The perception of colour in an embedded field is affected by the surround colour. This phenomenon is known as chromatic induction. In the present study we investigated whether the colour perception by infants aged 5,7 months could be affected by the surround colour. In Experiments 1 and 2 each stimulus was composed of an array of six squares in tandem. The colour appearance of the array in the familiarization stimulus was established by chromatic induction. In Experiment 1 we used familiarization stimuli that were perceived as two-colour array with a two-colour surround. In Experiment 2 we used a familiarization stimulus that was perceived as a uniform-colour array with a two-colour surround. In the test phase, the uniform-colour array and the two-colour array were presented on a white uniform-colour surround in both experiments. The results showed that in Experiment 1 the 5- and 7-month-old infants had novelty preference for the uniform-colour test array. This suggested that the infants' colour perception could be affected by surround colour. The results of Experiment 2 showed that the 7-month-olds showed a novelty preference for the two-colour test array, but the 5-month-olds showed no novelty preference. This suggested that 7-month-olds' colour perception could be affected by surround colour, but that of 5-month-olds could not. We discuss the contradiction of the results between Experiments 1 and 2. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Computation of an unsteady complex geometry flow using novel non-linear turbulence modelsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN FLUIDS, Issue 9 2003Paul G. Tucker Abstract Non-linear zonal turbulence models are applied to an unsteady complex geometry flow. These are generally found to marginally improve predicted turbulence intensities. However, relative to linear models, convergence is mostly difficult to achieve. Clipping of some non-linear Reynolds stress components is required along with velocity field smoothing or alternative measures. Smoothing is naturally achieved through multilevel convergence restriction operators. As a result of convergence difficulties, generally, non-linear model computational costs detract from accuracy gains. For standard Reynolds stress model results, again computational costs are prohibitive. Also, mean velocity profile data accuracies are found worse than for a simple mixing length model. Of the non-linear models considered, the explicit algebraic stress showed greatest promise with respect to accuracy and stability. However, even this shows around a 30% error in total (the sum of turbulence and unsteadiness) intensity. In strong contradiction to measurements the non-linear and Reynolds models predict quasi-steady flows. This is probably a key reason for the total intensity under-predictions. Use of LES in a non-linear model context might help remedy this modelling aspect. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The revisit of QoS routing based on non-linear Lagrange relaxationINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS, Issue 1 2007Gang Feng Abstract The development of efficient quality of service (QoS) routing algorithms in a high-speed networking or the next generation IP networking environment is a very important and at the same time very difficult task due to the need to provide divergent services with multiple QoS requirements. Recently, a heuristic algorithm H_MCOP, which is based on a non-linear Lagrange relaxation (NLR) technique, has been proposed to resolve the contradiction between the time complexity and the quality of solution. Even though H_MCOP has demonstrated outstanding capability of finding feasible solutions to the multi-path constrained (MCP) problem, it has not exploited the full capability that an NLR-based technique could offer. In this paper, we propose a new NLR-based heuristic called NLR_MCP, in which the search process is interpreted from a probability's perspective. Simulation results indicate that NLR_MCP can achieve a higher probability of finding feasible solutions than H_MCOP. We also verify that the performance improvement of a MCP heuristic has a tremendous impact on the performance of a higher level heuristic that uses a MCP heuristic as the basic step. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||