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Content Difference (content + difference)
Selected AbstractsContent Differences for Abstract and Concrete ConceptsCOGNITIVE SCIENCE - A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL, Issue 5 2005Katja Katja Wiemer-Hastings Abstract Concept properties are an integral part of theories of conceptual representation and processing. To date, little is known about conceptual properties of abstract concepts, such as idea. This experiment systematically compared the content of 18 abstract and 18 concrete concepts, using a feature generation task. Thirty-one participants listed characteristics of the concepts (i.e., item properties) or their relevant context (i.e., context properties). Abstract concepts had significantly fewer intrinsic item properties and more properties expressing subjective experiences than concrete concepts. Situation components generated for abstract and concrete concepts differed in kind, but not in number. Abstract concepts were predominantly related to social aspects of situations. Properties were significantly less specific for abstract than for concrete concepts. Thus, abstractness emerged as a function of several, both qualitative and quantitative, factors. [source] Effects of phlebotomy on haemodynamic characteristics during exercise in Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemiaEQUINE VETERINARY JOURNAL, Issue 4 2001P. FUNKQUIST Summary Five Standardbred trotters with red cell hypervolaemia (RCHV) were compared before and after removal of approximately 22% (36 ml/kg bwt) of the total blood volume in order to evaluate the haemodynamic responses, haemorheological alterations and oxygen transport during exercise to fatigue. Data were recorded during submaximal exercise at 4 different speeds on a treadmill and then during continued running at the highest speed step until fatigue. Oxygen uptake (V,O2), pulmonary artery pressure (PAP), systemic artery pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), haematocrit and haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) were measured. Arteriovenous O2 content difference (C(a-v,)O2), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and total systemic resistance (TSR) were calculated. Whole blood and plasma viscosity and erythrocyte aggregation tendency were determined with a rotational viscometer. Endoscopy was performed after exercise. ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. Phlebotomy resulted in a decrease in haematocrit and Hb during the course of exercise. Blood and plasma viscosity were lower and erythrocyte aggregation tendency was higher after phlebotomy. Throughout exercise, including submaximal work and continued running to fatigue, PAP, SAP, PVR, TSR and C(a-v,)O2 were lower after phlebotomy. HR was higher after phlebotomy during submaximal exercise. Oxygen delivery and VO2 were lower after phlebotomy in the period from submaximal exercise to fatigue. Run time to fatigue was shorter after phlebotomy. Four horses showed exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) before phlebotomy and the degree of bleeding was diminished but not abolished after phlebotomy. The reductions in PVR, TSR, PAP and SAP after phlebotomy were probably a result of reduced blood viscosity. In conclusion, although a 22% reduction in blood volume improved the haemodynamic and haemorheological parameters and the degree of EIPH, it was found that RCHV trotters have to rely on high oxygen delivery to the working muscles for maintenance of maximal performance. [source] Dehydration studies using a novel multichamber microscale fluid bed dryer with in-line near-infrared measurementJOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, Issue 10 2003Eetu Räsänen Abstract The purpose of this research was to study the effect of two process parameters (temperature and moisture content) on dehydration behavior of different materials using a novel multichamber microscale fluid bed dryer with a process air control unit and in-line near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. The materials studied were disodium hydrogen phosphates with three different levels of hydrate water and wet theophylline granules. Measured process parameters of fluid bed drying were logged, including in-line NIR signals. Off-line analyses consisted of X-ray powder diffraction patterns, Fourier transform NIR spectra and moisture contents of studied materials. During fluid bed drying, the stepwise dehydration of materials was observed by the water content difference of inlet and outlet air, the pressure difference over the bed, and the in-line NIR spectroscopy. The off-line analysis confirmed the state of solid materials. The temperature and the moisture content of the process air were demonstrated to be significant factors for the solid-state stability of theophylline. The presented setup is a material and cost-saving approach for studying the influence of different process parameters on dehydration behavior during pharmaceutical processing. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 92:2074,2081, 2003 [source] The relation between inferior vena cava oxygen saturation, superior vena cava flow, fractional oxygen extraction and haemoglobin affinity in sick newborns: A pilot studyACTA PAEDIATRICA, Issue 1 2006James Hart Abstract Aim: To determine whether inferior vena cava oxygen saturation (UvO2) or lower-body fractional oxygen extraction (FOE) could detect poor cardiac output in newborns. Methods: UvO2 and arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) were measured simultaneously with echocardiographic determination of superior vena cava blood flow (SVC flow) at <12, 12,24 and >24 h. Haemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), haemoglobin oxygen affinity (HOA) and lactate were measured and FOE calculated. Results: 56 studies in 17 infants, gestational age (median (range)) 26 wk 4 d (23 wk 2 d,42 wk 3 d): UvO2 (mean (SD)) was 84.9% (5.0), 77.6% (9.2) and 81.7% (12.9) at <12, 12,24 and >24 h, respectively; SVC flow (mean (SD)) increased from 71.7 (33) to 85 (66) and 123 (88) ml/kg/min at <12, 12,24 and >24 h, respectively. Despite a fall in mean [Hb], mean upper-body oxygen delivery increased due to increases in both SVC flow and arteriovenous content difference. There was a negative correlation between [Hb] and FOE. Infants with high HOA had significantly lower FOE. Conclusion: Measurement of UvO2 is feasible in newborns. Changes to SVC flow and arteriovenous content difference lead to improvements in oxygen delivery. The interaction of HOA warrants further study. [source] Differences in the measured alcohol content of drinks between black, white and Hispanic men and women in a US national sampleADDICTION, Issue 9 2009William C. Kerr ABSTRACT Aims To measure and describe drink alcohol content differences between Hispanic, non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black men and women in the United States. Design A telephone survey re-interview of 397 respondents who participated originally in the 2005 National Alcohol Survey, of whom 306 provided complete information on home drinks. Setting United States. Participants Adults aged 18 years and older from across the United States. Measurements Direct measurement by respondents of simulated drink pours in respondents' own glassware using a provided beaker and reported beverage brands were used to calculate drink alcohol content. Findings Black men were found to have the largest overall mean drink alcohol content at 0.79 oz (23 ml) of alcohol. This was significantly larger than the mean for white men or for black women and added 30% to black men's monthly alcohol intake when applied to their reported number of drinks. Spirits drinks were found to be particularly large for men. Multivariate models indicated that drink alcohol content differences are attributable more to income and family structure differences than to unmeasured cultural factors tied to race or ethnicity per se. Models predicting alcohol-related consequences and dependence indicate that adjusting drink alcohol content improves model fit and reduces differences between race/ethnicity defined groups. Conclusions Differences in drink alcohol content by gender, race/ethnicity and beverage type choice should be considered in comparisons of drinking patterns and alcohol-related outcomes. Observed differences can be explained partially by measured characteristics regarding family structure and income. [source] The effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications to Miscanthus×giganteus, Arundo donax and Phalaris arundinacea, when grown as energy crops in Wales, UKGCB BIOENERGY, Issue 4 2010R. SMITH Abstract Two pot trials and one field trial were established to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic fertilizer applications to energy crops grown in mid-Wales. Chicken litter and sewage cake applied at a high level in excess of MAFF recommendations produced an increased yield response in Miscanthus and Arundo plants. Miscanthus plants exhibited an increased growth response to all fertilizers applied in its second year. Fertilizer applications in accordance with MAFF recommendations produced no significant differences in yields for Miscanthus or Arundo potted plants. In the field there was an increased yield response of Miscanthus to inorganic nitrogen applications compared with organic manures, but not with control plots. Analysis of the Miscanthus plant material at harvest showed significant differences in the nitrogen, potassium and copper content between treatments. No mineral content differences were shown for Miscanthus rhizome material or Arundo plant material. The Phalaris plants did not exhibit significant differences in growth or yield parameters, but their plant matter showed differences in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulphur and boron content between treatments. [source] Nanoanalysis by a high-resolution energy filtering transmission electron microscopeMICROSCOPY RESEARCH AND TECHNIQUE, Issue 3 2004Masanori Mitome Abstract An energy-filtering transmission electron microscope with 300 kV acceleration voltage was developed and the spatial resolution of elemental distribution images was improved. Observing oxygen monolayers in Al11O3N9, it was shown that the actual resolution attained is up to 0.5 nm. Surface plasmon loss images of silver particles were taken with a resolution of better than 0.4 nm. Furthermore, the sensitivity is sufficiently high to distinguish indium content differences of 2.5 atomic percent in InxAl1-xAs. This performance is good enough to analyze elemental distribution with atomic-level resolution. Furthermore, since analysis with the energy-filtering microscope is easy and practical, nanoanalysis may come into wide use not only in academic fields but also in industry. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:140,148, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||