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Confusion
Kinds of Confusion Terms modified by Confusion Selected AbstractsConfusion still reigns in premature ejaculation managementINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PRACTICE, Issue 6 2007Geoff Hackett No abstract is available for this article. [source] Forced Displacement in Darfur, Sudan: Dilemmas of Classifying the CrimesINTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, Issue 2 2008Klejda Mulaj ABSTRACT The ongoing forced displacement in Darfur has occasioned renewed interest in the phenomena of genocide and ethnic cleansing. Whereas the international response to the conflict has been considered promptly and elaborately by various analysts, few have paid sufficient attention, in the first instance, to the controversy surrounding the debate about the definition of the situation and the classification of crimes involved. Following an overview of the current conflict, the unfolding analysis seeks to show that the terminological debate reveals discrepancies in legal definitions and interpretations that may suggest that existing law may be inadequate to fully capture the nature of the crimes committed in Darfur. Confusion with the terminology has contributed to making the conflict more intractable. In addition, disagreement on a common definition of the situation has tended to justify inaction or limited involvement on the part of the international community. This article suggests that it is therefore necessary to resolve the terminological debate in order to ensure that no energy is wasted in arguing about the indeterminacy of the terms in the future and effective responses to mass violations of human rights are crafted in a timely fashion. [source] NIGERIA: Oil Deregulation ConfusionAFRICA RESEARCH BULLETIN: ECONOMIC, FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SERIES, Issue 10 2009Article first published online: 27 NOV 200 No abstract is available for this article. [source] Increased Cortisol Response to Surgery in Patients With Alcohol Problems Who Developed Postoperative ConfusionALCOHOLISM, Issue 8 2004Akira Kudoh Background: Patients with alcohol problems often develop postoperative confusion and have impaired cortisol, ACTH, and norepinephrine. However, the relationship between neuroendocrine responses to surgical stress and postoperative confusion remains unclear in patients with alcohol problems. Methods: Plasma cortisol, ACTH, and norepinephrine concentrations during and after surgery in 30 patients with alcohol problems and 30 control patients who underwent lower abdominal surgery were measured before the induction of anesthesia, 15 and 60 min after skin incision, 60 min after the end of surgery, the next day, and the second day after the operation. Results: Plasma cortisol concentrations (21.2 ± 4.7 ,g·dl,1) of patients with alcohol problems before anesthesia were significantly higher than 15.6 ± 4.8 ,g·dl,1 of control patients. Plasma cortisol and ACTH responses to surgery in patients with alcohol problems were not significantly increased compared with preoperative values. The incidence of postoperative confusion was significantly higher in patients with alcohol problems than that of control patients (33% vs. 3%). Plasma cortisol concentrations (29.7 ± 7.0, 31.2 ± 6.6, 30.3 ± 8.0, and 28.4 ± 6.2 ,g·dl,1) 15 and 60 min after the skin incision, 60 min after the end of surgery, and the next day after operation in postoperatively confused patients with alcohol problems were significantly higher than those of nonconfused patients with alcohol problems (23.0 ± 5.8, 22.7 ± 4.1, 22.4 ± 7.2, and 21.9 ± 5.5 ,g·dl,1). Conclusion: The cortisol response to surgical stress increases in patients with alcohol problems who develop postoperative confusion, although cortisol response to surgical stress decreases in patients with alcohol problems without postoperative confusion. [source] Clearing Up the Right-of-Return ConfusionMIDDLE EAST POLICY, Issue 2 2001Jerome M. Segal [source] A Notional Worlds Approach to ConfusionMIND & LANGUAGE, Issue 2 2007KRISTA LAWLOR How should we assign semantic values to confused statements? Recently, philosophers have taken a pessimistic view of confusion, arguing that understanding confused belief demands significant departure from our normal interpretive practice. I argue for optimism. Our semantic treatment of confusion can be a lot like our semantic treatment of empty names. Surprisingly, perhaps, the resulting semantics lets us keep in place more of our everyday interpretive practices in the face of confused belief. [source] Sorting Out "Fair Use" and "Likelihood of Confusion" in Trademark LawAMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL, Issue 1 2006Stephanie M. Greene [source] National History, Non-national Archaeology: The Case