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Cigarette Consumption (cigarette + consumption)

Distribution by Scientific Domains

Medical Sciences	70%
Business, Economics, Finance and Accounting	15%

Kinds of Cigarette Consumption

daily cigarette consumption

Selected Abstracts

Coffee and Cigarette Consumption and Perceived Effects in Recovering Alcoholics Participating in Alcoholics Anonymous in Nashville, Tennessee

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 10 2008
Michael S. Reich
Background:, Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) members represent an important and relatively understudied population for improving our understanding of alcohol dependence recovery as over 1 million Americans participate in the program. Further insight into coffee and cigarette use by these individuals is necessary given AA members' apparent widespread consumption and the recognized health consequences and psychopharmacological actions of these substances. Methods:, Volunteers were sought from all open-AA meetings in Nashville, TN during the summer of 2007 to complete a questionnaire (n = 289, completion rate = 94.1%) including timeline followback for coffee, cigarette, and alcohol consumption; the Alcoholics Anonymous Affiliation Scale; coffee consumption and effects questions; the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND); and the Smoking Effects Questionnaire. Results:, Mean (±SD) age of onset of alcohol consumption was 15.4 ± 4.2 years and mean lifetime alcohol consumption was 1026.0 ± 772.8 kg ethanol. Median declared alcohol abstinence was 2.1 years (range: 0 days to 41.1 years) and median lifetime AA attendance was 1000.0 meetings (range: 4 to 44,209 meetings); average AA affiliation score was 7.6 ± 1.5. Most (88.5%) individuals consumed coffee and approximately 33% of coffee consumers drank more than 4 cups per day (M = 3.9 ± 3.9). The most common self-reported reasons for coffee consumption and coffee-associated behavioral changes were related to stimulatory effects. More than half (56.9%) of individuals in AA smoked cigarettes. Of those who smoked, 78.7% consumed at least half a pack of cigarettes per day (M = 21.8 ± 12.3). Smokers' FTND scores were 5.8 ± 2.4; over 60% of smokers were highly or very highly dependent. Reduced negative affect was the most important subjective effect of smoking. Conclusions:, A greater proportion of AA participants drink coffee and smoke cigarettes in larger per capita amounts than observed in general U.S. populations. The effects of these products as described by AA participants suggest significant stimulation and negative affect reduction. Fundamental knowledge of the quantitative and qualitative aspects of coffee and cigarette consumption among AA members will enable future research to discern their impact on alcohol abstinence and recovery. [source]

The Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Alcohol and Cigarette Consumption Following Treatment for Alcohol and Nicotine Dependence

ALCOHOLISM, Issue 1 2008
Molly M. Kodl
Background:, Although depression is common among alcohol and tobacco dependent patients, its impact on treatment outcomes is not well established. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of depressive symptoms on abstinence from tobacco and alcohol after treatment for alcohol dependence and nicotine dependence. Methods:, The Timing of Alcohol and Smoking Cessation Study (TASC) randomized adults receiving intensive alcohol dependence treatment, who were also smokers, to concurrent or delayed smoking cessation treatment. The sample consisted of 462 adults who completed depression and substance use (alcohol and smoking) assessments at treatment entry and 6, 12, and 18 months posttreatment. Longitudinal regression models were used to examine the relationships between depression and subsequent abstinence from alcohol and tobacco after baseline characteristics, including alcohol and smoking histories, were considered. Results:, Depressive symptoms were prospectively related to nonabstinence from alcohol. Depressive symptoms at the previous assessment increased the odds of drinking at the subsequent time point by a factor of 1.67 (95% CI 1.14, 2.43), p < 0.01. Depressive symptoms were not significantly related to subsequent abstinence from cigarettes. Conclusions:, Depression is an important negative predictor of the ability to maintain abstinence from alcohol within the context of intensive alcoholism and smoking treatment. It may be important to include depression-specific interventions for alcohol and tobacco dependent individuals to facilitate successful drinking treatment outcomes. [source]

Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption

ADDICTION, Issue 4 2009
Revital Amiaz
ABSTRACT Aims To evaluate the effect of repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), combined with either smoking or neutral cues, on cigarette consumption, dependence and craving. Design Participants were divided randomly to real and sham stimulation groups. Each group was subdivided randomly into two subgroups presented with either smoking-related or neutral pictures just before the daily TMS intervention. Ten daily rTMS sessions were applied every week-day and then a maintenance phase was conducted in which rTMS sessions were less frequent. Setting Single-site, out-patient, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled. Participants Forty-eight chronic smokers who smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day and were motivated to quit smoking. Healthy males and females were recruited from the general population using advertisements in newspapers and on internet websites. Intervention Ten daily rTMS sessions were administered using a standard figure-8 coil over the DLPFC. Stimulation included 20 trains/day at 100% of motor threshold. Each train consisted of 50 pulses at 10 Hz with an inter-train interval of 15 seconds. Measurements Cigarette consumption was evaluated objectively by measuring cotinine levels in urine samples and subjectively by participants' self-reports. Dependence and craving were evaluated by standard questionnaires. Findings Ten daily rTMS sessions over the DLPFC reduced cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence. Furthermore, treatment blocked the craving induced by daily presentation of smoking-related pictures. However, these effects tended to dissipate over time. Conclusions Multiple high-frequency rTMS of the DLPFC can attenuate nicotine craving. [source]

THE DETERMINANTS OF LAWS RESTRICTING YOUTH ACCESS TO TOBACCO

CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 1 2009
CRAIG A. GALLET
Since many smokers begin consuming tobacco products in their adolescent years, many states have adopted a variety of restrictions on youth access to tobacco, which studies show reduces the demand for tobacco among this cohort. This paper takes a different track by addressing the demand for youth access restrictions. Specifically, using a random effects Probit procedure, which controls for the endogeneity of cigarette consumption and taxation, we examine the determinants of nine methods commonly used by states to restrict youth access to tobacco. (JEL H70, I18) [source]

THE IMPACT OF PRICES AND CONTROL POLICIES ON CIGARETTE SMOKING AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS

CONTEMPORARY ECONOMIC POLICY, Issue 2 2001
C Czart
Smoking among youths and young adults rose throughout the 1990s. Numerous policies were enacted to try to reverse this trend. However, little is known about the impact these policies have on the smoking behavior of young adults. This article uses a dichotomous indicator of daily smoking participation in the past 30 days, an ordered measure representing the frequency of cigarette consumption, and a quasi-continuous measure of the number of cigarettes smoked per day on average to examine the impact of cigarette prices, clean indoor air laws, and campus-level smoking policies on the smoking behaviors of a 1997 cross section of college students. The results of the analysis indicate that higher cigarette prices are associated with lower smoking participation and lower levels of use among college student smokers. Local- and state-level clean indoor air restrictions have a cumulative impact on the level of smoking by current smokers. Complete smoking bans on college campuses are associated with lower levels of smoking among current smokers but have no significant impact on smoking participation. Bans on cigarette advertising on campus as well as bans on the sale of cigarettes on campus have no significant effect on the smoking behavior of college students. [source]

Pre-cessation nicotine replacement therapy: pragmatic randomized trial

ADDICTION, Issue 8 2010
Chris Bullen
ABSTRACT Aims To determine the effectiveness of 2 weeks' pre-cessation nicotine patches and/or gum on smoking abstinence at 6 months. Design Pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Setting New Zealand. Participants Eleven hundred adult, dependent smokers who called the New Zealand Quitline between March 2006 and May 2007 for support to stop smoking were randomized to 2 weeks of nicotine patches and/or gum prior to their target quit day followed by usual care (8 weeks of patches and/or gum plus support calls from a Quitline adviser), or to usual care alone. Measurements The primary outcome was self-reported 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence 6 months after quit day. Secondary outcomes included continuous abstinence, cotinine-verified abstinence, daily cigarette consumption, withdrawal symptoms and adverse events. Findings Six months after quit day 125 (22.7%) participants in the pre-cessation group and 116 (21.0%) in the control group reported 7-day point prevalence abstinence (relative risk 1.08 95% CI: 0.86, 1.35, P = 0.4, risk difference 1.7%, 95% CI: ,3.2%, 6.6%). However, when pooled in a meta-analysis with other pre-cessation trials a moderate benefit of about a one-quarter increase in cessation rates was evident. There was no difference in adverse events between groups. Conclusions In this, the largest pre-cessation NRT trial to date, using NRT 2 weeks before the target quit day was safe and well tolerated but offered no benefit over usual care. However, in conjunction with previous pre-cessation trials there appears to be a moderate benefit, but not as large as that seen in most smaller trials. [source]

Repeated high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex reduces cigarette craving and consumption

Prevalence and correlates of purchasing contraband cigarettes on First Nations reserves in Ontario, Canada

