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Conflict Situations (conflict + situation)
Selected AbstractsVerbal Avoidance and Dissatisfaction in Intimate Conflict SituationsHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 3 2009Tamara D. Afifi First page of article [source] The self in conflict: The evolution of mediationCONFLICT RESOLUTION QUARTERLY, Issue 2 2007Richard McGuigan Developmentalists such as Baldwin (1975); Basseches (1984); Cook-Greuter (1990, 1999, 2000); Kegan (1982, 1994, 2001); Loevinger (1976, 1979, 1983, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2002); Piaget (1970); and Wade (1996) have devoted their research to the growth of different lines of development in individuals. A developmental understanding of conflict has implications for conflict theorists and interveners. In applying Kegan's staged model of adult psychological development to the experi-ence of conflict, we can better understand the meaning-making that underlies the behaviors that disputants exhibit in conflict, thereby allowing interveners to help the disputants expand their understanding of the conflict situation and find new pathways to its resolution. [source] Development of an instrument for measuring cognitive conflict in secondary-level science classesJOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN SCIENCE TEACHING, Issue 6 2003Gyoungho Lee Based on conceptual change theory, cognitive conflict is known as an important factor in conceptual change even though there are still questions about its positive and negative effects on science learning. However, there is no reliable method by which to assess the cognitive conflict students experience in their learning. The purpose of this research was to develop an instrument for measuring secondary students' cognitive conflict levels as they learned science. The results of this study indicate that our instrument is a valid and reliable tool for measuring cognitive conflict levels. Factor analysis supported the model that cognitive conflict consists of four constructs: recognition of an anomalous situation, interest, anxiety, and cognitive reappraisal of the conflict situation. Implications for instruction and possibilities for future research are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 40: 585,603, 2003 [source] The division of labor in close relationships: An asymmetrical conflict issuePERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS, Issue 3 2000ESTHER S. KLUWER This research addresses couples'reports of their (hypothetical) attempts to maintain or change a gendered division of labor through conflict interactions. Two experiments in which spouses responded to scenarios showed that spouses reported more conflict over the division of housework than conflict over paid work and child care, and that wives more often than husbands desired a change in their spouses'contribution. Spouses reported more wife-demand/husband-withdraw than husband-demand/wife-withdraw interaction during hypothetical conflict over the division of labor, but only when the wife desired a change in her spouse's contribution. Together, the data imply that wife-demand/husband-withdraw interaction is a likely response to the asymmetrically structured conflict situation in which the wife is discontent with her husband's contribution to housework, while her husband wants to maintain the status quo. We further showed that defenders of the status quo were more likely expected to reach their goal than complainants. In the role of complainant, wives were more likely expected to reach their goal than were their husbands, but only when the conflict issue concerned their own gender stereotypical domain (i.e., family work). [source] Hemifacial spasm or somatoform disorder , postexcitatory inhibition after transcranial magnetic cortical stimulation asa diagnostic toolACTA NEUROLOGICA SCANDINAVICA, Issue 5 2000S. Kotterba Hemifacial spasm (HFS) presents a frequent movement disorder. It is thought to have an organic origin. It therefore has to be distinguished from other facial involuntary movements, especially psychogenic tics, because the therapeutic approach differs. The present study opted to evaluate the diagnostic value of the postexcitatory inhibition (pI) after transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). After stimulating the contralateral hemisphere with the conventional flat coil and recording from the mentalis muscle, in 10 healthy controls and 10 patients postexcitatory inhibition was determined. PI showed no side to side difference in healthy controls (96.9±12.7 ms right, 87.9±10.8 ms left side, interhemispheric difference 6.4±3.8 ms). In 8 patients with hemifacial spasm, the duration of pI on the non-affected side did not differ from the healthy controls (87.9±43.5 ms). During spasm, pI on the affected side shortened increasingly until no inhibition could be induced. Afterwards the spasm pI was prolonged significantly (up to 140 ms longer than opposite side) before returning to normal values. Two patients presented no side differences of pI during the "spasm". An emotional conflict situation could be evaluated, supporting the diagnosis of somatoform disorder. As postexcitatory inhibition is mainly due to cerebral mechanisms, the electrophysiological results of the study pointed to a cortical influence on the hemifacial spasm. TMS seems to be an electrophysiological tool which allows a differentiation between organic and psychogenic spasm and enables a different therapeutic approach. [source] War, Livelihoods and Vulnerability in Sri LankaDEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE, Issue 2 2004Benedikt Korf As the number of de-stabilized regions of warfare or post-war conditions worldwide continues to grow, this article investigates how civilians survive in the context of a civil war. It analyses livelihood strategies of farmers in the war-torn areas of Sri Lanka, using an analytical framework based on a revised form of DFID's sustainable rural livelihoods approach, placing particular attention on the institutional