of DenmarkOXFORD JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, Issue 2 2000Klavs Randsborg The early development of Danish archaeology (including the centuries before AD 1800) is discussed in terms of its relationship with national history, and with various ideas about regional phenomena and concepts of cultural identity. Danish archaeologists followed a dual strategy, by subscribing both to national sentiment, but also to the ,un-national' notion of close culture-historical links between regions. Confusion of text-based historical aims, and those of archaeology, caused problems. The main strengths of archaeology , its unique material perspective and concepts, historical, spatial, and contextual (including social and mental dimensions) , are stressed. [source] Latest news and product developmentsPRESCRIBER, Issue 4 2008Article first published online: 20 MAR 200 Suicide warning for all antidepressants All antidepressants are to include a warning of the risk of suicide in their product information, the MHRA says. The requirement formerly applied only to SSRIs but, following a US review of safety data, the Agency says the risk is similar for all classes of antidepressants. Patients at increased risk include young people with psychiatric morbidity and those with a history of suicidal ideation. Patients are at increased risk of suicide until remission occurs, and clinical experience shows that the risk is increased during the early stages of recovery. Confusion over type 2 diabetes management Contradictory findings have been reported from two studies of intensive management of type 2 diabetes. The STENO-2 study (N Engl J Med 2008;358:580-91) found that tight control of blood glucose, blood pressure and lipids plus low-dose aspirin in 160 patients with type 2 diabetes and microalbuminuria significantly reduced all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, cardiovascular death and microvascular complications by 40-60 per cent. The US National Heart, Blood and Lung Institute has announced the end of the intensive treatment arm of the ACCORD study (unpublished). This study was comparing intensive lowering of blood glucose below currently recommended levels (target HbA1C <6 per cent) with conventional management in adults with type 2 diabetes at especially high risk for heart attack and stroke. Although mortality was reduced in both arms compared with other populations, intensive treatment was associated with increased mortality equivalent to three deaths per 1000 patients per year over four years. Another antibiotics campaign The Government has launched another campaign to promote public awareness that antibiotics are not appropriate for viral infections causing coughs, colds and sore throats. Get Well Soon , Without Antibiotics is supported by a national advertising campaign and leaflets and posters encouraging the public to ask advice rather than demand a prescription. Details are available at www.dh.gov.uk. Episenta: once-daily sodium valproate Following a launch to specialists last year, a new once-daily modified-release formulation of sodium valproate is being promoted more widely to GPs. Episenta is licensed for the treatment of all forms of epilepsy and is formulated as modified-release capsules of 150mg and 300mg and sachets of modified-release granules of 500mg and 1000mg. The dose may be administered once or twice daily. Patients may be switched from enteric-coated tablets of valproate to the same dose given as Episenta. Episenta costs £5.70 or £10.90 for 100 × 150mg or 300mg capsules, and £18 or £35.50 for 100 × 500mg or 1000mg sachets. Latest NICE agenda The Department of Health has referred a new batch of topics for appraisal by NICE. Six of seven technology appraisals are for cancer drugs; the last is for dabigatran etexilate for venous thromboembolism. There will be four new clinical guidelines: autism spectrum disorders, hypertension in pregnancy, bed-wetting in children and severe mental illness with substance abuse. Two combined public health and clinical guidelines will address alcohol misuse. Varenicline vs NRT Varenicline (Champix) offers slightly greater smoking cessation rates than nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) in the long term and better symptom improvement, an international study has shown (Thorax 2008; published online:10.1136/ thx.2007.090647). A total of 746 smokers were randomised to treatment with varenicline 1mg twice daily for 12 weeks or transdermal NRT (21mg reducing to 7mg per day) for 10 weeks. Continuous abstinence rates for the last four weeks of treatment were 56 vs 43 per cent. The corresponding rates for one year were 26 and 20 per cent. Varenicline was associated with greater reductions in cravings, withdrawal symptoms and smoking satisfaction, but more nausea (37 vs 10 per cent). Adverse