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Cod Liver Oil (cod + liver_oil)

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Medical Sciences	42%
Earth and Environmental Science	35%
Chemistry	21%

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Latest news and product developments

PRESCRIBER, Issue 7 2008
Article first published online: 28 APR 200
Referrals from Boots The majority of people requesting Boots' erectile dysfunction or weight management programmes are referred to their GP(Pharm J 2008;280:297). The programmes are run under patient group directions and exclude people with elevated blood pressure, blood glucose or cholesterol. Over 80 per cent of customers screened for the erectile dysfunction programme in Manchester and two-thirds of those screened for the national obesity programme were referred. Vildagliptin: new DPP-4 inhibitor for diabetes Novartis has introduced the DPP-4 inhibitor vildagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Two formulations are available: Galvus (vildagliptin 50mg) is licensed for use with metformin, a sulphonylurea or a thiazolidinedione when these agents do not achieve glycaemic control alone, and Eucreas (vildagliptin 50mg plus metformin 850 or 1000mg) is licensed for patients requiring combined therapy with vildagliptin and metformin. Inhibition of DPP-4 blocks the breakdown of the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1, reducing fasting plasma glucose and postprandial hyperglycaemia. Vildagliptin is the second DPP-4 inhibitor to be introduced; the first was sitagliptin (Januvia), which has similar licensed indications. The third available drug acting on the incretin system is the incretinmimetic exenatide (Byetta); administered by injection, this is licensed for use with metformin and/or a sulphonylurea and is the only agent in this class to be approved for triple therapy. No comparative trials of these agents have been published. A month's treatment with twice-daily vildagliptin 50mg or either strength of vildagliptin plus metformin costs £31.76. Sitagliptin 100mg once daily costs £33.26. Sinusitis symptoms don't guide treatment The severity and duration of symptoms do not help to identify which patients with sinusitis will be helped by antibiotics, a new meta-analysis suggests (Lancet 2008;371: 908-14). The analysis of patient-level data from nine trials involving a total of 2547 adults showed that the number needed to treat (NNT) to cure one patient with rhinosinusitis was 15. Cure took longer to achieve in older patients and in those reporting symptoms for longer or with more severe symptoms. The authors comment that treatment is not justified given the risk of resistance and adverse effects and cost of antibiotics. Draft guidance from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) on the management of respiratory infections states that no antibiotic therapy or a delayed antibiotic prescribing strategy should be negotiated for patients with acute sinusitis. Taking cod liver oil leads to fewer NSAIDs Cod liver oil could help some patients with rheumatoid arthritis to reduce their NSAID consumption, according to a study from Dundee (Rheumatology online: 24 March 2008; doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/ ken024). A total of 97 patients were randomised to nine months' treatment with cod liver oil 10g per day or placebo. After 12 weeks, patients attempted to reduce or stop their use of NSAIDs. Significantly more of those taking cod liver oil achieved at least a 30 per cent reduction in NSAID use compared with placebo (39 vs 10 per cent). There were no differences in adverse effects or disease activity. Welsh prescriptions up The reduction in the prescription charge in Wales in 2004 was followed by an increase in prescribing of nonsedating antihistamines in wealthier areas, a study suggests (Health Policy online: 5 March 2008; doi:10.1016/j. healthpol.2008.01.006). In the two years preceding the cut, prescriptions for nonsedating antihistamines increased by about 7 per cent; in the two years after the cut, the increase was nearly 14 per cent. By contrast, there was no change in the rate of increase in the south-east of England (4,5 per cent in both periods). The increased growth in prescribing was statistically significant in the five least deprived but not in the five most deprived health boards in Wales. Aspirin linked with reduced asthma risk Low-dose aspirin is associated with a reduced risk of developing asthma, a new analysis of the Women's Health Study has shown (Thorax online: 13 March 2008; doi:10.1136/ thx.2007.091447). The analysis included 37 270 women with no asthma at baseline who were randomised to take placebo or aspirin 100mg every other day. After 10 years, 872 cases of asthma occurred in women taking aspirin and 963 with placebo, a 10 per cent reduction in risk. However, risk was not reduced in obese women. The mechanism by which aspirin may affect the risk of asthma is unknown. The latest evidence is consistent with findings published by the same investigators after analysis of two other large observational studies, the Physicians' Health Study and the Nurses Health Study. Anastrozole bone loss Long-term follow-up of the ATAC (Anastrozole, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination) trial has confirmed that adjuvant therapy with anastrozole (Arimidex) is associated with greater loss of bone mineral density (BMD) than tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with invasive primary breast cancer (J Clin Oncol 2008;26: 1051,7). After five years, median BMD was reduced by 6 and 7 per cent in the lumbar spine and hip with anastrozole compared with approximately 3 and 1 per cent respectively for tamoxifen, though no patients developed osteoporosis. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd [source]

