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Competitive Reactions (competitive + reaction)
Selected AbstractsUsing the Weapons You Have: The Role of Resources and Competitor Orientation as Enablers and Inhibitors of Competitive Reaction to New Products,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010Marion Debruyne It is a well-accepted notion that to respond to competitive attacks firms need the necessary resources to do so. However, the presence of resources may not be a sufficient condition to enhance competitive responsiveness. Following a managerial decision-making approach, the present paper investigates how the availability of resources affects decision makers' assessment of a competitor's new product and their subsequent reaction to it. This study posits that competitive reaction follows from a decision maker's assessment of a competitive action. This assessment contains a motivation dimension and an ability dimension. The effect of three types of resources,financial, marketing, and technological,are examined. A quasi-experiment with the Markstrat business game as an empirical setting provided 339 questionnaires containing information on 29 different new product introductions. The motivation and ability dimensions are confirmed as important antecedents explaining reaction behavior. The results show that resources possess a dual, and opposing, role in influencing competitive reaction to new products. On the one hand, resources enhance decision makers' belief that they are able to react effectively to competitive attacks, but the presence of resources also makes them less motivated to react. The paper introduces two explanations for this: the liability-of-wealth hypothesis and the strong-competitor hypothesis. The addition of competitor orientation as a moderator allows us to discern between the two competing rationales for the existence of a negative effect of resources on the expected likelihood of success of a competitive new product introduction, supporting the liability-of-wealth hypothesis. The paper demonstrates the key role of competitor orientation and formulates implications from that. [source] Copper-Catalyzed N -Alkylation of Sulfonamides with Benzylic Alcohols: Catalysis and Mechanistic StudiesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 17 2009Xinjiang Cui Abstract The N -alkylation of sulfonamides with alcohols is efficiently performed in the presence of easily available copper catalysts via hydrogen borrowing methodology. Applying a copper acetate/potassium carbonate system the reaction of sulfonamides and alcohols gave the corresponding secondary amines in excellent yield. In situ HR-MS analysis indicated that bissulfonylated amines are formed under air atmosphere, which act as self-stabilizing ligands for the catalytic system. UV-visible measurements suggest the interaction between the copper centre and the bissulfonylated amine. Reactions of benzyl alcohol- d7 with p -toluenesulfonamide, N -benzyl- p -toluenesulfonamide or N -benzylidenetoluenesulfonamide revealed that the reaction proceeds via a transfer hydrogenation mechanism and the whole process is micro-reversible. Competitive reactions of benzyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol- d7 with p -toluenesulfonamide revealed a kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD) of 3.287 (0.192) for the dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol and 0.611 (0.033) for the hydrogenation of the N -benzylidene- p -toluenesulfonamide intermediate, which suggests that dehydrogenation of the alcohol is the rate-determining step. [source] Chemoselective Catalysis with Organosoluble Lewis Acidic PolyoxotungstatesCHEMISTRY - A EUROPEAN JOURNAL, Issue 24 2010Nathalie Dupré Abstract The preparation of new organosoluble Lewis acidic polyoxometalates (POMs) is reported. These complexes were prepared by the incorporation of Zr, Sc, and Y atoms into the corresponding monolacunary Dawson [P2W17O61]10, and Keggin [PW11O39]7, polyoxotungstates. The catalytic activity of these compounds was evaluated for CC bond formation in the Diels,Alder, Mannich, and Mukaiyama-type reactions. Comparisons with previously described Lewis acidic POMs are reported. Competitive reactions between imines and aldehydes or between various imines demonstrated that fine tuning of the reactivity could be reached by varying the metal atom incorporated into the polyanionic framework. A series of experiments that employed pyridine derivatives allowed us to distinguish between the Lewis and induced Brønsted acidity of the POMs. These catalysts activate imines in a Lewis acidic way, whereas aldehydes are activated by indirect Brønsted catalysis. [source] Catalytic synthesis of styryl-capped isotactic polypropylenesJOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE (IN TWO SECTIONS), Issue 17 2010Huahua Huang Abstract Bis-styrenic molecules, 1,4-divinylbenzene (DVB) and 1,2-bis(4-vinylphenyl)ethane (BVPE), were successfully combined with hydrogen (H2) to form consecutive chain transfer complexes in propylene polymerization mediated by an isospecific metallocene catalyst (i.e., rac -dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl-4-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride, I) activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), rendering a catalytic access to styryl-capped isotactic polypropylenes (i -PP). The chain transfer reaction took place in a unique way where prior to the ultimate chain transfer DVB/H2 or BVPE/H2 caused a copolymerization-like reaction leading to the formation of main chain benzene rings. A preemptive polymer chain reinsertion was deduced after the consecutive actions of DVB/H2 or BVPE/H2, which gave the styryl-terminated polymer chain alongside a metal-hydride active species. It was confirmed that the chain reinsertion occurred in a regio-irregular 1,2-fashion, which contrasted with a normal 2,1-insertion of styrene monomer and ensured subsequent continuous propylene insertions, directing the polymerization to repeated DVB or BVPE incorporations inside polymer chain. Only as a competitive reaction, the insertion of propylene into metal-hydride site broke the chain propagation resumption process while completed the chain transfer process by releasing the styryl-terminated polymer chain. BVPE was found with much higher chain transfer efficiency than DVB, which was attributed to its non-conjugated structure with much divided styrene moieties resulting in higher polymerization reactivity but lower chain reinsertion tendency. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3709,3713, 2010 [source] Using the Weapons You Have: The Role of Resources and Competitor Orientation as Enablers and Inhibitors of Competitive Reaction to New Products,THE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 2 2010Marion Debruyne It is a well-accepted notion that to respond to competitive attacks firms need the necessary resources to do so. However, the presence of resources may not be a sufficient condition to enhance competitive responsiveness. Following a managerial decision-making approach, the present paper investigates how the availability of resources affects decision makers' assessment of a competitor's new product and their subsequent reaction to it. This study posits that competitive reaction follows from a decision maker's assessment of a competitive action. This assessment contains a motivation dimension and an ability dimension. The effect of three types of resources,financial, marketing, and technological,are examined. A quasi-experiment with the Markstrat business game as an empirical setting provided 339 questionnaires containing information on 29 different new product introductions. The motivation and ability dimensions are confirmed as important antecedents explaining reaction behavior. The results show that resources possess a dual, and opposing, role in influencing competitive reaction to new products. On the one hand, resources enhance decision makers' belief that they are able to react effectively to competitive attacks, but the presence of resources also makes them less motivated to react. The paper introduces two explanations for this: the liability-of-wealth hypothesis and the strong-competitor hypothesis. The addition of competitor orientation as a moderator allows us to discern between the two competing rationales for the existence of a negative effect of resources on the expected likelihood of success of a competitive new product introduction, supporting the liability-of-wealth hypothesis. The paper demonstrates the key role of competitor orientation and formulates implications from that. [source] Launch decisions and competitive reactions: an exploratory market signaling studyTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2002Erik Jan Hultink When firms launch a new product into the marketplace they often aim to find a balance between building scale and provoking extensive and quick competitive reactions. Competitors react to new products when they perceive the product introduction as hostile, committed or when they feel that the product entry will have a large impact on their profitability. The present study develops a framework that shows how strong and fast incumbents react to perceived market signals resulting from a new product's launch decisions (broad targeting, penetration pricing, advertising intensity and product advantage). The strength of the relationships between the launch decisions and the perceived market signals was expected to depend on one industry characteristic (i.e., market growth) and on one entrant characteristic (i.e., aggressive reputation). We distinguished three market signals in our framework: hostility, commitment and consequences. Signal hostility refers to the extent to which the approach used by an acting firm to introduce the new product is perceived hostile whereas the commitment signal refers to the extent to which incumbents perceive the entrant firm to be committed to the new product introduction. The consequence signal is defined as the incumbents' perception of the impact of a new product entry on their profitability. We tested our framework using cross-sectional data provided by 73 managers in The Netherlands who recently reacted to a new product entry. The results clearly reveal which launch decisions create which market signals. For example, incumbents consider high advantage new products hostile and consequential. Penetration pricing and an intense advertising campaign are also considered hostile, especially in fast growing markets. Broad targeting is not perceived hostile, especially not when used by entrants with an aggressive reputation. In addition, this study explored the impact of three perceived market signals on the strength and speed of competitive reaction. The results reveal that perceived signals of hostility and commitment positively impact the strength of reaction, whereas the perceived consequence signal positively impacts the speed of reaction. The article concludes with the implications of our study for managers and academics. The relevance to managers was assessed from both the perspective of the incumbent firm that must defend, and that of the rival firm that is introducing the new product. [source] Competitive immunoassay by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence for the trace detection of chloramphenicol in animal-derived foodsELECTROPHORESIS, Issue 16 2008Can Zhang Abstract A competitive immunoassay using CE with an LIF detector was developed for the detection of chloramphenicol (CAP). The method was based on the competitive reactions between fluorescently labeled CAP hapten and free CAP, with a limited amount of anti-CAP antibody. The poly(N -isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPA) hydrogel was added in the separation buffer as a dynamic modifier to reduce adsorption and enhance reproducibility. The linear range and LOD for CAP were 0.008,5,,g/L and 0.0016,,g/L, respectively. An ELISA using the same immuno-reagents was also developed for the analysis of CAP, with an LOD of 0.03,,g/L. The sensitivity of this CE immunoassay (CEIA)-LIF was almost 20 times greater than that of the ELISA. Using CEIA-LIF, equilibrium was reached in 15,min and the analytical results were obtained within 5,min by CE separation. Sample preparation for CEIA-LIF was not time-consuming and the matrix effect was easy to remove. An LOD of 