reactions class effect of statins The MHRA has identified several adverse effects that it says are class effects of the statins (Drug Safety Update 2008;1:Issue 7). Following a review of clinical trials and spontaneous reports, it is now apparent that any statin may be associated with sleep disturbance, depression, memory loss and sexual dysfunction; interstitial lung disease has been reported rarely. Product information is being updated to include the new information. Depression, including suicidal ideation, has also been associated with varenicline (Champix), the MHRA says; affected patients should stop treatment immediately. The combination of transdermal nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and varenicline appears to be associated with a higher incidence of nausea, headache, vomiting, dizziness, dyspepsia and fatigue than NRT alone. The MHRA has also announced that, following the suspension of marketing authorisation for carisoprodol (Carisoma), it is considering a phased withdrawal of the closely-related meprobamate , the main active metabolite of carisoprodol. Following a successful pilot study, the public are being encouraged to report adverse reactions on yellow cards; the MHRA notes that health professionals provide more complete reports but patients include more information about quality of life. The scheme will be promoted via community pharmacies throughout the UK from February 2008. Cochrane: evidence on back pain interventions The latest release of Cochrane reviews includes three meta-analyses assessing interventions for back pain. Overall, NSAIDs were found to be effective as short-term treatment for acute or chronic back pain but the effect size was small. They were comparable with paracetamol but associated with more adverse effects; COX-2 selective NSAIDs were similarly effective, with slightly fewer adverse effects. There was no evidence that antidepressants reduced back pain but intensive individual patient education (lasting 2.5 hours) was effective for acute and subacute back pain and comparable with manipulation and physiotherapy; its effects on chronic pain were unclear. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source] Cancer-specific worry interference in women attending a breast and ovarian cancer risk evaluation program: impact on emotional distress and health functioningPSYCHO-ONCOLOGY, Issue 5 2001Peter C. Trask Intrusive thoughts about cancer, often identified as ,cancer-specific worries' or ,cancer-specific distress', have been postulated to be associated with dysfunction in women at increased risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. The current study discusses the development and validation of a measure designed to assess women's perceptions of the interference such worries create in their daily functioning. Analyses revealed that approximately two-thirds of a high-risk breast cancer clinic sample perceived worries about breast cancer as interfering with their functioning across a variety of life domains. Multiple regression analyses indicated that worry interference scores predicted Profile of Mood States (POMS) Anxiety and Confusion, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) Role-Emotional and Mental Health scores after the effects of other variables such as frequency of worry about breast cancer, and having a family history of cancer had been considered. Women who perceived their worries as interfering with their functioning reported higher levels of anxiety and confusion, and diminished mental health and role functioning. The results add to the expanding area of anxiety/distress in at-risk populations by providing (1) a direct measure of the perceived interference associated with breast cancer-specific thoughts, (2) a validation of the measure via its associations with standard measures of emotional distress and health functioning, and (3) evidence of the measure's incremental predictive value in explaining distress and quality of life, after consideration of background variables, such as having a family history of cancer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Tax Expenditure Budgets, Budget Policy, and Tax Policy: Confusion in the StatesPUBLIC BUDGETING AND FINANCE, Issue 4 2002John L. Mikesell A tax expenditure budget should contribute to efficient and effective public decisions by quantifying the division in the tax structure between provisions that represent revenue policy (distribute the cost of government according to the legislated tax base) and parts that represent budget policy (substitute for direct spending). For this transparency to have the desired impact, however, the tax expenditure budget process and the direct expenditure process must be properly integrated and the tax expenditure budget must make an accurate division between the parts of