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Cocaine Exposure (cocaine + exposure)
Kinds of Cocaine Exposure Selected AbstractsSimilar and functionally typical kinematic reaching parameters in 7- and 15-month-old in utero cocaine-exposed and unexposed infantsDEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOBIOLOGY, Issue 3 2004E. Z. Tronick Abstract This study examined the effects of intrauterine cocaine exposure on the reaches of 19 exposed and 15 unexposed infants at 7 and 15 months using kinematic measures. Infants sat at a table and reached for a rattle, a toy doll, and a chair. Videotaped reaches were digitized using the Peak Performance system. Kinematic movement variables were extracted (e.g., reach duration, peak velocity, movement units, path length) and ratios computed (e.g., path length divided by number of movement units). Regardless of exposure status, reaches of older infants were faster, more direct, had fewer movement units, and covered more distance with the first movement unit. Exposed infants covered more distance per movement unit than unexposed infants, but there were no other significant differences. Reaches of exposed and unexposed infants were essentially similar. Importantly, reach parameters for these high-risk infants were similar to reach parameters for infants at lower social and biological risk. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 44: 168,175, 2004. [source] REVIEW: Behavioral evidence for the significance of serotoninergic (5-HT) receptors in cocaine addictionADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 3 2010gorzata Filip ABSTRACT Cocaine addiction has somatic, psychological, psychiatric, socio-economic and legal implications in the developed world. Presently, there is no medication approved for the treatment of cocaine addiction. In recent years, data from the literature (pre-clinical studies and clinical trials) have provided several lines of evidence that serotonin (5-HT) and 5-HT receptors play a modulatory role in the mechanisms of action of cocaine. Here we review the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to cocaine sensitization, discrimination, conditioned place preference, self-administration, reinstatement of seeking behavior and withdrawal symptoms in laboratory animals. Additionally, the consequences of chronic cocaine exposure on particular 5-HT receptor-assigned functions in pre-clinical studies are presented. [source] CLINICAL AND IMAGING STUDY: Glucocorticoid negative feedback in methadone-maintained former heroin addicts with ongoing cocaine dependence: dose,response to dexamethasone suppressionADDICTION BIOLOGY, Issue 1 2006Bruno Aouizerate ABSTRACT Combined cocaine and illicit opiate use is common. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that cocaine dependence in former heroin-addicted patients maintained on methadone treatment is associated with enhanced glucocorticoid negative feedback. Multiple dose dexamethasone suppression tests, using a conventional 2.0 mg dose, and two lower doses, 0.5 mg and 0.125 mg, were performed in 10 methadone-maintained former heroin addicts with ongoing cocaine dependence (C-MM), 10 stabilized methadone-maintained former heroin addicts with no ongoing drug or alcohol use (MM), and 22 normal volunteers (NV). At 9 hours, there was no difference in plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and/or cortisol levels among groups on the baseline day, as well as after the two lower doses of dexamethasone. At 17 hours, C-MM and MM had significantly lower plasma ACTH and/or cortisol levels than NV. However, C-MM did not significantly differ from MM in their hormonal levels. When the hormonal responses to dexamethasone are expressed as magnitude of lowering from baseline, there was no significant difference at any dose among groups. Therefore, C-MM exhibited a normal glucocorticoid negative feedback in the morning. Using the standard interpretation of dexamethasone suppression testing based on the examination of the actual hormonal levels rather than the difference from baseline condition, C-MM appear to have glucocorticoid effects similar to MM, yet were both greater than NV in the late afternoon. Thus, further studies are needed to know whether altered glucocorticoid negative feedback is related to chronic cocaine exposure, or is the result of former heroin addiction and/or its long-term treatment with methadone. [source] Cocaine increases medial prefrontal cortical glutamate overflow in cocaine-sensitized rats: a time course studyEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 6 2004Jason M. Williams Abstract Excitatory amino acid transmission within mesocorticolimbic brain pathways is thought to play an important role in behavioural sensitization to psychomotor stimulants. The current studies evaluated a time course of the effects of cocaine on extracellular glutamate levels within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following increasing periods of withdrawal from repeated cocaine exposure. Male Sprague,Dawley rats underwent stereotaxic surgeries and were pretreated daily with saline (1 mL/kg/day × 4 days, i.p.) or cocaine (15 mg/kg/day × 4 days, i.p.) and withdrawn for 1, 7 or 30 days. After withdrawal rats were challenged with the same