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Complex Three-dimensional Structure (complex + three-dimensional_structure)
Selected AbstractsHow to build a fungal fruit body: from uniform cells to specialized tissueMOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY, Issue 4 2007Silke Busch Summary It is a challenge in biology to explore the molecular and cellular mechanisms necessary to form a complex three-dimensional structure composed of different cell types. Interesting models to study the underlying processes are fungi that can transform their wire-like hyphal filaments into complex and sometimes container-like fruit bodies. In the past, the role of developmental triggers and transcription factors was a major focus of research on fungal model organisms. In this issue of Molecular Microbiology, Nowrousian and collaborators report that fruit body development of the model organism Sordaria macrospora includes a novel player, a specific membrane protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is not required for vegetative growth. This finding represents an important step towards connecting regulation of development with the co-ordinated changes in cellular compartments. [source] 4-Iodo- N,N -bis(2-nitrophenylsulfonyl)aniline: a three-dimensional framework structure built from six independent C,H,O hydrogen bondsACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C, Issue 7 2006John N. Low In the title compound [systematic name: 4-iodophenylimino bis(2-nitrobenzenesulfinate)], C18H12IN3O8S2, where the molecules do not exhibit even approximate local symmetry, the molecules are linked into a complex three-dimensional structure by six independent C,H,O hydrogen bonds, which utilize O atoms in nitro and sulfonyl groups as the acceptors. [source] Promoters and serotypes: targeting of adeno-associated virus vectors for gene transfer in the rat central nervous system in vitro and in vivoEXPERIMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY, Issue 1 2005Z. Shevtsova The brain parenchyma consists of several different cell types, such as neurones, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendroglia and epithelial cells, which are morphologically and functionally intermingled in highly complex three-dimensional structures. These different cell types are also present in cultures of brain cells prepared to serve as model systems of CNS physiology. Gene transfer, either in a therapeutic attempt or in basic research, is a fascinating and promising tool to manipulate both the complex physiology of the brain and that of isolated neuronal cells. Viral vectors based on the parvovirus, adeno-associated virus (AAV), have emerged as powerful transgene delivery vehicles. Here we describe highly efficient targeting of AAV vectors to either neurones or astrocytes in cultured primary brain cell cultures. We also show that transcriptional targeting can be achieved by the use of small promoters, significantly boosting the transgene capacity of the recombinant viral genome. However, we also demonstrate that successful targeting of a vector in vitro does not necessarily imply that the same targeting works in the adult brain. Cross-packaging the AAV-2 genome in capsids of other serotypes adds additional benefits to this vector system. In the brain, the serotype-5 capsid allows for drastically increased spread of the recombinant vector as compared to the serotype-2 capsid. Finally, we emphasize the optimal targeting approach, in which the natural tropism of a vector for a specific cell type is employed. Taken together, these data demonstrate the flexibility which AAV-based vector systems offer in physiological research. [source] Three-Dimensional Fabrication by Reaction-Diffusion: "Remote" Fabrication via Three-Dimensional Reaction-Diffusion: Making Complex Core-and-Shell Particles and Assembling Them into Open-Lattice Crystals (Adv. Mater.ADVANCED MATERIALS, Issue 19 200919/2009) Reaction-diffusion processes initiated from the surfaces of small gel or polymer particles can fabricate complex three-dimensional structures inside these particles. Bartosz Grzybowski and co-workers show on page 1911 that the core/shell particles thus prepared can be further modified "remotely" by electrochemical exchange reactions. The image shows four cubical particles, each having a spherical core fabricated by reaction-diffusion and comprising copper nanoparticles. [source] Protein,protein docking dealing with the unknownJOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY, Issue 2 2010Irina S. Moreira Abstract Protein,protein binding is one of the critical events in biology, and knowledge of proteic complexes three-dimensional structures is of fundamental importance for the biochemical study of pharmacologic compounds. In the past two decades there was an emergence of a large variety of algorithms designed to predict the structures of protein,protein complexes,a procedure named docking. Computational methods, if accurate and reliable, could play an important role, both to infer functional properties and to guide new experiments. Despite the outstanding progress of the methodologies developed in this area, a few problems still prevent protein,protein docking to be a widespread practice in the structural study of proteins. In this review we focus our attention on the principles that govern docking, namely the algorithms used for searching and scoring, which are usually referred as the docking problem. We also focus our attention on the use of a flexible description of the proteins under study and the use of biological information as the localization of the hot spots, the important residues for protein,protein binding. The most common docking softwares are described too. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010 [source] | |||||||||||||