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Compression
Kinds of Compression Terms modified by Compression Selected AbstractsTIME-SPACE COMPRESSION: Historical Geographies.GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW, Issue 4 2010By Barney Warf. No abstract is available for this article. [source] MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNPRESSED SEMI-HARD CHEESES BY UNIAXIAL COMPRESSIONJOURNAL OF TEXTURE STUDIES, Issue 2 2000BRIGITTE WEINRICHTER ABSTRACT Different lots of Tilsit cheeses, which are characterized by their open structure caused by pressing under their own weight during manufacture, were subjected to uniaxial compression, a quasi-standard for the evaluation of mechanical properties of hard and semi-hard cheeses. Additionally, video films showing the behaviour of the specimens during compression were analysed. For standard Tilsit with a fat content of 35% in dry matter, the cheese mass proved to be highly anisotropic with respect to stress response and lateral expansion expressed as apparent Poisson number. Specimens cut perpendicular to the flat side of the cheese wheels, which had lentil-shaped eyes with their major axis parallel to the compression plates, showed significantly higher stresses and lower Poisson numbers than specimens sampled parallel to the flat side of the cheese wheels. Therefore, stress values calculated on the basis of actual specimen diameter were different from those calculated by assuming constant specimen's volume. However, for samples with a fat content of approx. 60% in dry matter no differences caused by compression direction were observed. [source] EMPLOYEE TRAINING AND WAGE COMPRESSION IN BRITAIN*THE MANCHESTER SCHOOL, Issue 3 2005FILIPE ALMEIDA-SANTOS We use linked data for 1460 workplaces and 19,853 employees from the Workplace Employee Relations Survey 1998 to analyse the incidence and duration of employee training in Britain. We find training to be positively associated with having a recognized vocational qualification and current union membership. However, being non-white, having shorter current-job tenure and part-time or fixed-term employment statuses are all associated with less training. Furthermore, in line with recent non-competitive training models, higher levels of wage compression (measured in absolute or relative terms) are positively related to training. [source] Inductive Inference by Using Information CompressionCOMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE, Issue 2 2003Ben Choi Inductive inference is of central importance to all scientific inquiries. Automating the process of inductive inference is the major concern of machine learning researchers. This article proposes inductive inference techniques to address three inductive problems: (1) how to automatically construct a general description, a model, or a theory to describe a sequence of observations or experimental data, (2) how to modify an existing model to account for new observations, and (3) how to handle the situation where the new observations are not consistent with the existing models. The techniques proposed in this article implement the inductive principle called the minimum descriptive length principle and relate to Kolmogorov complexity and Occam's razor. They employ finite state machines as models to describe sequences of observations and measure the descriptive complexity by measuring the number of states. They can be used to draw inference from sequences of observations where one observation may depend on previous observations. Thus, they can be applied to time series prediction problems and to one-to-one mapping problems. They are implemented to form an automated inductive machine. [source] A measure for mesh compression of time-variant geometryCOMPUTER ANIMATION AND VIRTUAL WORLDS (PREV: JNL OF VISUALISATION & COMPUTER ANIMATION), Issue 3-4 2004Prasun Mathur Abstract We present a novel measure for compression of time-variant geometry. Compression of time-variant geometry has become increasingly relevant as transmission of high quality geometry streams is severely limited by network bandwidth. Some work has been done on such compression schemes, but none of them give a measure for prioritizing the loss of information from the geometry stream while doing a lossy compression. In this paper we introduce a cost function which assigns a cost to the removal of particular geometric primitives during compression, based upon their importance in preserving the complete animation. We demonstrate that the use of this measure visibly enhances the performance of existing compression schemes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Geometry-Driven Local Neighbourhood Based Predictors for Dynamic Mesh CompressionCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 6 2010Libor Vá Computer Graphics [I.3.7]: Animation Abstract The task of dynamic mesh compression seeks to find a compact representation of a surface animation, while the artifacts introduced by the