ADDICTION, Issue 3 2009
Rita Luk
ABSTRACT Aims Non-First Nations people purchasing cigarettes on First Nations reserves do not pay applicable taxes. We estimated prevalence and identified correlates of purchasing contraband cigarettes on reserves; we also quantified the share of contraband purchased on reserves relative to reported total cigarette consumption and the associated financial impact on taxation revenue. Design Data from the Ontario Tobacco Survey, a regionally stratified representative population telephone survey that over-samples smokers. Setting Ontario, Canada. Participants A total of 1382 adult current smokers. Measurements Reported status of purchasing cigarettes on reserves and the quantity of cigarettes bought on reserves. The prevalence of purchasing cigarettes on reserves was assessed with descriptive statistics. A two-part model was used to analyse correlates of having recently purchased contraband. Findings A total of 25.8% reported recent purchasing and 11.5% reported usual purchasing. Heavy smoking, having no plans to quit and lower education were correlated with recent purchasing. Heavy smoking and not having plans to quit were also correlated with buying more packs of cigarettes on reserves. Contraband purchases on reserves accounted for 14.0% of the reported total cigarette consumption and resulted in an estimated tax loss of $122.2 million. Conclusions There was substantial purchasing of contraband cigarettes on reserves in Ontario, resulting in significant losses in tax revenues. The availability of these cheap cigarettes undermines the effectiveness of tobacco taxation to reduce smoking. Wherever indicated, governments should strengthen their contraband prevention and control measures, as recommended by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, to ensure that tobacco taxation achieves its intended health benefits and that tax revenues are protected. [source]

The psychological determinants of low-rate daily smoking

ADDICTION, Issue 10 2004
Jean-François Etter
ABSTRACT Aims To compare low-rate daily smokers (one to five cigarettes/day) with other daily smokers, using the Transtheoretical Model of Change as a framework. Design Mail survey with a follow-up after 7 months. Setting A randomly selected population sample in French-speaking Switzerland, in 1998. Participants A total of 2338 daily smokers aged 25 + years, including 95 smokers of one to five cigarettes/day, 324 smokers of six to 10 cigarettes/day, 399 smokers of 11,15 cigarettes/day and 1520 smokers of 16 + cigarettes/day, and 1765 people (75% of 2338) at 7-month follow-up. Findings Compared with smokers of 16 + cigarettes/day, low-rate smokers of one to five cigarettes/day included more women (67% versus 46%, P < 0.001), were 4 years younger (P < 0.001), were less motivated to quit smoking (62% versus 37% in the ,precontemplation' stage of change, P < 0.001), thought that quitting would be easier (,3.4 points on a 0,10 scale, P < 0.001) and were less bothered by the risk of smoking. Low-rate smokers were taking control more actively over their smoking, e.g. they more often stayed away from places where people smoked, sat in the no-smoking sections in public places and tried to delay as much as they could their first cigarette of the day. Only 45% of low-rate smokers were still in the same category 7 months later. Conclusions For many smokers, low-rate smoking may result from a conscious effort to limit their cigarette consumption. Being a low-rate smoker was a temporary condition for most people. Low-rate smokers should be considered as a specific, although heterogeneous group. [source]

Non-pecuniary returns to higher education: the effect on smoking intensity in the UK

HEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 8 2010
Massimiliano Bratti
Abstract This paper investigates whether higher education (HE) produces non-pecuniary returns via a reduction in the intensity of consumption of health-damaging substances. In particular, it focuses on current smoking intensity of the British individuals sampled in the 29-year follow-up survey of the 1970 British Cohort Study. We estimate endogenous dummy ordinal response models for cigarette consumption and show that HE is endogenous with respect to smoking intensity and that even when endogeneity is accounted for, HE is found to have a strong negative effect on smoking intensity. Moreover, pecuniary channels, such as occupation and income, mediate only a minor part of the effect of HE. Our results are robust to modelling individual self-selection into current smoking participation (at age 29) and to estimating a dynamic model in which past smoking levels affect current smoking levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

Price increase causes fewer sales of factory-made cigarettes and higher sales of cheaper loose tobacco in Germany

