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Common Rule (common + rule)
Selected AbstractsCurrents in Contemporary Ethics: Research Privacy Under HIPAA and the Common RuleTHE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS, Issue 1 2005Mark A. Rothstein First page of article [source] U.S. Federal Regulations for Emergency Research: A Practical Guide and CommentaryACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Issue 1 2008Andrew McRae MD Abstract Emergency medicine research requires the enrollment of subjects with varying decision-making capacities, including capable adults, adults incapacitated by illness or injury, and children. These different categories of subjects are protected by multiple federal regulations. These include the federal Common Rule, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regulations for pediatric research, and the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) Final Rule for the Exception from the Requirements of Informed Consent in Emergency Situations. Investigators should be familiar with the relevant federal research regulations to optimally protect vulnerable research subjects, and to facilitate the institutional review board (IRB) review process. IRB members face particular challenges in reviewing emergency research. No regulations exist for research enrolling incapacitated subjects using proxy consent. The wording of the Final Rule may not optimally protect vulnerable subjects. It is also difficult to apply conflicting regulations to a single study that enrolls subjects with differing decision-making capacities. This article is intended as a guide for emergency researchers and IRB members who review emergency research. It reviews the elements of Federal Regulations that apply to consent, subject selection, privacy protection, and the analysis of risks and benefits in all emergency research. It explores the challenges for IRB review listed above, and offers potential solutions to these problems. [source] Allometric scaling of maximum population density: a common rule for marine phytoplankton and terrestrial plantsECOLOGY LETTERS, Issue 5 2002Andrea Belgrano A primary goal of macroecology is to identify principles that apply across varied ecosystems and taxonomic groups. Here we show that the allometric relationship observed between maximum abundance and body size for terrestrial plants can be extended to predict maximum population densities of marine phytoplankton. These results imply that the abundance of primary producers is similarly constrained in terrestrial and marine systems by rates of energy supply as dictated by a common allometric scaling law. They also highlight the existence of general mechanisms linking rates of individual metabolism to emergent properties of ecosystems. [source] Host sex and ectoparasites choice: preference for, and higher survival on female hostsJOURNAL OF ANIMAL ECOLOGY, Issue 4 2007PHILIPPE CHRISTE Summary 1Sex differences in levels of parasite infection are a common rule in a wide range of mammals, with males usually more susceptible than females. Sex-specific exposure to parasites, e.g. mediated through distinct modes of social aggregation between and within genders, as well as negative relationships between androgen levels and immune defences are thought to play a major role in this pattern. 2Reproductive female bats live in close association within clusters at maternity roosts, whereas nonbreeding females and males generally occupy solitary roosts. Bats represent therefore an ideal model to study the consequences of sex-specific social and spatial aggregation on parasites' infection strategies. 3We first compared prevalence and parasite intensities in a host,parasite system comprising closely related species of ectoparasitic mites (Spinturnix spp.) and their hosts, five European bat species. We then compared the level of parasitism between juvenile males and females in mixed colonies of greater and lesser mouse-eared bats Myotis myotis and M. blythii. Prevalence was higher in adult females than in adult males stemming from colonial aggregations in all five studied species. Parasite intensity was significantly higher in females in three of the five species studied. No difference in prevalence and mite numbers was found between male and female juveniles in colonial roosts. 4To assess whether observed sex-biased parasitism results from differences in host exposure only, or, alternatively, from an active, selected choice made by the parasite, we performed lab experiments on short-term preferences and long-term survival of parasites on male and female Myotis daubentoni. When confronted with adult males and females, parasites preferentially selected female hosts, whereas no choice differences were observed between adult females and subadult males. Finally, we found significantly higher parasite survival on adult females compared with adult males. 5Our study shows that social and spatial aggregation favours sex-biased parasitism that could be a mere consequence of an active and adaptive parasite choice for the more profitable host. [source] A single law for the activation energies of self-diffusion of various cubic metals, intermetallic compounds, ionic crystals and oxidesPHYSICA STATUS SOLIDI (B) BASIC SOLID STATE PHYSICS, Issue 4 2007Hans Siethoff Abstract In previous publications the author put forward a relation which, for face-centred cubic metals and intermetallic compounds with B2 and L12 structures, connected the activation energy of self-diffusion with lattice constant and shear modulus. It is one aim of the present study to show that this formalism can be extended to intermetallic compounds with C1, D03 and C15 crystal structures. Since the covalently bonded cubic semiconductors and ceramics obey a different law, the question concerning the influence of the chemical bond was additionally investigated. Therefore ionic crystals and oxides with B1, B2 and C1 structures were analysed. It is demonstrated that these materials obey the same law as the metals and intermetallic compounds, for the B1 structure, however, the prefactor of the common rule is different. To be able to evaluate such differences, the proposed relation had to be more quantitatively derived than it was done before. Some cubic transition metals do not fit in the general picture. The deviations are traced back to the binding properties of the electronic d-bands. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim) [source] Slope development reconstruction at two sites in the Bohemian Forest MountainsEARTH SURFACE PROCESSES AND LANDFORMS, Issue 4 2010Filip Hartvich Abstract Although the Bohemian Forest is generally considered to be geomorphologically a rather stable region, there are localities which bear proof of a surprisingly high intensity of recent and even present day processes. A multidisciplinary methodology based on the analysis of slope systems was used for researching the present and past dynamics of two hillslopes. Using the results of direct dilatometric monitoring (the slow creep of rock blocks reached a maximum of 1,mm year,1), GPS field mapping, sedimentology, geodetic measurements and DEM analyses, several common rules have been observed for the behaviour of two model localities and a likely polycyclic development established, with recurrence of mass-wasting cycles related to material supply thresholds. Radiometric dating of debris flow activity showed that the cycles span approximately 4000 years. In this area of rather stable bedrock conditions, at least two factors that decrease slope stability need to act together to activate slope processes: i.e. a favourable structural predisposition (dip of major joint or bedding planes) and an increase in relief through either glaciation or river incision. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] The politics of Europe 2004: solidarity and integrationINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS JOURNAL, Issue 6 2005Erik Jones ABSTRACT The process of European integration has reached the limits of European solidarity,both within the member states and between them. Increasingly, Europeans are demonstrating reluctance to accept common rules, to recognise common values, to protect common interests, or to promote common objectives. Instead, Europeans appear to be expressing many different and yet interrelated forms of disaffection. Voter abstention is high, security cooperation is weak, economic confidence is low, and support for either European enlargement or institutional reform is vanishing. To respond to this crisis, European politicians need to manage expectations better, they need to accept responsibility for public policy problems, they need to explain the limits of what Europe can do, and they need to search for new formulas to meet different national challenges with common European institutions. [source] | ||||||||||