representation are as small as possible. In this paper, we present two geometric predictors, which are suitable for PCA-based compression schemes. The predictors exploit the knowledge about the geometrical meaning of the data, which allows a more accurate prediction, and thus a more compact representation. We also provide rate/distortion curves showing that our approach outperforms the current PCA-based compression methods by more than 20%. [source] Compression of Human Motion Capture Data Using Motion Pattern IndexingCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 1 2009Qin Gu I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism; E.4 [Coding and Information Theory]: Data Compaction and Compression Abstract In this work, a novel scheme is proposed to compress human motion capture data based on hierarchical structure construction and motion pattern indexing. For a given sequence of 3D motion capture data of human body, the 3D markers are first organized into a hierarchy where each node corresponds to a meaningful part of the human body. Then, the motion sequence corresponding to each body part is coded separately. Based on the observation that there is a high degree of spatial and temporal correlation among the 3D marker positions, we strive to identify motion patterns that form a database for each meaningful body part. Thereafter, a sequence of motion capture data can be efficiently represented as a series of motion pattern indices. As a result, higher compression ratio has been achieved when compared with the prior art, especially for long sequences of motion capture data with repetitive motion styles. Another distinction of this work is that it provides means for flexible and intuitive global and local distortion controls. [source] Compression and Importance Sampling of Near-Field Light SourcesCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 8 2008Albert Mas I.3.7 Computer Graphics: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism Abstract This paper presents a method for compressing measured datasets of the near-field emission of physical light sources (represented by raysets). We create a mesh on the bounding surface of the light source that stores illumination information. The mesh is augmented with information about directional distribution and energy density. We have developed a new approach to smoothly generate random samples on the illumination distribution represented by the mesh, and to efficiently handle importance sampling of points and directions. We will show that our representation can compress a 10 million particle rayset into a mesh of a few hundred triangles. We also show that the error of this representation is low, even for very close objects. [source] Multiresolution Random Accessible Mesh CompressionCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2006Junho Kim This paper presents a novel approach for mesh compression, which we call multiresolution random accessible mesh compression. In contrast to previous mesh compression techniques, the approach enables us to progressively decompress an arbitrary portion of a mesh without decoding other non-interesting parts. This simultaneous support of random accessibility and progressiveness is accomplished by adapting selective refinement of a multiresolution mesh to the mesh compression domain. We present a theoretical analysis of our connectivity coding scheme and provide several experimental results. The performance of our coder is about 11 bits for connectivity and 21 bits for geometry with 12-bit quantization, which can be considered reasonably good under the constraint that no fixed neighborhood information can be used for coding to support decompression in a random order. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Computational Geometry and Object Modeling [source] Out-of-core compression and decompression of large n -dimensional scalar fieldsCOMPUTER GRAPHICS FORUM, Issue 3 2003Lawrence Ibarria We present a simple method for compressing very large and regularly sampled scalar fields. Our method is particularlyattractive when the entire data set does not fit in memory and when the sampling rate is high relative to thefeature size of the scalar field in all dimensions. Although we report results foranddata sets, the proposedapproach may be applied to higher dimensions. The method is based on the new Lorenzo predictor, introducedhere, which estimates the value of the scalar field at each sample from the values at processed neighbors. The predictedvalues are exact when the n-dimensional scalar field is an implicit polynomial of degreen, 1. Surprisingly,when the residuals (differences between the actual and predicted values) are encoded using arithmetic coding,the proposed method often outperforms wavelet compression in anL,sense. The proposed approach may beused both for lossy and lossless compression and is well suited for out-of-core compression and decompression,because a trivial implementation, which sweeps through the data set