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Complex Stimuli (complex + stimulus)
Selected AbstractsA Certain Je Ne Sais QuoiHUMAN COMMUNICATION RESEARCH, Issue 2 2005Verbalization Bias in Evaluation People's evaluations of stimuli may change when they verbally attempt to communicate the reasons underlying their judgments. The reported experiments demonstrate the interactive influence of expertise, verbalizability (i.e., the ease with which stimulus features can be linguistically encoded), and appraisal mode in the verbalization bias phenomenon. In Experiment 1, art novices and experts rated their liking of artworks with compositional features that were easy (e.g., figurative,naturalistic) or difficult (e.g., abstract) to verbalize. When asked to verbalize the reasons underlying their judgments, novices assigned lower ratings to abstract but not figurative works. Experts, in contrast, were not influenced by the verbalization manipulation. Experiment 2 explored the possibility that verbalization bias is attributable to a componential appraisal mode that verbalization induces, rather than the specific reasons that people articulate. We found that verbalizing reasons for liking or disliking one abstract work influenced art novices' judgments of a second work for which they did not attempt to verbalize reasons. Moreover, those who merely attempted to verbalize their perceptual experiences also exhibited this contamination effect. The results of both studies suggest that verbalizing the attributes of complex stimuli can significantly alter the way we evaluate these stimuli. [source] Concept clarification of neonatal neurobehavioural organizationJOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 5 2008Aleeca F. Bell Abstract Title.,Concept clarification of neonatal neurobehavioural organization Aim., This paper is a report of a concept analysis of neonatal neurobehavioural organization for healthy full-term infants. Background., The neonatal period is an opportune time for researchers and clinicians to assess and intervene for optimal neurobehavioural organization. Yet there is inconsistency and lack of clarity in a scientifically grounded definition of neonatal neurobehavioural organization. Clarification of the concept will strengthen research findings that influence practice for optimal infant development. Method., A concept analysis of the literature between 1939 and 2007 (n = 57) was conducted using Penrod and Hupcey's principle-based concept analysis and Morse's concept clarification. Findings., The concept analysis within and across multiple disciplines revealed: (1) a view of the concept as a holistic phenomenon with multiple dimensions; (2) no agreement on the ideal instrument to operationally define the concept; and (3) consistency in implied meaning, but great variability in terminology. Neonatal neurobehavioural organization was defined as the ability of the neonate to use goal-directed states of consciousness, in reciprocal interaction with the caregiving environment, to facilitate the emergence of differentiating, hierarchical, and coordinated neurobehavioural systems, with ever-increasing resiliency and capacity to learn from complex stimuli. Conclusion., A clear conceptual definition will help the international community to communicate effectively within and between disciplines and to apply evidence-based research findings. It will encourage the development of valid and reliable instruments to capture the concept's multiple dimensions and direct attention to the infant's experience, which sculpts early neurobehavioural organization. [source] Infants' Attention to Patterned Stimuli: Developmental Change From 3 to 12 Months of AgeCHILD DEVELOPMENT, Issue 3 2006Mary L. Courage To examine the development of look duration as a function of age and stimulus type, 14- to 52-week-old infants were shown static and dynamic versions of faces, Sesame Street material, and achromatic patterns for 20 s of accumulated looking. Heart rate was recorded during looking and parsed into stimulus orienting, sustained attention, and attention termination phases. Infants' peak look durations indicated that prior to 26 weeks there was a linear decrease with age for all stimuli. Older infants' look durations continued to decline for patterns but increased for Sesame Street and faces. Measures of heart rate change during sustained attention and the proportion of time spent in each phase of attention confirmed infants' greater engagement with the more complex stimuli. [source] Reinstatement of Ethanol-Seeking Behavior Following Intravenous Self-Administration in Wistar RatsALCOHOLISM, Issue 9 2007Justin T. Gass Background: In animal models of alcoholism, subjects are traditionally trained to self-administer ethanol via the oral route. However, ethanol is also self-administered intravenously (IV), a paradigm which offers several advantages over oral self-administration methods, including immediate delivery to the bloodstream, more rapid onset of pharmacological effects, and elimination of the need to utilize tastants or sweeteners to mask the aversive orosensory properties of ethanol. However, no studies to date have examined reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior in animals with a history of IV ethanol self-administration. Methods: Male Wistar rats were implanted with indwelling jugular vein catheters and trained to self-administer ethanol IV (1% v/v solution, equivalent to 1 mg/kg) in an operant lever-pressing paradigm in twice daily 1 hour sessions. Each IV delivery of ethanol was paired with presentation of a light-tone complex stimulus. After stabilization of response patterns, IV self-administration behavior was subjected to extinction procedures. Next, animals were exposed to the three types of stimuli known to reinstate ethanol-seeking behavior: presentation of ethanol-associated cues, a priming dose of ethanol (0.5 g/kg i.p.), or exposure to stress via administration of the anxiogenic compound yohimbine (2.5 mg/kg i.p.) or its corresponding vehicle. Results: During the maintenance phase of self-administration, animals exhibited significantly more presses on the lever that delivered the ethanol solution than the inactive lever, indicating that IV ethanol functioned as a positive reinforcer. Following extinction, it was found that ethanol-seeking behavior could be reinstated by all three types of stimuli (cues, ethanol priming, and yohimbine). Vehicle injection did not affect responding on either lever. Conclusions: Ethanol serves as a reinforcer when self-administered IV, and following extinction, ethanol-seeking behavior can be reinstated by ethanol-associated cues, ethanol priming, or a pharmacological stressor. Thus, reinstatement of ethanol-seeking behavior in animals with a history of IV ethanol self-administration may be a novel animal model of relapse. [source] | ||||||||||