reproduction of household capital assets in the war economy. The author delineates a three pillar model of household livelihood strategies focusing on how households (1) cope with the increased level of risk and uncertainty; (2) adjust their economic and social household assets for economic survival; and (3) use their social and political assets as livelihood strategies. Empirical evidence comes from four case study villages in the east of Sri Lanka. Although the four case studies were very close together geographically, their livelihood outcomes differed considerably depending on the very specific local political geography. The role of social and political assets is essential: while social assets (extended family networks) were important to absorb migrants, political assets (alliances with power holders) were instrumental in enabling individuals, households or economic actors to stabilize or even expand their livelihood options and opportunities. The author concludes that civilians in conflict situations are not all victims (some may also be culprits in the political economy of warfare), and that war can be both a threat and an opportunity, often at the same time. [source] Do Characteristics of Parental Child Homicide in Sweden Fit Evolutionary Predictions?ETHOLOGY, Issue 11 2007Johanna Nordlund Evolutionary models have been used to explain parental child homicide. One idea is that children with low fitness value to their parents will be less loved and cared for and therefore more at risk in conflict situations. It is then important to investigate if conflicts with the children are the major pattern in cases of parental child homicide. The aim of this study is to survey the background circumstances of parental child homicide in Sweden and relate them to the evolutionary model suggested. We more specifically investigate if the homicides occur in conflict situations with the child, the frequency of several victims (including the partner or former partner) and if there are differences in characteristics of homicides between stepparents and genetic parents. Our results show that parental child homicide is a heterogeneous phenomenon, where relatively few cases were the result of a conflict with the child-victims. Instead severe conflicts between parents were the most common circumstance in which children were killed. Many children were victims of an extended suicide, which often included several members of the family. Step-parents were more likely to kill children aggressively in conflicts with them than genetic parents. The complexity of the phenomenon suggests that an evolutionary model based upon a mechanism related to conflicts with the child-victim has limited explanatory value on parental child homicide in general. [source] A probabilistic measure of air traffic complexity in 3-D airspaceINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADAPTIVE CONTROL AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, Issue 10 2010Maria Prandini Abstract In this paper, we propose a new method to evaluate air traffic complexity in 3-D airspace through a probabilistic measure of the airspace occupancy. The key novelty of the approach is that uncertainty in the future aircraft positions is explicitly accounted for when evaluating complexity. Analytic,though approximate,expressions of the complexity measure are derived. Prospective applications for the proposed complexity metric include the timely identification of those multi-aircraft conflict situations that would be difficult to solve because of limited maneuverability space, and the design of trajectories so as to avoid congested regions that would require many tactical maneuvers to pass them through. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Feminist Perspectives on 9/11INTERNATIONAL STUDIES PERSPECTIVES, Issue 4 2002J. Ann Tickner In this article I offer a feminist analysis of September 11, 2001 and its aftermath. I demonstrate how gendered discourses are used in this and other conflict situations to reinforce mutual hostilities. I suggest that men's association with war,fighting and national security serves to reinforce their legitimacy in world politics while it acts to create barriers for women. Using the framework of a post,9/11 world, I offer some alternative models of masculinity and some cultural representations less dependent on the subordination of women. Often in times of conflict women are seen only as victims. I outline some ways in which the women of Afghanistan are fighting against gender oppression and I conclude with some thoughts on their future prospects. [source] Female choice of sexually antagonistic male adaptations: a critical review of some current researchJOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2003C. Cordero Abstract We contrast some recent uses of the concept of male-female conflict, with the type of conflict that is inherent in traditional Darwinian female choice. Females in apparent conflict situations with males may suffer reduced lifetime reproduction, but nevertheless benefit because they obtain sons with superior manipulative abilities. Female defences against male manipulations may not be ,imperfect' because of inability to keep pace with male evolution, but in order to screen males and favour those that are especially good manipulators. We examine the consequences of these ideas, and of the difficulties of obtaining biologically realistic measures of female costs, for some recent theoretical and empirical presentations of male,female conflict ideas, and find that male,female conflict in the new sense is less certain than has been commonly supposed. Disentangling previous sexual selection ideas and the new conflict of interest models will probably often be difficult, because the two types of payoffs are not mutually exclusive. [source] Social goals and conflict strategies of individuals with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities who present problems of aggressionJOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH, Issue 5 2008C. Pert Abstract Background A few recent