0.1,,g/kg CAP in food matrices was easily achieved. This method is thus proposed as a fast and sensitive means of detecting trace amounts of CAP residues in animal-derived foods. [source] Mechanistic Inferences Derived from Competitive Catalytic Reactions: Pd(binap)-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl HalidesADVANCED SYNTHESIS & CATALYSIS (PREVIOUSLY: JOURNAL FUER PRAKTISCHE CHEMIE), Issue 7-8 2008Antonio Abstract Healthy competition: The Pd(binap)-catalyzed amination of aryl halides demonstrates how the results from competitive reactions can be strikingly different from those obtained from study of the separate reactions. We show how the competitive network provides mechanistic information not accessible from study of the reactions separately. [source] Synthesis of Hexacelsian Barium Aluminosilicate by a Solid-State ProcessJOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY, Issue 12 2000Kuo-Tong Lee Synthesis of hexacelsian barium aluminosilicate (BaAl2Si2O8 or BAS) from BaCO3, Al2O3, and amorphous SiO2 was examined. BaCO3 can react with SiO2 and Al2O3 to form barium silicates (Ba2SiO4 or B2S, BaSiO3 or BS, and BaSi2O5 or BS2) and barium aluminate (BaAl2O4 or BA). It is shown that there are two competitive reactions leading to the formation of hexacelsian BAS. One involves a reaction between BS2 and Al2O3 and the other involves a reaction between BA and SiO2. In experiments with the model BS2,Al2O3 and BA,SiO2 systems it is shown that the reaction between BS2 and Al2O3 is much faster than the reaction between BA and SiO2. However, in the BAS system, Al2O3 suppresses the reactions which form BS2 and instead reacts with B2S and BS to form BA. The kinetics of hexacelsian BAS formation are greatly enhanced when BS2 is made separately and fired with Al2O3 to yield BAS. [source] Vitamin B2 -sensitized Photo-oxidation of DopaminePHOTOCHEMISTRY & PHOTOBIOLOGY, Issue 5 2008Walter A. Massad Kinetics and mechanism of the photo-oxidation of the natural catecholamine-type neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has been studied in aqueous solution, under aerobic conditions, in the presence of riboflavin (Rf, vitamin B2) as a photosensitizer. Results indicate the formation of a weak dark complex Rf,DA, with a mean apparent association constant Kass = 30 m,1, only detectable at DA concentrations much higher than those employed in photochemical experiments. An intricate mechanism of competitive reactions operates upon photoirradiation. DA quenches excited singlet and triplet states of Rf, with rate constants of 4.2 × 109 and 2.2 × 109 m,1 s,1, respectively. With the catecholamine in a concentration similar to that of dissolved molecular oxygen in air-saturated water, DA and oxygen competitively quench the triplet excited state of Rf, generating superoxide radical anion (O2,,) and singlet molecular oxygen (O2(1,g)) by processes initiated by electron and energy-transfer mechanisms, respectively. Rate constants values of 1.9 × 108 and 6.6 × 106 m,1 s,1 have been obtained for the overall and reactive (chemical) interaction of DA with O2(1,g). The presence of superoxide dismutase increases both the observed rates of aerobic DA photo-oxidation and oxygen uptake, due to its known catalytic scavenging of O2,,, a species that could revert the overall photo-oxidation effect, according to the proposed reaction mechanism. As in most of the catecholamine oxidative processes described in the literature, aminochrome is the DA oxidation product upon visible light irradiation in the presence of Rf. It is generated with a quantum yield of 0.05. [source] Launch decisions and competitive reactions: an exploratory market signaling studyTHE JOURNAL OF PRODUCT INNOVATION MANAGEMENT, Issue 3 2002Erik Jan Hultink When firms launch a new product into the marketplace they often aim to find a balance between building scale and provoking extensive and quick competitive reactions. Competitors react to new products when they perceive the product introduction as hostile, committed or when they feel that the product entry will have a large impact on their profitability. The present study develops a framework that shows how strong and fast incumbents react to perceived market signals resulting from a new product's launch decisions (broad targeting, penetration pricing, advertising intensity and product advantage). The strength of the relationships between the launch decisions and the perceived market signals was expected to depend on one industry characteristic (i.e., market growth) and on one entrant characteristic (i.e., aggressive reputation). We distinguished three market signals in our framework: hostility, commitment and consequences. Signal hostility refers to the extent to which the approach used by an acting firm to introduce the new product is perceived hostile whereas the commitment signal refers to the extent to which incumbents perceive the entrant firm to be committed to the new product introduction. The consequence signal is defined as the incumbents' perception of the impact of a new product entry on their profitability. We tested our framework using cross-sectional data provided by 73 managers in The Netherlands who recently reacted to a new product entry. The results clearly reveal which launch decisions create which market signals. For example, incumbents consider high advantage new products hostile and consequential. Penetration pricing and an intense advertising campaign are also considered hostile, especially in fast growing markets. Broad targeting is not perceived hostile, especially not when used by entrants with an aggressive reputation. In addition, this study explored the impact of three perceived market signals on the strength and speed of competitive reaction. The results reveal that perceived signals of hostility and commitment positively impact the strength of reaction, whereas the perceived consequence signal positively impacts the speed of reaction. The article concludes with the implications of our study for managers and academics. The relevance to managers was assessed from both the perspective of the incumbent firm that must defend, and that of the rival firm that is introducing the new product. [source] | ||||||||||||||||