Effectiveness of caffeic acid as an anti-oxidant for cod liver oil

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, Issue 4 2003
Antonella De Leonardis
Summary The effectiveness of caffeic acid and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as anti-oxidants for cod liver oil was investigated. The phenol were added to oil in doses of 300, 600 and 800 mg kg,1 and the samples were oxidized at 100 °C in a rancimat apparatus. Caffeic acid not only improved oil stability, but also developed a further protective action which increased hydrolytic stability, inhibited diene conjugation and reduced losses of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-n3. Caffeic acid showed a higher anti-oxidant effect than BHA. [source]

Evaluation of use of a very short polar microbore column segment in high-speed gas chromatography analysis

JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE, JSS, Issue 14 2008
Peter Quinto Tranchida
Abstract Very fast GC analyses are commonly carried out by using 10 m×0.1 mm id capillaries. In order to achieve rapid elution times (1,3 min), the latter are operated under suboptimum conditions. The present research is focused on the evaluation of use of a 0.1 mm id polar column segment (2 m), operated under near-to-optimum conditions, in very fast GC analysis. The results attained are compared with those derived from using a 10 m microbore column in very fast GC experiments. Prior to method development, the effects of gas velocity, temperature program rate, and sample amounts on analytical performance were evaluated. Following these preliminary applications, a complex lipidic sample, cod liver oil, was subjected to rapid separation (,2.1 min) on the 10 m capillary through the application of a 50°C/min temperature rate and a 130 cm/s gas velocity. The same matrix was analyzed on the 2 m capillary using the same temperature program rate and range, but with a close-to-ideal linear velocity. The results observed were of interest, as the separation was achieved in less time (1.45 min) with improved peak resolution. Finally, both methods were validated in terms of retention time and peak area repeatability, LOQ, and linearity. [source]

Latest news and product developments

Fatty acid nutritional quality of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) eggs and endotrophic larvae: relevance for feeding of marine larval fish

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2009
J.M. GAGO
Abstract Sea urchin eggs and larvae have been suggested as potential live prey for marine fish larval feeding. This study evaluated the fatty acid composition of Paracentrotus lividus eggs, prisms and four-armed plutei, obtained from wild and captive broodstocks fed on raw diets: maize, seaweed and a combination of maize and seaweed. Amounts of essential fatty acids (EFA) for marine fish larvae [arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)] were determined in eggs and endotrophic larvae. ARA ranged from 3.93% in eggs from combination to 18.7% in plutei from maize diets. In any developmental stage, EPA amounts were always lower than 5% for the raw diets, and DHA showed null or trace amounts including the wild diet. Thus, broodstock-prepared diets had to be formulated based on different lipid sources (Algamac, linseed oil, cod liver oil and olive oil) in order to test eggs and larvae EFA enhancement. EFA improvement was possible for all tested prepared diets. Algamac diet lead to superior EFA enhancement mainly in DHA (7.24%, 4.92% and 6.09% for eggs, prisms and plutei, respectively) followed by cod liver oil diet. Only these two lipid sources should be considered for prepared broodstock diets in order to obtain suitable live prey for fish larval feeding. [source]

Interacting effects of dietary lipid level and temperature on growth, body composition and fatty acid profile of rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton)

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 6 2004
K. Mishra
Abstract Three isonitrogenous (320 g kg,1 crude protein, casein and gelatine) semi-purified diets with 80 (L8), 130 (L13) and 180 (L18) g kg,1 lipid (sunflower oil at increasing levels and cod liver oil fixed at 50 g kg,1) at three digestible energy levels (12 096, 13 986 and 15 876 kJ kg,1 dry weight) and were tested, in triplicate, on rohu fingerlings (3.2 ± 0.08 g) at two different temperatures (21 and 32 °C). Fish were fed to apparent satiation, twice daily, at 09.00 and 15.00 h, 7 days a week for 56 days. Maximum growth was obtained at a lipid level of 80 g kg,1 (L8) at 21 °C (439.37%) and 130 g kg,1 (L13) at 32 °C (481.8%). In general growth rate was higher at 32 °C than at 21 °C at all lipid levels. Tissue monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents decreased with increasing lipid level at 32 °C, but the reverse occurred at 21 °C. At 21 °C, Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) level increased significantly (P > 0.05) over initial values, but was affected insignificantly by dietary lipid level. At 32 °C, fish fed diet L13 had more n-3 fatty acid (FA) in liver and muscle than the other two dietary groups while at 21 °C, both liver and muscle FA profiles exhibited significant change (P > 0.05) in n-3 and n-6 FA content which corresponded to variation in percent addition of dietary lipid. However, n-3/n-6 ratio was higher for fish fed diet L13 at 32 °C and diet L8 at 21 °C and may be correlated with fish growth. [source]