studies have adopted a social cognitive perspective to explore how individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs), who present problems of aggression, view their social world. The focus has mainly been on participants' perceptions of others' behaviour within conflict situations. The present exploratory study aims to compliment existing research by exploring social cognitive factors that may influence how individuals respond to conflict. Methods Study was carried out with 20 aggressive and 20 non-aggressive men and women who have a mild to moderate ID. The ,Social Goals and Strategies for Conflict' (SGASC) assessment was devised to explore whether group or gender differences could be found in participants' expected outcomes of aggressive strategies, their expected outcomes of submissive strategies and their emotional reaction to these outcomes. Participants' social goals within hypothetical situations of conflict were also explored. Results It was found that aggressive and non-aggressive participants have different social goals. There were no significant differences for expected outcomes of aggression or submissiveness. Nevertheless, a number of trends suggest that more aggressive participants expect negative outcomes for submissiveness compared with their non-aggressive peers. Conclusions While the findings of this study are tentative, investigating the social outcomes that are valued by individuals with ID who present problems of aggression appears to be a promising area for further research, with possible implications for clinical assessment and treatment. [source] Auditors' Ability to Resist Client Pressure and Culture: Perceptions in China and the United KingdomJOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT & ACCOUNTING, Issue 2 2008Kenny Z. Lin Ongoing corporate scandal and audit failure raise serious concerns about the ability of auditors to resist client pressure. Based on a sample of 93 auditors from China and the United Kingdom (U.K.), we analyze the effect of specificity of accounting standard, level of auditor tenure, provision of management advisory services (MAS) and degree of audit market competition on perceptions of auditors' ability to withstand client pressure in audit conflict situations. We draw on cultural differences to explain differences in auditors' perceptions in the respective countries. Our findings are consistent with national cultural characteristics identified in the research literature. We find that U.K. auditors perceive specificity of accounting standards, auditor tenure, MAS and competition as less likely to affect decisions as to whether or not to accept clients' preferred accounting treatments than do their Chinese counterparts. Additionally while Chinese auditors perceive MAS and competition to be significant factors, they perceive accounting standard specificity and auditor tenure to be insignificant. For U.K. auditors, these results are reversed. The results may be relevant to international audit firms operating cross-culturally and seeking to apply common audit procedures or codes of professional conduct in different national settings. [source] Managing Threat: Do Social-Cognitive Processes Mediate the Link Between Peer Victimization and Adjustment Problems in Early Adolescence?JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE, Issue 3 2007Wendy L. Hoglund Peer victimization has been linked concurrently and over time with multiple adjustment problems. However, the reasons for this multi-finality in victimization are not well understood. The current study examines social-cognitive processes (hostile attributions, social perspective awareness, and interpersonal skills) as mediators of the relations between subtypes of peer victimization (relational, physical) and depression and anxiety, social withdrawal, and physical aggression in early adolescence. The overall pattern of associations among subtypes of victimization, social-cognitive processes, and adjustment converged with expectations that victimization biases adolescents' cognitions about peers in conflict situations and skills relating to peers. In turn, these cognitions and skills differentially compromised their ability to regulate diverse emotions or limit reticent behaviors in response to peer threats. Modest gender differences in these associations were found. [source] Preferences for Third-Party Help in Workplace Conflict: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Chinese and Dutch EmployeesNEGOTIATION AND CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH, Issue 4 2009Ellen Giebels Abstract This study examines conflict parties' preferences for different types of third-party help and how this may be influenced by cultural differences in terms of individualism/collectivism. We focus our analysis on process-related nonsubstantive help and identify three types of third-party help in interpersonal conflict situations: relational help, procedural help, and emotional help. In a pilot study with Chinese and Dutch students (N = 93), we first developed and validated three new scales to measure preferences for the three types of third-party help. To further test specific hypotheses we used another sample of Dutch and Hong Kong Chinese bank employees (N = 71). In line with our expectations, Chinese employees report a higher preference for relational help, while Dutch employees report a higher preference for emotional help. In terms of procedural help, there was no significant difference between Dutch and Chinese employees. Furthermore, additional analyses revealed a gender effect on the preference for emotional help, showing that,regardless of their cultural background,females prefer this type of third-party help more, presumably because they experience more conflict stress. [source] History and liability in Aceh, Indonesia: Single bad guys and convergent narrativesAMERICAN ETHNOLOGIST, Issue 3 2006ELIZABETH DREXLER In this article, I explore the complicity of history and violence in Aceh, Indonesia, to consider the role of narrative logics in accountability. Through