the tax structure. A review of the 33 states with tax expenditure systems shows many weaknesses in application of the concept and poor linkage to the direct spending budget system. Their most significant flaw is in dividing the tax structure into normal and preference elements; states need greater attention to defining their basic tax structure if they are to have a meaningful tax expenditure budget. [source] Ketamine for emergency anaesthesia at very high altitude (4243 m above sea-level),ANAESTHESIA, Issue 9 2007M. P. W. Grocott Summary A 22-year-old woman presenting with postpartum haemorrhagic shock at 4243 m altitude required anaesthesia to identify and treat the source of bleeding. Slow intravenous administration of ketamine (0.5 mg.kg,1) resulted in deep anaesthesia and apnoea requiring hand ventilation for 5 min. Haemodynamic stability was maintained throughout the procedure. Haemostasis was achieved following uterine packing and suture of a second-degree vaginal tear and small cervical tear. Confusion and visual hallucinations occurred upon awakening but recovery was otherwise uneventful. Ketamine can be used for emergency anaesthesia in a wilderness environment over 4000 m but it is probable that the benefits outweigh the risks only where life or limb are acutely threatened. Careful titration of the administered dose is strongly advised, particularly in patients where hypovolaemia and/or hypoxaemia are present. The availability of airway management equipment and the skills to use them may significantly reduce the risks associated with anaesthetic administration at very high altitude. [source] Open Access Publishing: Hypocrisy and Confusion in GeographyANTIPODE, Issue 5 2008Jenny Pickerill First page of article [source] Postoperative confusion assessed with the Short Portable Mental Status QuestionnaireANZ JOURNAL OF SURGERY, Issue 9 2003Amirarsalan Eissa Background: Confusion is a common occurrence after cardiac surgery. However, there is great variability in the reported incidence of confusion in patients following cardiac surgery, mainly due to the diagnostic methods and instruments employed in assessing confusion. Methods: Forty-eight cardiac surgery patients were assessed for postoperative confusion by a non-structured physician interview, and by the short portable mental status questionnaire (SPMSQ) administered by a medical student. Results: The non-structured ward interviews detected confusion in one of the 48 patients (2%), whereas the SPMSQ diagnosed confusion in 15 of the 48 patients (31%). Conclusion: Unlike a subjective ward interview, the SPMSQ is a brief and objective diagnostic tool that can be used to measure accurately both the presence and severity of confusion in postoperative cardiac surgery patients. [source] Development of a Japanese Version of the Care Planning Assessment ToolAUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL ON AGEING, Issue 1 2010Sumiko Kanegae Aim:, To develop a Japanese version of the Care Planning Assessment Tool (J-CPAT), originally developed in Australia as a comprehensive assessment of people with dementia. Methods:, The process of adapting the CPAT into Japanese included translation into Japanese, assessment of item comprehension, and a validity and reliability study. The J-CPAT is composed of eight domains: Communication, physical problems, self-help skills, confusion, behaviour, social interaction, psychiatric observations and carer dependency. The participants were 199 aged care clients. Measures were the J-CPAT, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Care Levels used in the Long-term Care Insurance scheme. Results:, Cronbach's alpha values in each J-CPAT domain were 0.74,0.95. The correlation coefficient between the score of Confusion and MMSE was ,0.90, and those between physical problems, self-help skills, carer dependency in the J-CPAT, and care level were 0.70, 0.75 and 0.67. Conclusions:, The J-CPAT appears to be a reliable and valid tool for care planning in Japan. [source] A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phylaBIOLOGICAL REVIEWS, Issue 2 2000GRAHAM E. BUDD ABSTRACT It has long been assumed that the extant bilaterian phyla generally have their origin in the Cambrian explosion, when they appear in an essentially modern form. Both these assumptions are questionable. A strict application of stem- and crown-group concepts to phyla shows that although the branching points of many clades may have occurred in the Early Cambrian or before, the appearance of the modern body plans was in most cases later: very few bilaterian phyla sensu stricto have demonstrable representatives in the earliest Cambrian. Given that the early branching points of major clades is an inevitable result of the geometry of clade diversification, the alleged phenomenon of phyla appearing early