Lecithin requirements of juvenile Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus

AQUACULTURE NUTRITION, Issue 4 2003
K.R. Thompson
Abstract Australian red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus is considered a popular crustacean species in several countries around the world because of its large size potential and resemblance to high-priced American lobsters. However, little is currently known of the nutrient requirements and practical diet formulations for red claw. Lecithin has been shown to be required in the diets of several crustacean species, but there are no reports of dietary lecithin requirements for red claw. A 10-week feeding trial was conducted in an effort to evaluate lecithin requirements for juvenile red claw. Juvenile red claw (mean individual weight of 1.6 ± 0.91 g) were individually stocked in a recirculating system at random into 80 plastic-mesh culture units, each containing its own individual water line. There were 20 red claw per treatment (diet). Water was recirculated through biological and mechanical filters. Four semi-purified diets were formulated to contain increasing percentages of commercial soya bean lecithin (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%). Diet ingredients included solvent-extracted menhaden fish meal (FM), casein, dextrin, wheat flour, pellet binder, vitamin and mineral mix, cod liver oil, and corn oil. Semi-purified diets were formulated to contain 40% protein using casein, menhaden FM, and wheat flour as protein sources. After 10 weeks, no significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in final weight, percentage weight gain and specific growth rate with average values of 13.0 g, 934%, and 3.14% day,1, respectively. Percentage survival was high during the 10-week period (100, 95, 100 and 95%) as only two individuals died during the study; one of these, because of an escape from the culture unit. There was also no significant differences (P > 0.05) in percentage moisture, protein, fat and ash in whole-body red claw carcasses (wet-weight basis) among any treatment (diet) and averaged 77.1, 12.6, 1.3 and 6.2%, respectively. Based upon the present study, these results indicate that a diet containing 5% cod liver oil and 1% corn oil, and having no supplemental lecithin, may be sufficient for growth and survival of juvenile red claw crayfish. [source]

Efficacy of various lipid supplements in formulated pellet diets for juvenile Scylla serrata

AQUACULTURE RESEARCH, Issue 10 2010
Unniyampurath Unnikrishnan
Abstract Efficacy of sunflower oil (diet SF) and soybean oil (diet SB) alone and in combination with cod liver oil (diets M1-2.80:1.40:1.40, M2-2.80:2.24:0.56 and M3-2.80:0.56:2.24; cod liver oil:sunflower oil:soybean oil) as lipid supplements (5.6%) in formulated diets (crude fat ,9.79%) for juvenile Scylla serrata (weight=0.28±0.07 g, carapace width=9.7±0.1 mm) were compared with diet CL, containing cod liver oil alone as the lipid supplement (6 diets × 24 crabs stocked individually, randomized block design). Growth performance, nutrient (protein and lipid) intake and gain of crabs fed M1, M2 and M3 were higher (P,0.05) than the crabs fed SF and SB, but were not significantly different (P,0.05) from crabs fed CL. Dietary fatty acids (FAs) are found to influence the FA profile of test crabs. Higher tissue levels of 16:1n-7, 18:1n-9 and 18:1n-7 reflected the essential FA deficiency in crabs fed diets supplemented only with vegetable oils. Results confirmed that S. serrata could utilize vegetable oil supplements in the formulated diets as a partial replacement (50%) of cod liver oil without compromising growth and survival. Partial substitution of marine fish oil with suitable vegetable oils can reduce the feed cost considerably, in the context of rising fish oil prices. [source]

Relationship between dietary intake of cod liver oil in early pregnancy and birthweight

BJOG : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY, Issue 4 2005
Anna S. Olafsdottir
Objective To investigate the possible association between birth outcome and marine food and cod liver oil intake of healthy women in early (prior to 15 weeks of gestation) pregnancy. Design An observational study. Setting Free-living conditions in a community with traditional fish and cod liver oil consumption. Population Four hundred and thirty-five healthy pregnant Icelandic women without antenatal and intrapartum complications. Methods Dietary intake of the women was estimated with a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) covering food intake together with lifestyle factors for the previous three months. Questionnaires were filled out at between 11 and 15 weeks and between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation. The estimated intake of marine food and cod liver oil was compared with birthweight by linear and logistic regression controlling for potential confounding. Main outcome measures Birthweight, cod liver oil intake, lifestyle factors (alcohol, smoking). Results Fourteen percent of the study population used liquid cod liver oil in early pregnancy. Regression analysis shows that these women gave birth to heavier babies (P < 0.001), even after adjusting for the length of gestation and other confounding. Conclusions Maternal intake of liquid cod liver oil early in pregnancy was associated with a higher birthweight. Higher birthweight has been associated with a lower risk of diseases later in life and maternal cod liver oil intake might be one of the means for achieving higher birthweight. [source]