reading it once, requires maintaining only asmall buffer in core memory, whose size barely exceeds a single (n,1)- dimensional slice of the data. Categories and Subject Descriptors (according to ACM CCS): I.3.5 [Computer Graphics]: Compression, scalar fields,out-of-core. [source] Echocardiographic Diagnosis of Right Ventricular Inflow Compression Associated with Pectus Excavatum During Spinal Fusion in Prone PositionCONGENITAL HEART DISEASE, Issue 3 2009James M. Galas MD ABSTRACT Introduction., Pectus excavatum is commonly viewed as a benign condition. Associated alterations in hemodynamics are rare. We present an unusual case of right ventricular inflow obstruction and hemodynamic compromise as a consequence of pectus excavatum encountered during surgical intervention. Case., a 15-year-old male with pectus excavatum and thoracolumbar scoliosis developed severe hypotension after induction of general anesthesia and placement in the prone position for elective spinal fusion. A transesophageal echocardiogram revealed anterior compression of the right heart by the sternum with peak and mean right ventricular inflow gradients of 7 and 4 mm Hg, respectively. The gradient resolved with supine positioning and was reproduced with direct compression of the sternum. Conclusions., Although pectus excavatum is generally a benign condition, the cardiologist should be aware of the potential for serious hemodynamic compromise related to positioning in these patients. [source] Treatment of Ear Keloids by Compression, Using a Modified Oyster-Splint TechniqueDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 2 2007JESSICA C. HASSEL MD First page of article [source] Current Approaches to Venous Ulcers and CompressionDERMATOLOGIC SURGERY, Issue 7 2001FRCPC, Tania J. Phillips MD Background. Venous ulcers affect as many as 2.5 million people in the United States and can cause substantial pain and loss of function. Objective. To review current approaches to venous ulcers and compression. Method. Treatment options that have been proposed in the literature are discussed utilizing the Cochrane library database, Medline, and the author's clinical experience. Results. Diagnostic findings and management strategies for venous ulcers are reviewed. Conclusion. Good wound care and compression therapy will heal the majority of small venous ulcers of short duration. For ulcers that are slow to heal, other approaches such as venous surgery and grafting with conventional or bioengineered skin substitutes should be considered. [source] Left Atrial Compression by Thoracic Aneurysm Mimicking Congestive Heart FailureECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 8 2005Mehmet K. Celenk M.D. Most patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm are asymptomatic and this aneurysm has rarely been reported as a cause of congestive heart failure. We present an infrequent case of extrinsic left atrial compression caused by a descending thoracic aneurysm diagnosed by transthoracic echocardiography as a cause of heart failure. [source] Compression of Intrapericardial Structures in Tamponade, Including "New" Echocardiographic ManifestationsECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Issue 5 2005F.R.C.P., Ivan A. D'Cruz M.D. No abstract is available for this article. [source] EBSD Study on Deformation Twinning in AZ31 Magnesium Alloy During Quasi-in-Situ Compression,ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATERIALS, Issue 10 2008J. Yang In this paper, the authors use the electron back-scatter diffraction (EBSD) technique to study the evolution of texture and microstructure during the deformation twinning process of AZ31 magnesium alloy under quasi-in-situ compression to several strain levels along two different directions. The aims of the current study were to analyze the influence of initial texture, grain size and plastic strain on the deformation twinning behavior. [source] Two-thumb vs Two-finger Chest Compression in an Infant Model of Prolonged Cardiopulmonary ResuscitationACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 10 2000Michele L. Dorfsman MD Abstract. Objective: Previous experiments in the authors swine lab have shown that cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) using two-thumb chest compression with a thoracic squeeze (TT) produces higher blood and perfusion pressures when compared with the American Heart Association (AHA)-recommended two-finger (TF) technique. Previous studies were of short duration (1-2 minutes). The hypothesis was that TT would be superior to TF during prolonged CPR in an infant model. Methods: This was a prospective, randomized crossover experiment in a laboratory setting. Twenty-one AHA-certified rescuers performed basic CPR for two 10-minute periods, one with TT and the other with TF. Trials were separated by 2-14 days, and the order was randomly assigned. The experimental circuit consisted of a modified manikin with a fixed-volume arterial system attached to a neonatal monitor via an arterial pressure transducer. The arterial circuit was composed of a 50-mL bag of normal saline solution (air removed) attached to the manikin chest plate and connected to the transducer with a 20-gauge intravenous catheter and tubing. Rescuers were blinded to the arterial pressure tracing. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were recorded in mm Hg, and pulse pressures (PPs) were calculated. Data were analyzed with two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Sphericity assumed modeling, with Greenhouse-Geisser and Huynh-Feldt adjustments, was applied. Results: Marginal means for TT SBP (68.9), DBP (17.6), MAP (35.3), and PP (51.4) were higher than for TF SBP (44.8), DBP (12.5), MAP (23.3), and PP (32.2). All four pressures were significantly different between the two techniques (p , 0.001). Conclusion: In this infant CPR model, TT chest compression produced higher MAP, SBP, DBP, and PP when compared with TF chest compression during a clinically relevant duration of prolonged CPR. [source] Nanostructure Fracturing: Brittle-to-Ductile Transition in Uniaxial Compression of Silicon Pillars at Room Temperature (Adv. Funct.ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2009Mater. On page 2439, F. Östlund et al. report on an interesting effect observed during the compression of sub-micrometer silicon pillars; a critical diameter separates pillars that are observed to crack from pillars that exhibit metal-like ductility. This observation allows for the development of a quantitative method for measuring the fracture toughness of such structures, which can be used to predict and explain small-volume fracture behavior. [source] Brittle-to-Ductile Transition in Uniaxial Compression of Silicon Pillars at Room TemperatureADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS, Issue 15 2009Fredrik Östlund Abstract Robust nanostructures for future devices will depend increasingly on their reliability. While great strides have been achieved for precisely evaluating electronic, magnetic, photonic, elasticity and strength properties, the same levels for fracture resistance have been lacking. Additionally, one of the self-limiting features of materials by computational design is the knowledge that the atomistic potential is an appropriate one. A key property in establishing both of these goals is an experimentally-determined effective surface energy or the work per unit fracture area. The difficulty with this property, which depends on extended defects such as dislocations, is measuring it accurately at the sub-micrometer scale. In this Full Paper the discovery of an interesting size effect in compression tests on silicon pillars with sub-micrometer diameters is presented: in uniaxial compression tests, pillars having a diameter exceeding a critical value develop cracks, whereas smaller pillars show ductility comparable to that of metals. The critical diameter is between 310 and 400,nm. To explain this transition a model based on dislocation shielding is proposed. For the first time, a quantitative method for evaluating the fracture toughness of such nanostructures is developed. This leads to the ability to propose plausible mechanisms for dislocation-mediated fracture behavior in such small volumes. [source] The Lisse Effect RevisitedGROUND WATER, Issue 6 2002Edwin P. Weeks The Lisse effect is a rarely noted phenomenon occurring when infiltration caused by intense rain seals the surface soil layer to airflow, trapping air in the unsaturated zone. Compression of air by the advancing front results in a pressure increase that produces a water-level rise in an observation well screened below the water table that is several times as large as the distance penetrated by the wetting front. The effect is triggered by intense rains and results in a very rapid water-level rise, followed by a recession lasting a few days. The Lisse effect was first noted and explained by Thal Larsen in 1932 from water-level observations obtained in a shallow well in the village of Lisse, Holland. The original explanation does not account for the increased air pressure pushing up on the bottom of the wetting front. Analysis of the effect of this upward pressure indicates that a negative pressure head at the base of the wetting front, ,f, analogous to that postulated by Green and Ampt (1911) to explain initially rapid infiltration rates into unsaturated soils, is involved in producing the Lisse effect. Analysis of recorded observations of the Lisse effect by Larsen and others indicates that the water-level rise, which typically ranges from 0.10 to 0.55 m, should be only slightly larger than |,f| and that the depth of penetration of the wetting front is no more than several millimeters. [source] Domiciliary application of CryoCuff in severe haemophilia: qualitative questionnaire and clinical auditHAEMOPHILIA, Issue 4 2008A. I. D'YOUNG Abstract., The acute management of haemophilic bleeding episodesin the home setting is based on the concept of