and remaining morphologically static is seen not to require particular explanation. Confusion in the definition of a phylum has thus led to attempts to explain (especially from a developmental perspective) a feature that is partly inevitable, partly illusory. We critically discuss models for Proterozoic diversification based on small body size, limited developmental capacity and poor preservation and cryptic habits, and show that the prospect of lineage diversification occurring early in the Proterozoic can be seen to be unlikely on grounds of both parsimony and functional morphology. Indeed, the combination of the body and trace fossil record demonstrates a progressive diversification through the end of the Proterozoic well into the Cambrian and beyond, a picture consistent with body plans being assembled during this time. Body-plan characters are likely to have been acquired monophyletically in the history of the bilaterians, and a model explaining the diversity in just one of them, the coelom, is presented. This analysis points to the requirement for a careful application of systematic methodology before explanations are sought for alleged patterns of constraint and flexibility. [source] Global Expression Profiling in Epileptogenesis: Does It Add to the Confusion?BRAIN PATHOLOGY, Issue 1 2010Yi Yuen Wang MBBS Abstract Since the inception of global gene expression profiling platforms in the mid-1990s, there has been a significant increase in publications of differentially expressed genes in the process of epileptogenesis. In particular for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, the presence of a latency period between the first manifestation of seizures to chronic epilepsy provides the opportunity for therapeutic interventions at the molecular biology level. Using global expression profiling techniques, approximately 2000 genes have been published demonstrating differential expression in mesial temporal epilepsy. The majority of these changes, however, are specific to laboratory or experimental conditions with only 53 genes demonstrating changes in more than two publications. To this end, we review the current status of gene expression profiling in epileptogenesis and suggest standard guidelines to be followed for greater accuracy and reproducibility of results. [source] INCLUSION: Confusion about inclusion: patching up or system change?BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPECIAL EDUCATION, Issue 3 2008Klaus Wedell In this article, Klaus Wedell, Emeritus Professor at the Institute of Education, University of London, looks back over 35 years of developments in the worlds of special and inclusive education. He engages directly with the complexities , for example, the tensions between the standards agenda and policy on inclusion , that have led some commentators to adopt controversial positions and that have engendered heated debate. Klaus Wedell also discusses a dilemma that is emerging as a key issue in the field , the relationships between ,difference', stigma, equality of opportunity and ,special' or separate provision. The response provided here takes, as a starting point, the notion of a flexible education system that could recognise diversity among learners while making provision for all. Klaus Wedell explores this possibility in terms of the curriculum, pedagogy, school structures and local authorities. He indicates points at which policies contradict one another and where practice has not evolved to address the challenges raised by innovative thinking. He provides evidence of the need for systemic change. He argues that all young people should be valued as individuals so that the differences between them can be acknowledged without prejudice. Only in this way, suggests Klaus Wedell, can the artificial separation of special educational needs policy and mainstream thinking be ended. [source] Confusion over screening guideline changesCANCER, Issue 9 2010Carrie Printz No abstract is available for this article. [source] 4345: Confusion and controversies in diagnosis and treatment of myastheniaACTA OPHTHALMOLOGICA, Issue 2010E EGGENBERGER Myasthenia gravis is an afferent ocular motor mimic. The disease may appear with any pattern of pupil-sparing, painless ocular misalignment with or without ptosis; accordingly, common mistaken diagnoses included CN3 palsy or internuclear ophthalmoplegia. Variability adds to diagnostic confusion, as patients may be asymptomatic and have a normal exam at certain stages in the disease. Clinical context remains the first diagnostic key, however, lab and electrophysiology are very helpful. Acetylcholine receptor antibodies are present in approximately 50% of ocular MG, but are highly specific. Single fiber EMG is perhaps the most sensitive test, being abnormal in approximately 90% of cases. Treatment