HEALTH ECONOMICS, Issue 6 2008
Reiner Hanewinkel
Abstract Aim of this study is the analysis of the price responsiveness of demand for cigarettes and loose tobacco in Germany over the period 1991,2006. In this period the average consumption of all kinds of cigarettes per capita (German population , 15 years) declined from 634 pieces/quarter to 457pieces/quarter (,28%). Consumption of factory-made cigarettes decreased from about 545 pieces/quarter to 330 pieces/quarter in 2006 (,39%). In the same time consumption of self-made cigarettes increased from 89 pieces/quarter to 127 pieces/quarter (+42%). A one Euro Cent increase in price is associated with 28 cigarettes of all kinds consumed less per quarter. Data indicate that the different types of cigarettes are substitutes, e.g. there is evidence for a positive relationship between the price of factory-made cigarettes and the consumption of hand-made cigarettes. Thus, the increase in such consumption is rather driven by a positive cross-price effect of 17.01. Data indicate additionally an overall decrease in the cigarette consumption and a partial switch to cheaper loose tobacco. The availability of low-taxed loose tobacco may undermine the public health benefits of higher cigarette prices. Price differentials between tobacco products should be reduced in order to maximize the public health benefits of high cigarette prices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [source]

The relationship of stress and anxiety with chronic periodontitis

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, Issue 5 2003
M.V. Vettore
Abstract Aim: This case,control study investigates the relationship of stress and anxiety with periodontal clinical characteristics. Method: Seventy-nine selected patients (mean age 46.8±8 years) were assigned to three groups in accordance with their levels of probing pocket depth (PPD): control group (PPD,3 mm, n=22), test group 1 (at least four sites with PPD ,4 mm and ,6 mm, n=27) and test group 2 (at least four sites with PPD >6 mm, n=30). An inclusion criterion of the study required that patients presented a plaque index (PI) with a value equal to or larger than 2 in at least 50% of dental surfaces. All subjects were submitted to stress and anxiety evaluations. Stress was measured by the Stress Symptom Inventory (SSI) and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS), while the State,Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to assess anxiety. Clinical measures such as PI, gingival index (GI), PPD and clinical attachment level (CAL) were collected. Patient's medical history and socioeconomic data were also recorded. Results: The mean clinical measures (PI, GI, PPD and CAL) obtained for the three groups, were: control group, 1.56±0.32, 0.68±0.49, 1.72±0.54 and 2.04±0.64 mm; group 1, 1.56±0.39, 1.13±0.58, 2.67±0.67 and 3.10±0.76 mm, group 2, 1.65±0.37, 1.54±0.46, 4.14±1.23 and 5.01±1.60 mm. The three groups did not differ with respect to percentage of clinical stress, scores of the SRRS, trait and state anxiety. Frequency of moderate CAL (4,6 mm) and moderate PPD (4,6 mm) were found to be significantly associated with higher trait anxiety scores after adjusting for socioeconomic data and cigarette consumption (p<0.05). Conclusions: Based on the obtained results, individuals with high levels of trait anxiety appeared to be more prone to periodontal disease. Zusammenfassung Die Beziehung von Stress und Angst bei chronischer Parodontitis Ziel: Diese Fall kontrollierte Studie untersuchte die Beziehung von Stress und Angst zu parodontal klinischen Charakteristika. Methoden: 79 ausgesuchte Patienten (mittleres Alter 46,8±8) wurden unter Berücksichtigung der Sondierungstiefen (PPD) in 3 Gruppen aufgeteilt: Kontrollgruppe (PPD,3 mm, n=22), Testgruppe 1 (mindestens 4 Flächen mit PPD,4 mm und 6 mm, n=27) und Testgruppe 2 (mindestens 4 Flächen mit PPD>6 mm, n=30). Ein Einschlusskriterium für die Studie erforderte, dass die Patienten einen Plaqueindex mit einem Wert gleich oder größer 2 an mindestens 50% der Zahnoberflächen hatten. Alle Personen wurden hinsichtlich Stress und Angst evaluiert. Stress wurde mit der Stress Symptom Aufnahme (SSI) und der sozialen Anpassungsrate Skala (SRRS) gemessen, während für die Erfassung der Angst der State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) genutzt wurde. Die klinischen Messungen wie Plaque Index (PI), Gingivaindex (GI), PPD und klinisches Stützgewebeniveau (CAL) wurden aufgezeichnet. Die medizinische Anamnese der Patienten und die sozioökonomischen Daten wurden ebenso aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse: Die mittleren klinischen Messungen (PI, GI, PPD und CAL) für die drei Gruppen waren: Kontrollgruppe 1,56±0,32, 0,68±0,49, 1,72±0,54 mm und 2,04± 0,64 mm; Gruppe 1 1,56±0,39, 1,13±0,58, 2,67±0,67 mm und 3,10±0,76 mm und Gruppe 2 1,65±0,37, 1,54±0,46, 4,14± 1,23 mm und 5,01±1,60 mm. Die drei Gruppen unterschieden sich nicht hinsichtlich der Prozentsätze für klinischen Stress, Werte des SRRS, Charakter- und Zustandsangst. Die Häufigkeit von moderatem CAL (4,6 mm) und moderaten PPD (4,6 mm) war signifikant verbunden mit höheren Charakterangst-Werten nach Adjustierung für sozio-ökonomische Daten und Zigarettenverbrauch (p<0,05). Zusammenfassung: Basierend auf den gewonnen Ergebnissen scheinen Individuen mit mehr Neigung zu parodontalen Erkrankungen höhere Werte von Charakterangst zu haben. Résumé Relation du stress et de l'anxiété avec la parodontite chronique Cette étude contrôle par cas a analysé la relation du stress et de l'anxiété avec les caractéristiques cliniques parodontales. Septante-neuf patients d'une moyenne d'âge de 46,8±8 ans ont été répartis en trois groupes suivant leur niveau de profondeur de poche au sondage (PPD) : groupe contrôle (PPD3 mm, n=22), groupe test 1 (au moins quatre sites avec PPD4 mm et 6 mm, n=27) et le groupe test 2 (au moins quatre sites avec PPD6 mm, n=30). Un critère d'inclusion dans cette étude exigeait que les patients montraient un indice de plaque d'une valeur égale ou supérieure à 2 sur au moins 50% des surfaces dentaires. Tous les sujets ont été soumis à des évaluations de stress et d'anxiété. Le stress a été mesuré par l'inventaire du symptôme de stress (SSI) et le niveau d'évaluation de réajustement social (SRRS), tandis que l'inventaire de l'état d'anxiété (STAI) était utilisé pour évaluer l'anxiété. Les mesures cliniques telles que l'indice de plaque (PlI), l'indice gingival (GI), PPD et le niveau d'attache clinique (CAL) ont été enregistrées. L'histoire médicale du patient et les données socio-économiques ont également été prises en considération. Les mesures cliniques moyennes (PlI, GI, PPD, CAL) obtenues pour les trois groupes étaient respectivement de : groupe contrôle 1,56±0,32, 0,68±0,49, 1,72± 0,54 mm et 2,04± 0,64 mm; groupe 1, 1,56± 0,39, 1,13±0,58, 2,67±0,67 mm et 3,10±0,76 mm et groupe 2, 1,65±0,37, 1,54±0,46, 4,14±1,23 mm et 5,01±1,60 mm. Les trois groupes ne différaient pas en ce qui concerne le pourcentage de stress clinique, des scores de SRRS, et le niveau d'anxiété. La fréquence de CAL modéré (4 à 6 mm) et de PPD modéré (4 à 6 mm) était constatée significativement en association avec les plus grands scores d'anxiété après l'ajustement pour les données socio-économiques et le tabagisme (p<0,05). Ces résultats indiquent que les individus avec de hauts niveaux d'anxiété semblent plus susceptibles à la maladie parodontale. [source]