dose of saline or cocaine and in vivo microdialysis of the mPFC was conducted with concurrent analysis of locomotor activity. Animals that were withdrawn from repeated daily cocaine for 1 day and 7 days displayed an augmentation in cocaine-induced mPFC glutamate levels compared to saline and acute control subjects, which were similarly unaffected by cocaine challenge. At the 7 day time point, a subset of animals that received repeated cocaine did not express behavioural sensitization, nor did these animals exhibit the enhancement in mPFC glutamate in response to cocaine challenge. In contrast to these early effects, 30 days of withdrawal resulted in no significant changes in cocaine-induced mPFC glutamate levels regardless of the pretreatment or behavioural response. These data suggest that repeated cocaine administration transiently increases cocaine-induced glutamate levels in the mPFC during the first week of withdrawal, which may play an important role in the development of behavioural sensitization to cocaine. [source] Alterations in behaviour and glutamate transmission following presentation of stimuli previously associated with cocaine exposureEUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, Issue 11 2001Gregory Hotsenpiller Abstract To study the role of glutamate in cocaine-conditioned responses, we developed a rat model in which conditioned locomotion is produced by repeated pairing of cocaine with discrete stimuli (flashing light and metronome). ,Paired' subjects received cocaine (15 mg/kg) prior to six exposures to stimuli for 30 min in the test environment. ,Unpaired' subjects received equivalent presentations of the stimuli yet received cocaine in home cages. Tests with the stimuli alone demonstrated that the conditioned locomotion displayed by Paired subjects was evident at 3 or 10 days post-training and resistant to two sessions of testing. The degree of conditioned locomotion was not correlated with the subjects' response to novelty or cocaine. Administration of the noncompetitive AMPA receptor antagonist GYKI 52466 (2.5 mg/kg, a dose without effect on spontaneous activity) attenuated the expression of conditioned activity. In vivo microdialysis revealed that Paired subjects had significantly lower basal glutamate levels in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) than did Unpaired subjects when no stimuli were presented. Presentation of the conditioned stimuli resulted in significant increases in glutamate levels in the NAc in the Paired group whilst glutamate levels in the Unpaired group remained unchanged. The associative control of glutamate levels in the NAc by stimuli formerly paired with a drug of abuse is an unprecedented finding. It is likely to reflect the convergence of excitatory inputs that the NAc receives from limbic structures. [source] Prenatal cocaine exposure and infant sleep at 7 months of age: The influence of the caregiving environmentINFANT MENTAL HEALTH JOURNAL, Issue 4 2006Pamela Schuetze The primary goal of this study was to examine sleep problems in a sample of cocaine-exposed 7-month-old infants and to determine if maternal psychopathology mediated any existing association between substance exposure and sleep behaviors. We also examined the differences in sleep behaviors of cocaine-exposed infants in parental custody and cocaine-exposed infants in nonparental custody. Participants were 65 cocaine-exposed and 53 nonexposed infants and their primary caregivers who were recruited at delivery and assessed at 7 months of infant age. As expected, women who used cocaine during pregnancy had more psychiatric symptoms than nonusers. Prenatal exposure to heavier amounts of cocaine was significantly related to more severe sleep difficulties, and maternal anxiety mediated this association. Approximately 28% of cocaine mothers lost custody of their infants by 7 months of age. Nonmaternal caregivers had significantly fewer symptoms of psychopathology than the cocaine-using women who retained custody of their children. Infants who were in nonparental care at 7 months of age also had less severe sleep problems than did infants who remained in parental care. [source] Cocaine-Exposed Infant Behavior During Still-Face: Risk Factor AnalysesAMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY, Issue 1 2009Marilyn W. Lewis PhD Prenatal cocaine exposure and the role of gender were evaluated using risk factor analyses to determine whether 6-month-old cocaine-exposed male infants demonstrated greater disruptions in infant-caregiver socioemotional interactions during a Still-Face test. Overall, non-cocaine-exposed infants spent more time looking at toys, compared with cocaine-exposed infants; nonexposed female infants spent more time scanning the environment, compared with nonexposed male infants. When caregiver behavior during the Still-Face was evaluated, differences emerged in amount of time the caregiver spent vocalizing to the infant. She vocalized more to a cocaine-exposed infant compared with a nonexposed one; she reduced vocalizing more during the test if the cocaine-exposed infant was female. An exposure by gender interaction emerged in the amount of change in caregiver vocalizations; however, the overarching hypothesis that male cocaine-exposed infants are at higher