is symptom dependent; pyridostigmine is often used as initial therapy and quite effective for ptosis and dysphagia, while additional immunosuppressives are often required for diplopia. We often initiate therapy with low dose every other day prednisone, and have a low threshold to add mycophenolate mofetil. [source] Performance of Severity of Illness Scoring Systems in Emergency Department Patients with InfectionACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 8 2007Michael D. Howell MD ObjectivesTo validate the Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score, the Confusion, Urea nitrogen, Respiratory rate, Blood pressure, 65 years of age and older (CURB-65) score, and a modified Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (mREMS) in patients with suspected infection. MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study. Adult patients with clinically suspected infection admitted from December 10, 2003, to September 30, 2004, in an urban emergency department with approximately 50,000 annual visits were eligible. The MEDS and CURB-65 scores were calculated as originally described, but REMS was modified in neurologic scoring because a full Glasgow Coma Scale score was not uniformly available. Discrimination of each score was assessed with the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC). ResultsOf 2,132 patients, 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.1% to 4.7%) died. Mortality stratified by the MEDS score was as follows: 0,4 points, 0.4% (95% CI = 0.0 to 0.7%); 5,7 points, 3.3% (95% CI = 1.7% to 4.9%); 8,12 points, 6.6% (95% CI = 4.4% to 8.8%); and ,13 points, 31.6% (95% CI = 22.4% to 40.8%). Mortality stratified by CURB-65 was as follows: 0 points, 0% (0 of 457 patients); 1 point, 1.6% (95% CI = 0.6% to 2.6%); 2 points, 4.1% (95% CI = 2.3% to 6.0%); 3 points, 4.9% (95% CI = 2.8% to 6.9%); 4 points, 18.1% (95% CI = 11.9% to 24.3%); and 5 points, 28.0% (95% CI = 10.4% to 45.6%). Mortality stratified by the mREMS was as follows: 0,2 points, 0.6% (95% CI = 0 to 1.2%); 3,5 points, 2.0% (95% CI = 0.8% to 3.1%); 6,8 points, 2.3% (95% CI = 1.1% to 3.5%); 9,11 points, 7.1% (95% CI = 4.2% to 10.1%); 12,14 points, 20.0% (95% CI = 12.5% to 27.5%); and ,15 points, 40.0% (95% CI = 22.5% to 57.5%). The AUCs were 0.85, 0.80, and 0.79 for MEDS, mREMS, and CURB-65, respectively. ConclusionsIn this large cohort of patients with clinically suspected infection, MEDS, mREMS, and CURB-65 all correlated well with 28-day in-hospital mortality. [source] Reassessing the value of nursery areas to shark conservation and managementCONSERVATION LETTERS, Issue 2 2009Michael John Kinney Abstract Concern over declining shark populations has led to an intense interest in their conservation and management. Due to the difficulties involved in managing adult sharks, focus has been placed on young juvenile and neonate age classes that inhabit discrete inshore nursery areas. However, past confusion over what qualifies as a nursery habitat has led to the identification of vast coastal areas as nurseries, making conservation unfeasible. With the establishment of more discerning criteria for nursery area identification such concerns have been somewhat alleviated, but while effort has been put into defining, identifying, mapping, and in some cases protecting nursery areas, little attention has been paid to the practical value of nurseries for the recovery of exploited shark populations. Often neonate and young juveniles are considered the most critical age classes in terms of population stability/recovery, but evidence is mounting that suggests life stages outside the nursery may be more important in this regard. While nursery area protection should remain a component in shark management strategies it will be critical to link early life stage conservation with management strategies that encompass older individuals residing outside nurseries if effective management is to be achieved. [source] Corporate social responsibility in Malaysia , experts' views and perspectivesCORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2009Jye Y. Lu Abstract The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown exponentially in the last decade and is gradually becoming a global trend. Companies are now expected to take explicitly into account all aspects of their performance, i.e., not just their financial results, but also their social and environmental performance. Therefore more organizations are now engaged in serious efforts to define and integrate CSR into all aspects of their businesses. The aim of our study is to understand this trend in Malaysia and specifically to investigate (i) The status of CSR in Malaysia; (ii) Different CSR practices in Malaysia; and (iii) Future diffusion of CSR in Malaysia. To answer these questions, we have conducted interviews