The relationship between lottery ticket and scratch-card buying behaviour, personality and other compulsive behaviours

JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR, Issue 1 2002
Balabanis George Senior Lecturer in Marketing
Abstract The study examines how demographics, other forms of compulsive behaviour and personality are related to the buying frequency and compulsiveness in lottery tickets and scratch-cards. An integrative framework is developed and tested in a sample of respondents. Results indicated that the buying compulsivenesses in lottery tickets and scratch-cards have the same correlates. The buying compulsivenesses in both lottery tickets and scratch-cards were found to be positively related to cigarette consumption and the extraversion dimension of personality and negatively related to the agreeableness and intellect dimensions of personality. Copyright © 2002 Stewart Publications Ltd. [source]

Coffee and Cigarette Consumption and Perceived Effects in Recovering Alcoholics Participating in Alcoholics Anonymous in Nashville, Tennessee

Investigating Smoker's Profile: The Role of Psychosocial Characteristics and the Effectiveness of Tobacco Policy Tools

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Issue 2 2009
Elena Raptou
This article investigates smoker's profile by addressing the determinants of cigarette demand and providing a circumstantial exposition of the psychosocial characteristics that differentiate smoking patterns. At the same time, the impact of tobacco control policies on smoking rates and their effectiveness on decreasing cigarette consumption are also analyzed. Consumers are distinguished in four smoking groups in concurrence to smoking status, and dichotomous indicators are constructed to describe tobacco control policies, psychosocial, demographic, and socioeconomic characteristics. The empirical analysis estimates an ordered probit model with sample selectivity. The results indicate the absence of selectivity bias for cigarette consumption; hence, the subsample of smokers comprises a random independent sample and smoking participation and cigarette consumption form distinct stages of smoking behavior. Most of the psychosocial factors are found to be statistically significant in the econometric analysis, implying the main determinants of smoking behavior. In addition, total smoking bans in workplaces and educational institutions comprise efficient policy tools for decreasing cigarette demand, while partial smoking restrictions are accrued to be ineffective in reducing smoking participation. [source]