immediate factor replacement therapy and the PRICE regime , an acronym representing the concepts of Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation [1,2]. Integral to this regime is the application of cold therapy, and yet little is known regarding the safe periods of application, or the relative safety of cryotherapy devices such as the CryoCuffÔ when used in the home setting by patients suffering from severe haemophilia and related bleeding disorders. This study examines the subjective patient response to the application of the CryoCuffÔ device in the home setting in terms of the effect on pain, joint swelling and the return to ,pre-bleed status' of the knee, ankle or elbow in patients with severe haemophilia A/B or type III von Willebrand's disease (VWD) immediately following haemarthrosis, and any potential adverse effects related to the device or recommended duration of application as stated in the PRICE guideline (Fig. 1). Twelve patients, either with severe haemophilia A/B or with VWD were recruited and asked to use the CryoCuffÔ device as part of the PRICE regime immediately following the onset of knee-, ankle- or elbow bleeds for the next one year. Each subject was then sent a qualitative questionnaire to determine subjective responses to the device. All patients reported that the application protocol was easy to follow, they were able to apply the device as per the PRICE regime and they were able to tolerate it for the recommended period. Whereas, all the patients felt that the device had a significant impact on alleviation of pain and return to pre-bleed status, 78% of the patients felt that the device led to a significant reduction in swelling around the affected joint. There was no conclusive evidence that the device resulted in any reduction in the amount of factor used to treat the acute bleeding episode, however, no patients reported any perceived delay in achieving haemostasis or required extra factor replacement therapy consequent to the usage of the device. No other adverse effects were reported by participants in this study. Figure 1. ,The qualitative participant questionnaire, given following 1 year of unsupervised use in the home setting immediately following the onset of the symptoms of haemarthroses. [source] SUNCT Responsive to Percutaneous Balloon Compression of the Gasserian Ganglion , 10-Year Follow-UpHEADACHE, Issue 1 2010Marcos Baabor MD (Headache 2010;50:143-145) We report the case of a woman with short-lasting unilateral, neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) whose severe headache attacks ceased after percutaneous balloon compression of the Gasserian ganglion. The patient remains pain free after 10-year follow-up. This may be the first literature report of SUNCT in Chile. [source] Integration and calibration of a plasticity model for granular materialsINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL AND ANALYTICAL METHODS IN GEOMECHANICS, Issue 3 2002L. Jacobsson Abstract A new macroscopic constitutive model for non-cohesive granular materials, with the focus on coarse-sized materials (railway ballast), is presented. The model is based on the concepts of rate-independent isotropic plasticity. The Backward Euler rule is used for integrating the pertinent evolution equations. The resulting incremental relations are solved in the strain space that is extended with the internal (hardening) variables. The model is calibrated using data from Conventional Triaxial Compression (CTC) tests, carried out at the University of Colorado at Boulder. A function evaluation method is used for the optimization, whereby a ,multi-vector' strategy for choosing the appropriate start vector is proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Compression of time-generated matrices in two-dimensional time-domain elastodynamic BEM analysisINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN ENGINEERING, Issue 8 2004D. Soares Jr Abstract This paper describes a new scheme to improve the efficiency of time-domain BEM algorithms. The discussion is focused on the two-dimensional elastodynamic formulation, however, the ideas presented apply equally to any step-by-step convolution based algorithm whose kernels decay with time increase. The algorithm presented interpolates the time-domain matrices generated along the time-stepping process, for time-steps sufficiently far from the current time. Two interpolation procedures are considered here (a large number of alternative approaches is possible): Chebyshev,Lagrange polynomials and linear. A criterion to indicate the discrete time at which interpolation should start is proposed. Two numerical examples and conclusions are presented at the end of the paper. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] How evidence-based is venous leg ulcer care?JOURNAL OF ADVANCED NURSING, Issue 2 2009A survey in community settings Abstract Title.,How evidence-based is venous leg ulcer care? A survey in community settings. Background:, Incongruence between evidence and practice in leg ulcer care has been reported. Little is known about predictive factors related to the provision of lifestyle advice. Method:, Two focus interviews and a Delphi procedure were used to develop a self-administered questionnaire based on the Graham questionnaire. Nurses employed by community healthcare organizations and independent nurses in private practices participated (n = 789). The data were collected in 2006. Findings:, Compression was applied in 58·7% of patients with venous ulcers. Pain was present in 82·9%. A third of patients with pain received analgesics, but half of these patients (52·1%) took analgesics as prescribed. Half of the nurses (50·8%) gave lifestyle advice related to the leg ulcer. It was mainly instructions about leg elevation (68·3%), promoting physical activity (39·8%) and optimizing nutrition (16·7%) that were provided. Nurses who perceived themselves to have adequate leg ulcer knowledge and skills were 3·75 times more likely to provide lifestyle advice compared with those lacking such knowledge and skills. Nurses who found leg ulcer care not rewarding, rarely successful or difficult gave statistically significantly less lifestyle advice than those who found it rather rewarding, successful and not difficult. Conclusion:, Patients with leg ulcers receive less than optimum care and patient education. A particular challenge lies in leg ulcer education programmes and pain management. [source] Deaths Between Bedrails and Air Pressure MattressesJOURNAL OF AMERICAN GERIATRICS SOCIETY, Issue 6 2002Steven H. Miles MD OBJECTIVES: To describe how patients die by becoming trapped between therapeutic air pressure mattresses and bed rails. DESIGN: A retrospective review of all voluntary reports deaths in beds with air mattresses that can be found in the Food and Drug Administration's on-line databases of adverse medical events that cover 1994 to 2001. SETTING: Death reports come from manufacturers, medical staff, and coroners and describe deaths in hospitals, nursing homes, and home care, although type of care site is often not given. MEASUREMENTS: Event descriptions were reviewed to determine how the person became entrapped in the rail and how responsibility for the event was allocated. RESULTS: There were 35 deaths involving many product lines. Twenty-one deaths involved overlay air mattresses placed on top of a regular mattress. Thirteen patients died in beds with built-in air mattresses. Compression of the mattress allowed an off-center person to slide against the rail where reexpansion of the mattress kept the person compressed against the rail. Two patterns were seen. In one, the mattress bunched up behind a person who was lying on the side of the bed, pushing the neck against a bedrail. In the second type, a patient died after sliding off the bed and having the neck or chest compressed between the rail and bed. Manufacturers attributed the deaths to poor clinical decision-making or inadequate monitoring. CONCLUSIONS: Lethal asphyxiation in beds with air pressure mattresses is a variant of bedrail-mattress entrapment that requires redesign by bed manufacturers and risk awareness by clinicians. [source] Left Coronary Artery Compression Caused by a False Aneurysm Expansion after Perforation of Type A Aortic DissectionJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 1 2010Jan Vojacek M.D., Ph.D. (J Card Surg 2010;25:72-73) [source] Retrosternal Compression Seven Years after Surgical Correction of Partial Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection: Scimitar SyndromeJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 1 2009Eva Maria B. Delmo Walter M.D. Transthoracic echocardiography revealed a mass compressing the right ventricle. Magnetic resonance tomogram showed its exact retrosternal location and nature. A computed tomography-guided drainage decompressed the mass. Because of cystic wall persistence, a surgical extirpation of the whole cystic cavity was deemed necessary. [source] Management of Coronary Artery Compression Caused by Recurrent Aortic Root AbscessJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 3 2008Scott W. Cowan M.D. We report the case of a 61-year-old male who developed a recurrent aortic root abscess causing extrinsic coronary artery compression. This complication occurred one year after undergoing aortic valve replacement and pericardial patch exclusion of an aortic root abscess. Surgical correction required debridement of the abscess and replacement of the aortic root with a homograft resulting in resolution of coronary compression. [source] Compression of Mediastinal Structures Treated by Extra-Anatomic Bypass GraftingJOURNAL OF CARDIAC SURGERY, Issue 4 2004Lynn Fedoruk M.D. Here we describe the use of an extra-anatomic bypass graft from the ascending to supraceliac aorta to treat an unusual complication of compression of mediastinal structures caused by a bucket handle graft. [source] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||