with Malaysian leading experts in CSR. Our results suggests that the key issues in the journey toward wider diffusion and acceptance of CSR in Malaysia include current confusion over the meaning of CSR, the prevalent use of CSR as a PR tool, mandatory versus voluntary CSR and the role the National Mirror Committee of ISO/TMB/WG SR in this process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [source] RESISTING CRIME: THE EFFECTS OF VICTIM ACTION ON THE OUTCOMES OF CRIMESCRIMINOLOGY, Issue 4 2004JONGYEON TARK This study assessed the impact of sixteen types of victim self protection (SP) actions on three types of outcomes of criminal incidents: first, whether the incident resulted in property loss, second, whether it resulted in injury to the victim, and, third, whether it resulted in serious injury. Data on 27, 595 personal contact crime incidents recorded in the National Crime Victimization Survey for the 1992 to 2001 decade were used to estimate multivariate models of crime outcomes with logistic regression. Results indicated that self-protection in general, both forceful and nonforceful, reduced the likelihood of property loss and injury, compared to nonresistance. A variety of mostly forceful tactics, including resistance with a gun, appeared to have the strongest effects in reducing the risk of injury, though some of the findings were unstable due to the small numbers of sample cases. The appearance, in past research, of resistance contributing to injury was found to be largely attributable to confusion concerning the sequence of SP actions and injury. In crimes where both occurred, injury followed SP in only 10 percent of the incidents. Combined with the fact that injuries following resistance are almost always relatively minor, victim resistance appears to be generally a wise course of action. [source] Child sexual abuse in the etiology of depression: A systematic review of reviewsDEPRESSION AND ANXIETY, Issue 7 2010Roberto Maniglio Psy.D. Ph.D. Abstract Background: Despite a large amount of research, there is considerable controversy about the role that child sexual abuse plays in the etiology of depression. To prevent interpretative difficulties, mistaken beliefs, or confusion among professionals who turn to this literature for guidance, this article addresses the best available scientific evidence on the topic, by providing a systematic review of the several reviews that have investigated the literature on the issue. Methods: Seven databases were searched, supplemented with hand search of reference lists from retrieved papers. The author and a psychiatrist independently evaluated the eligibility of all studies identified, abstracted data, and assessed study quality. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results: Four reviews, including about 60,000 subjects from 160 studies and having no limitations that could invalidate their results, were analyzed. There is evidence that child sexual abuse is a significant, although general and nonspecific, risk factor for depression. The relationship ranges from small-to-medium in magnitude and is moderated by sample source. Additional variables may either act independently to promote depression in people with a history of sexual abuse or interact with such traumatic experience to increase the likelihood of depression in child abuse survivors. Conclusions: For all victims of abuse, programs should focus not only on treating symptoms, but also on reducing additional risk factors. Depressed adults who seek psychiatric treatment should be enquired about early abuse within admission procedures. Depression and Anxiety, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] Classification of Compression Bandages: Practical AspectsDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 5 2008HUGO PARTSCH MD BACKGROUND Compression bandages appear to be simple medical devices. However, there is a lack of agreement over their classification and confusion over the use of important terms such as elastic, inelastic, and stiffness. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to propose terms to describe both simple and complex compression bandage systems and to offer classification based on in vivo measurements of subbandage pressure and stiffness. METHODS A consensus meeting of experts including members from medical professions and from companies producing compression products discussed a proposal that was sent out beforehand and agreed on by the authors after correction. RESULTS Pressure, layers, components, and elastic properties (P-LA-C-E) are the important characteristics of compression bandages. Based on simple in vivo measurements, pressure ranges and elastic properties of different bandage systems can be described. Descriptions of composite bandages should also report the number of layers of bandage