Topiramate for smoking cessation

PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES, Issue 3 2006
YASSER KHAZAAL md
Abstract Due to its AMPA (,-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid)/kainate antagonism, topiramate would be particularly interesting in addiction treatment. Flexible-dose topiramate was prescribed to 13 smokers (10 smokers who wanted to stop smoking, and three who received topiramate for other reasons). Six out of 13 smokers were abstinent at 2 months and two more subjects had reduced their cigarette consumption by >50%. With one exception, temporary reduction of the number of smoked cigarettes preceded definitive abstinence at month 2. Three more subjects who achieved a momentary reduction had, however, to interrupt the treatment due to intolerable side-effects. Controlled trials are needed to confirm these preliminary observations. [source]

Association of polymorphisms in the BDNF, DRD1 and DRD3 genes with tobacco smoking in schizophrenia

ANNALS OF HUMAN GENETICS, Issue 4 2010
Gabriela Novak
Summary Emerging evidence indicates that the DRD1-BDNF-DRD3 cluster plays an important role in nicotine addiction. We have performed an association analysis of 42 SNPs within these genes with cigarette consumption in a group of 341 schizophrenia patients. The ACCG haplotype consisting of four BDNF markers (Val66Met (rs6265), rs11030104, rs2049045 and rs7103411) showed an association with the risk of smoking (p = 0.0002). Both DRD1 markers tested (rs4532 and rs686) and the DRD3 marker (rs1025398) showed association with quantity of tobacco smoked (p = 0.01, 0.005 and 0.002, respectively). Our findings are preliminary; however, they support the involvement of the DRD1, BDNF and DRD3 genes in smoking behaviour. [source]

Compliance and support for bans on smoking in licensed venues in Australia: findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country Survey

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 4 2010
Jae Cooper
Abstract Objective: To examine attitudes towards and compliance with the recent Australian bans on smoking in licensed venues, and to explore effects on smoking behaviour. Methods: Three Australian states (Queensland, Tasmania and Western Australia) implemented a total ban on smoking in all enclosed licensed premises in 2006, and two others (Victoria and New South Wales) did so in mid-2007. We used data from smokers residing in these states for each of the six waves of the ITC-4 country survey (2002,2007; average n=1,694). Results: Consistent with the majority of international findings, observed compliance was reported by more than 90% of smokers from a pre-ban situation of indoor smoking being the norm. Attitudes became more positive in the year before the ban, but more than doubled in the year the bans were implemented. The associations found for the leading states were replicated by the lagging states a year later. We found no evidence for any increase in permitting smoking inside the home after the bans took effect. Further, we were unable to find any evidence of reductions in daily cigarette consumption or any increase in quitting activity due to the bans. Implications: These results add to a growing body of international research that suggests that smokers are readily able to comply with, and increasingly support, smoke-free bars, though the bans may have limited effect on their smoking habits. [source]

Low daily smoking estimates derived from sales monitored tobacco use in six remote predominantly Aboriginal communities

AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH, Issue 2010
Rosalind Butler
Abstract Objective: To estimate daily cigarette consumption among residents aged 15+ in five remote central Australian predominantly Aboriginal communities. Methods: Estimation of average daily cigarette consumption derived from a 12-month (2007) complete sales audit of cigarettes in isolated communities where no other tobacco supplies are available, using two assumptions of smoking prevalence (50% and 70%). Results: Across the five communities, daily smoking consumption averaged 8.3 cigarettes per day (assuming a 50% smoking prevalence) or 5.9 cigarettes per day (assuming a 70% smoking prevalence). The corresponding amounts spent per smoker per day were $4.13 or $2.95, representing 12.7%-9.1% of the maximum $453.30 per fortnight unemployment allowance for a single person. Conclusion: While smoking prevalence may be high in these Aboriginal communities, smoking frequency is low compared to that in the wider Australian community. These results are consistent with other studies. Approaches to cessation premised on assumptions of nicotine dependence in such populations are likely to be misconceived. [source]