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Collectivist Culture (collectivist + culture)
Selected Abstracts,We're all individuals': group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threatEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2002Jolanda Jetten Three studies were conducted to investigate the power of group norms of individualism and collectivism to guide self-definition and group behavior for people with low and high levels of group identification. Study 1 demonstrates that in an individualist culture (North America), those who identify highly with their national identity are more individualist than low identifiers. In contrast, in a collectivist culture (Indonesia) high identifiers are less individualist than low identifiers. Study 2 manipulates group norms of individualism and collectivism, and shows a similar pattern on a self-stereotyping measure: High identifiers are more likely to incorporate salient group norms prescribing individualism or collectivism into their self-concept than low identifiers. Study 3 replicates this effect and shows that high identifiers conform more strongly to group norms, and self-stereotype themselves in line with the salient norm than low identifiers when their group is threatened. Hence, the findings suggest that when there is a group norm of individualism, high identifiers may show individualist behavior as a result of conformity to salient group norms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Cross-cultural evaluation of factors driving intention to purchase new food products , Beijing, China and south-east EnglandINTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CONSUMER STUDIES, Issue 4 2007Anita Eves Abstract It has been reported that consumers in different countries have distinctive perceptions of, and attitudes to, products. This study investigated consumers' thoughts on new food products in south-east England (n = 222) and Beijing, China (n = 139), using a questionnaire-based largely on the Theory of Reasoned Action. Results indicated that consumers in both countries believe it is necessary for the food industry in their respective countries to introduce new food products and they would like to try new products. There appears to be great interest in new products among the Beijing Chinese, with most interest in new healthy food products. The influences on choices suggest that a marketing focus on quality, utility and health benefits would be most fruitful, as personal beliefs were more important in intention to purchase than the influence of other people. Results point away from the expected result that the Chinese, as a collectivist culture, would place more emphasis on others' opinions than their own beliefs. This may be linked to food not being an item of conspicuous consumption, or to a cultural shift among urban Chinese. [source] Group-directed criticism in Indonesia: Role of message source and audienceASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 2 2006Amarina Ariyanto Research in individualist cultures has shown that group members are more likely to agree with criticisms of their group when the criticisms are made by another ingroup member as opposed to an outgroup member (the intergroup sensitivity effect). However, evaluations of ingroup critics are often harsher when they take their comments to an outgroup audience. In light of research on facework and tolerance for dissent, it seems important to test whether these effects are generalizable to a collectivist culture. Indonesian Muslims (N = 191) received a criticism of their religion stemming either from another Muslim or a Christian, and published in either a Muslim or a Christian newspaper. Participants agreed with the comments more when they were made by an ingroup as opposed to an outgroup member. Furthermore, consistent with previous research in Australia, the effects of audience on agreement were moderated by levels of group identification. Results are discussed in relation to theory about the functional role internal critics can play in group life. [source] The importance of traits and group membershipsEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2001David Trafimow Anglo-Americans and Mexican-Americans were asked to list five of their traits and five of their group memberships. They were also asked to rank (relative to each other) and rate (on an absolute scale) the importance of these traits and groups. Consistent with the distinction between individualist and collectivist cultures, Mexican-Americans ranked and rated their groups as being more important than did Anglo-Americans. In addition, although participants from both cultural groups gave greatly decreased ratings for less important groups, this decrease was more pronounced for Anglo-Americans than for Mexican-Americans. Finally, the data indicated that the perceived importance of group memberships is only weakly related to their cognitive accessibility. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Consumer confusion in the Thai mobile phone marketJOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 6 2006Sheena Leek Consumer confusion is likely to be an ever increasing problem as customers live in an environment where they are bombarded with information and where rapid technological developments are taking place. Although consumer confusion has been investigated in individualistic cultures such as the United Kingdom, it has received little attention in collectivist cultures such as Thailand. This research examines confusion in the Thai mobile phone industry. More specifically, it aims to determine what aspects of the mobile phone industry are confusing and what sources of information are used to reduce or eliminate it. Thai consumers experience confusion and find a number of aspects of the mobile phone industry to be problematic especially handsets, services and tariffs. In terms of reducing confusion, family and friends are the most popular source of information being both credible and reliable. It is put forward that the problems associated with handsets, services and tariffs are due to differing degrees of technological complexity and overchoice both of which are sub-components of confusion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Eastern versus Western Control Beliefs at Work: An Investigation of Secondary Control, Socioinstrumental Control, and Work Locus of Control in China and the USAPPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, Issue 1 2004Paul E. Spector La théorie et la recherche concernant les croyances (LOC) et les perceptions du contrôle suggèrent que les Asiatiques tendent à obtenir des scores plus bas et àêtre plus passifs que les Américains, mais ces travaux ont été menés à l'aide de concepts et d'échelles développés principalement aux USA qui certifient une primauté du contrôle interne (ex: en changeant l'environnement pour l'adapter à soi). Une équipe de recherche internationale a étendu la notion de croyance dans le contrôle en développant des échelles qui permettent de reconsidérer la notion en faisant état de croyances secondaires dans le contrôle (ex: en adaptant le soi à l'environnement) et de faire état d'un concept nouveau de croyances socio-instrumentales (ex: le contrôle par les relations interpersonelles) qui permettent de rendre compte de manière plus pertinente des croyances en un contrôle dans les cultures collectivistes. Nous nous attendions à ce que, par l'utilisation d'échelles culturellement appropriées, les Américains n'obtiennent pas une croyance en un contrôle plus importante que les Asiatiques. Les hypothèses ont été partiellement confirmées en ce que les Américains se sont montrés comme obtenant un contrôle plus bas que les Chinois (de Hong Kong et de RP de Chine) sur ces échelles. Il est suggéré que voir les Asiatiques comme évitant passivement le contrôle au travail peut être incorrect et dû aux insuffisances de contrôle socio-instrumental. Research and theory concerning beliefs (locus of control) and perceptions of control suggest that Asians tend to be lower and more passive than Americans, but this work has been conducted mainly with US-developed constructs and scales that assess primary control (i.e. changing the environment to adapt to the self). An international research team expanded the notion of control beliefs by developing scales to assess secondary control beliefs (i.e. adapting the self to the environment) and the new construct of socioinstrumental control beliefs (i.e. control via interpersonal relationships), both of which were thought to better fit the control beliefs of collectivist cultures than Western-developed control scales. We expected that, when culturally appropriate scales were employed, Americans would not show higher control beliefs than Asians. Hypotheses were partially confirmed that Americans would be lower than Chinese (Hong Kong and PR China) on these new scales. It is suggested that views of Asians as passive avoiders of control at work may be incorrect and due to the overlooking of socioinstrumental control. [source] | |||||||||||||