material applied to the leg and the components that have been used to create the final bandage system. CONCLUSION Future descriptions of compression bandages should include the subbandage pressure range measured in the medial gaiter area, the number of layers, and a specification of the bandage components and of the elastic property (stiffness) of the final bandage. [source] Itch and pruritus: what are they, and how should itches be classified?DERMATOLOGIC THERAPY, Issue 4 2005Jeffrey D. Bernhard ABSTRACT:, Itch and pruritus are two terms for the same thing. In this essay I will argue that casting about for a distinction between them creates only confusion. Once that matter is settled, it is still necessary to come up with a clinical classification for itches of different types. No system yet proposed, including the one that will be suggested here, is perfect. [source] ,Salience syndrome' replaces ,schizophrenia' in DSM-V and ICD-11: psychiatry's evidence-based entry into the 21st century?ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2009J. Van Os Objective:, Japan was the first country to abandon the 19th century term of ,mind-splitting disease' (schizophrenia). Revisions of DSM and ICD are forthcoming. Should the rest of the world follow Japan's example? Method:, A comprehensive literature search was carried out in order to review the scientific evidence for the validity, usefulness and acceptability of current concepts of psychotic disorder. Results:, The discussion about re-classifying and renaming schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders is clouded by conceptual confusion. First, it is often misunderstood as a misguided attempt to change societal stigma instead of an attempt to change iatrogenic stigma occasioned by the use of misleading and mystifying terminology. Second, the debate is misunderstood as purely semantic, whereas in actual fact it is about the core concepts underlying psychiatric nosology. Third, it has been suggested that the debate is political. However, solid scientific evidence pointing to the absence of nosological validity of diagnostic categories lies at the heart of the argument. Fourth, there is confusion about what constitutes a syndrome (a group of symptom dimensions that cluster in different combinations in different people and for which one or more underlying diseases may or may not be found) and a disease (a nosologically valid entity with specific causes, symptoms, treatment and course). Conclusion:, Scientific evidence favours a syndromal system of classification combining categorical and dimensional representations of psychosis. The concept of ,salience' has the potential to make the public recognize psychosis as relating to an aspect of human mentation and experience that is universal. It is proposed to introduce, analogous to the functional-descriptive term ,Metabolic syndrome', the diagnosis of ,Salience syndrome' to replace all current diagnostic categories of psychotic disorders. Within Salience syndrome, three subcategories may be identified, based on scientific evidence of relatively valid and specific contrasts, named Salience syndrome with affective expression, Salience syndrome with developmental expression and Salience syndrome not otherwise specified. [source] A confusion between understanding and understanding symbolsDEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE, Issue 4 2005Jean M. Mandler No abstract is available for this article. [source] Serious psychiatric and neurological adverse effects of herbal medicines , a systematic reviewACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 2 2003E. Ernst Objective: Psychiatric and neurological patients frequently try herbal medicines often under the assumption that they are safe. The aim of this systematic review was to provide a summary of recent data on severe psychiatric and neurological adverse effects of herbal remedies. Method: Computerized literature searches were carried out to identify all reports of psychiatric and neurological adverse effects associated with herbal medicines. These data were subsequently extracted, validated and summarized in narrative and tabular form. Results: Numerous case reports comprise a diverse array of adverse events including cerebral arteritis, cerebral oedema, delirium, coma, confusion, encephalopathy, hallucinations, intracerebral haemorrhage, and other types of cerebrovascular accidents, movement disorders, mood disturbances, muscle weakness, paresthesiae and seizures. Several fatalities are on record. They are caused by improper use, toxicity of herbal ingredients, contamination and adulteration of preparations and herb/drug interactions. Conclusion: Herbal medicines can cause serious psychiatric and neurological adverse effects. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||