a careful reading of official and archival documents, I argue that narrative logics have corrupted forensic evidence and limited efforts to hold perpetrators accountable for acknowledged acts of violence. I consider how different narratives about past violence have important implications for accountability and future violence. I situate my examination of the Aceh case in a broader context by considering how anthropology produces knowledge about violence, especially its evidentiary basis, and what effect such expertise may have on conflict situations. I develop the concept of "liability" to explore how the state is legally answerable for what it acknowledges. [source] Perils of religion: need for spirituality in the public spherePUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 2 2006Paul Collins Abstract On both sides of the Atlantic, there is increased professional concern over roles in international public sector management,whether those of the policy makers, administrators or consultants. Growing numbers across many sectors feel an unprecedented crisis of identity and integrity. In international development, institutions often find themselves subordinated to the military in ever increasing conflict situations (the ,development-security complex'). Locally, the global tendency is for public administration to be ,re-engineered' on the basis of so-called ,market' values (the ,New Public Administration'). Private sector management models are, nevertheless, hardly exemplary. Corporate greed and scandals proliferate in a world featuring increasing poverty extremes, resurgence of old or advent in new diseases (e.g. HIV/Aids), environmental degradation and racism. This article takes, as its starting point, the fact that the workplace has become an insecure and alienating environment. In pursuing the relationship between spirituality and religion, the article next distinguishes between, the dogmatic, institutionalised and potentially dangerous characteristics of many religions and the more intuitively contemplative character of spirituality with its stress on awareness of self, impact on others and feeling of universal connectedness. Bearing in mind the often extremism as well as variety of religions (as distinct from spirituality), the second section examines the interrelationship between the two. A number of models are advanced concerning relationships between belief, belonging, salvation and ritual. It is argued that attention needs to be given to the inner side of religion, which requires individuals to embark on a spiritual journey through contemplation and reflection, rather than the more visible side of religion expressed in ritual. In sum, spiritual dialogue is offered as a way forward and as a mechanism for building spiritual community through engagement. The final part of the article focuses on a trans-Atlantic spiritual engagement initiative. Faith-based discussion groups have been formed amongst business executives and professionals in USA (the Woodstock Business Conference promoted out of Georgetown University) and more recently in the City of London at the St Paul's Cathedral Institute (the Paternoster Pilot Group). These aim to develop more meaningful work orientation: rediscovery of higher purpose and its relevance to restoration of ethical business and public service values, as well as better integration of personal and social domains. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] HIV/AIDS, governance and development: the public administration factorPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION & DEVELOPMENT, Issue 1 2004Dominique Moran This paper provides an overview of the literature concerned with the impact of HIV on public administration, looking in particular at projections of the impact of HIV/AIDS on public expenditure, the impact of attrition on the health and education sectors and on the civil service as a whole. ,Success stories' such as Uganda and Senegal are discussed through their representation in the literature, and ,political commitment' is identified as a critical but under-theorised factor in tackling HIV. Having taken as its starting point the existing work on HIV and governance, the paper then considers the impact of the epidemic in conditions of state vacuum,conflict situations. The paper concludes that governance is both victim of, and part of the solution to, the problems of HIV/AIDS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Attacks on local persons by chimpanzees in Bossou, Republic of Guinea: long-term perspectivesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF PRIMATOLOGY, Issue 10 2010Kimberley J. Hockings Abstract Attacks on humans by nonhuman primates are one of the most serious causes of human,primate conflict, and strongly influence people's perceptions and tolerance of nonhuman primates. Despite their importance, systematic and extensive records of such attacks are rare. Here, we report the attacks that occurred on local persons by chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Bossou, Republic of Guinea, from 1995 to 2009. There have been a total of 11 attacks during this period, the majority of which were directed toward children. They varied in their severity, but all were nonfatal. Attacks took place on a road and narrow paths that bordered the forest or in cultivated fields and orchards where opportunities for human,chimpanzee contact are high. Attacks occurred between the months of March and October, coinciding with wild fruit scarcity, increased levels of crop-raiding, and periods of human cultivation with likely increased human usage of paths. Although the families of attack victims felt angry and fearful toward chimpanzees after attacks, some drew on their traditional beliefs to explain why chimpanzees were respected, protected, and could not hurt them, even when attacks occurred. We provide suggestions for reducing future nonhuman primate attacks on humans in an effort to mitigate human,primate conflict situations. Am. J. Primatol. 72:887,896, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||