risk than nonexposed male, nonexposed female, and cocaine-exposed female infants was not supported. Because this interaction was evident in this cohort at 24 months, future research is needed to determine at what age an interaction begins to emerge in this cohort. [source] Heart Rate Variability by Triangular Index in Infants Exposed Prenatally to CocaineANNALS OF NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOLOGY, Issue 4 2002M.B.A., Sudhir Ken Mehta M.D. Background: In adults, heart rate variability triangular index (HRVi) is a highly reproducible measure of heart rate variability (HRV), which makes it more suitable for use in longitudinal studies. Although normative data have been published for newborns, studies in infants with pathological conditions are lacking. Methods: From 1997 to 2000, within the first 4 days of life, we prospectively evaluated HRVi in cocaine-exposed asymptomatic newborns (N = 97) by Holter monitoring. Their data were compared with infants from two control groups (one with no in utero drug exposure, N = 102; the other with exposure to alcohol, nicotine, or marijuana but no cocaine, N = 111). Results: In assessing concordance between and within operators for HRVi, the intraclass correlations were 0.983 (95% Cl: 0.958, 0.994) and 0.997 (95% Cl: 0.984, 0.999), respectively. Infants with in utero cocaine exposure had significantly (P < 0.0001) lower HRVi than those exposed to other drugs and to no drugs in utero. If abnormal HRVi is defined as < fifth percentile for the no drug exposed group (HRVi < 8), 10% of the cocaine-exposed newborns, in contrast to 2% in each of the control groups (P = 0.003) had abnormal values. Conclusion: HRVi is a reliable measure to study heart rate variability in newborns. Asymptomatic infants with in utero cocaine exposure have lower HRVi. Our study supports the clinical use of an abnormal HRVi as a value < 8 for newborn infants. A.N.E. 2002;7(4):374,378 [source] Determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine by solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography,mass spectrometryBIOMEDICAL CHROMATOGRAPHY, Issue 10 2006Mauricio Yonamine Abstract In order to evaluate recent cocaine exposure or its coingestion with ethanol, a simple and sensitive solid-phase microextraction (SPME) procedure for determination of cocaine and cocaethylene in urine was developed and validated. A polydimethylsiloxane fibre (100 µm) was submersed in the urine sample for 20 min under magnetic stirring after alkalinization with solid buffer (NaHCO3:K2CO3, 2:1). Gas chromatography,mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify and quantify the analytes in selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The limits of quantification were 5.0 ng/mL for both analytes. Good inter- and intra-assay precision was also observed (coefficient of variation <9%). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source] Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education in school-aged childrenCHILD: CARE, HEALTH AND DEVELOPMENT, Issue 5 2008Richard Reading Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education in school-aged children . LevineT. P., LiuJ., DasA., LesterB., LagasseL., ShankaranS., BadaH. S., BauerC. R. & HigginsR. ( 2008 ) Pediatrics . Published online . DOI: 10.1542/peds.2007-2826 . Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on special education at age 7 with adjustment for covariates. Methods As part of the prospective, longitudinal, multi-site study of children with prenatal cocaine exposure (Maternal Lifestyle Study), school records were reviewed for 943 children at 7 years to determine involvement in special education outcomes: (1) individualized education plan; (2) special education conditions; (3) support services; (4) special education classes; and (5) speech and language services. Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of prenatal cocaine exposure on these outcomes with environmental, maternal and infant medical variables as covariates, as well as with and without low child IQ. Results Complete data for each analysis model were available for 737,916 children. When controlling for covariates including low child IQ, prenatal cocaine exposure had a significant effect on individualized education plan. When low child IQ was not included in the model, prenatal cocaine exposure had a significant effect on support services. Male gender, low birthweight, white race and low child IQ also predicted individualized education plan. Low birthweight and low child IQ were significant in all models. White race was also significant in speech and language services. Other covariate effects were model specific. When included in the models, low child IQ accounted for more of the variance and changed the significance of other covariates. Conclusions Prenatal cocaine exposure increased the likelihood of receiving an individualized education plan and support services, with adjustment for covariates. Low birthweight and low child IQ increased the likelihood of all outcomes. The finding that white children were more likely to get an individualized education plan and speech and language services could indicate a greater advantage in getting educational resources for this population. [source] | ||||||||||||||||